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PubMed2003

[Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Preliminary experience].

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic technique has been developed with the aim to decrease the morbidity of the open radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From january 2002 to may 2002, 8 patients were treated for prostate cancer with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Unilateral linfadenectomy has been carried out in only one patient. We usually employ the transperitoneal technique published by the Montsouris Institute, with some modifications. RESULTS: The main surgical time was 356 minutes (540-240). Transfusion wasn't needed in any case. Intraoperative complications were: 2 bladder injuries, 1 bleeding of the epigastric artery. Postoperative complications were: 1 ileus, 2 compressive neurapraxia, 4 anastomotic fistutas. All complications were treated conservatively. No patient were converted to open surgery. Surgical limits were negatifs in all cases, and the PSA rate was less than 0.1 ng/ml in the first month follow up. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is a difficult technique, but we think that, the learning curve is getting lower and lower than in the first series. Oncologic results with this technique is similar to the open one. However, laparoscopic approach shows us some benefits such as less bleeding, less time catheterisation, less hospital stay, better continence, better sexual function, better stetic result, less postoperative pain, and finally an earlier back to work.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Correlation of the anatomo-pathological staging of radical prostatectomy specimens with the amount of cancer in the preoperative sextant biopsy].

OBJECTIVE: We assess the value of the percent of cancer in needle cores of sextant biopsy for predicting the risk of extraprostatic extension at radical retropublic prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed prostate needle biopsy findings in 97 patients with prostate cancer T1c-T2, who subsequently underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. In each needle biopsy were assessed, number of cores positive, percent of cores positive, percent cancer in all cores, Gleason score, intraepithelial neoplasia, perineural invasion and vascular invasion. Initial PSA and preoperative clinical stage were incorporated with biopsy results into a univariate and multivariate model to determine the parameters most predictive of pathological stage. RESULTS: Of the 97 patients, 72 (74%) had organ confined cancer and 25 (26%) had extraprostatic extension. The average of cores positive for organ confined cancer was 4.2 (median 4) vs. 6.9 (median 6) for extraprostatic extension (p = 0.001), the percent of cores positive for organ confined cancer was 34.9% (median 28) vs. 53.8% (median 46) for extraprostatic extension (p = 0.013). The average of cancer in all cores in organ confined cancer was 13.6% (median 6) vs. 30.5% (median 30) for extraprostatic extension (p = 0.002). The mean Gleason score in needle cores was 5.9 (median 6) in organ confined cancer vs. 6.6 (median 7) in extraprostatic extension (p = 0.007). The average of intraepithelial neoplasia in needle cores was 3 (4%) in organ confined cancer vs. 1 (4%) in extraprostatic extension (p = 0.972). The perineural invasion of needle cores was 6 (8.3%) in confined cancer vs. 4 (16%) in extraprostatic extension (p = 0.355). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the risk of extraprostatic extension is predicted by the number of cores positive (p = 0.003), the percent of cores positive (p = 0.006), the percent of cancer in all cores (p = 0.001), the Gleason score (p = 0.002), the clinical stage (p = 0.019) and initial PSA (p = 0.032). Extraprostatic extension is not predicted by the intraepithelial neoplasia (p = 0.971), vascular invasion and perineural invasion (p = 0.285). Multivariate analysis showed that the percent of cancer in all cores is the strongest predictor of extraprostatic extension (p = 0.035). With a percent of cancer less than 3% in the biopsy specimen, the risk of extraprostatic extension is 11.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of cancer on preoperative needle sextant biopsy is the strongest predictor of prostate stage, but it is slightly practical at the moment of admitting or to reject a patient for radical prostatectomy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Orgasm and its impact on quality of life after radical prostatectomy].

INTRODUCTION: Orgasm is a neurophysiological event, which produces bulbous cavernous muscle contraction that usually coincided with ejaculation. The aim of this study was to assess the orgasm's presence and quality in patients treated with radical prostatectomy, as well as its impact on quality of life of these patients. METHOD: The medical records of 152 patients with radical prostatectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were operated between january 1999 and december 01, with an average age of 64.4 (44-75) years and the follow-up period was 33 (21-45) months. 42 (31.6%) patients showed erectile dysfunction (ED) previous to surgery. The research was performed by a personal interview through a questionnaire. RESULTS: 134 patients (96.4%) treated showed post operative ED, 91.6% of patients had stable relationship and 44.4% have sexual intercourse, 23.3% masturbation only and 32.3% no sexual activity. 84 patients (55.2%) were not interested in receiving treatment and 25 (16.4%) referred a reduced libido. Concerning to orgasm sensation, 140 patients (92.1%) preserved a subjectively normal orgasm, 4 (2.6%) referred lack of it and 8 (5.2%) a weakened or anomalous sensation. Furthermore 24 patients (15.7) had urine loss during orgasm. CONCLUSIONS: After radical prostatectomy, both the orgasmic function and libido were kept by the majority of patients despite the neuro vascular bundle damaged caused. Only a minority of patients having urine loss, as a consequence of surgical procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Radical prostatectomy. A review of our series between 1997-2003].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the complications and results of our series of 398 radical retropubic prostatectomies as an elective treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1997 and June 2003, a total of 398 radical retropubic prostatectomies have been performed. Mean age was 63.8 years (45.8-78.2), mean PSA at diagnosis 9.32 ng/ml (0.9-129.7). Mean surgical time was 141.6 minutes (70-280), and mean hospitalization was 6.75 days (2-37). RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 65.18 months. We report as peroperatory complications: rectal injury 1.8%, lymphatic leakage 0.3%, urinary fistula 5%. As delay complications: uretrovesical junction stenosis 6%. We observed 49.1% of patients with positive surgical margins. We don't report any peroperatory death. The overall survival rate is 98.5%, the cancer specific survival rate is 99.75%, and the recurrence-free survival rate is 84.97%. CONCLUSIONS: Radical retropubic prostatectomy is an excellent treatment form for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. A strict selection of patients candidates is important to obtain good results.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prognostic implications of positive margins in radical prostatectomy specimens].

UNLABELLED: To evaluate the histopathologic implication of positive margins of prostatectomy specimens in the biochemical recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 290 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who were treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy. Patients with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and positive lymph nodes were excluded. The mean age at the time of surgery was 63 years (range 47-73); 166 (57.2%) patients were T1c and 124 (42.8%) T2; the average time of folow-up was of 4 years (range 1-12). Positive surgical margins were defined as the presence of cancer cells at the surface inked of prostatectomy specimens. They were classified as: Margin for capsular incision (without extraprostatic extension evidence)/ margin for extraprostatic extension, margin with smooth rounded surface/margin with irregular surface, margin < or = 4 mm/margin > 4 mm, unifocal margin/multifocal margin. We define biochemical recurrence if the PSA exceeds 0.20 ng/ml in two consecutive determinations. RESULTS: The overall rate of positive margins was 65/290 (22.4%). The 5-year survival free of biochemical recurrence was as follows: Negative margins 71% vs positive margins 44% (p < 0.001); positive margins for capsular incision 84% vs positive margins for extraprostatic extension 33% (p < 0.01); positive margins with smooth rounded surface 58% vs positive margins with irregular surface 26% (p < 0.01); positive margins < or = 4 mm 57% vs positive margins > 4 mm 32% (p < 0.05); unifocal margins 53% vs multifocal margins 0% (p < 0.01). The multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative PSA, Gleason score and pathological classification were the best predictors of biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Two groups are established of positive margin. The first group with high probability of biochemical recurrence: margin for extraprostatic. The second group with less probability of biochemical recurrence: margin for capsular incision, margin with smooth rounded surface, margin < or = 4 mm and unifocal margin.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Only at centers of expertise].

OBJECTIVES: To present and evaluate our experience and initial results in radical laparoscopic prostatectomy which we have been using for two and an half years in our General Hospital (covering a total population of 200.000 inhabitants). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between December 2002 and August 2005, were selected 26 patients for radical laparoscopic prostatectomy (25 transperitoneal and 1 extraperitoneal). Mean age was 62.3 +/- 5.3 years (range 52-69). Mean PSA level was 9.16 +/- 4.20 ng/mL (range 5.26 to 24.3). Pre-operative classification was Tlc in 10 patients (38.4%), T2a in 8 (30.8%) and T2b in 8. Mean Gleason Score was 6 +/- 0.8 (range 4-7). Three patients had undergone preoperatively neo-adjuvant hormonal blockage (11.5%). Simultaneous bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed in two patients. In no case did we consider a nerve sparing approach. RESULTS: The procedure was accomplished in 20 patients. Mean follow-up was 12.4 +/- 8.6 months (range 3 - 34). There was no perioperative mortality. Conversion to open surgery was required six times in the ten first cases but not thereafter. Mean operating time for the whole series was 303 +/- 95 minutes (range 150-540) but with a distinct difference between the first fourteen and the last six cases: 332 +/- 92.58 versus 236.6 +/- 66.5 (p<0.02). Mean blood loss was 90.25 +/- 46.5 ml. There were early postoperative complications in 4 patients (15.38%). Final pathological staging was: T2a in three patients (15%), T2b (50%) in 10, T3a (15%) in three and T3b (20%) in four. Positive margins were found in three cases (11.5%): T2b, T3a and T3b. Mean hospitalisation time was 4.7 +/- 3.1 days. Provided there was no urinary leakage, the urinary catheter was removed at 12.7 +/- 2.7 days. Full continence at three months was achieved in 17 of the patients (85%) who had undergone the full laparoscopic procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our previous experience in other major laparoscopic procedures has allowed us to perform radical laparoscopic prostatectomy with a fast learning curve even in a setting of a relatively low population. Initial long term results seem similar to those achieved with conventional surgery.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

[Assessment of effectiveness and security of bladder neck cerclage after transvesical prostatectomy].

INTRODUCTION: The Bladder neck cerclage diminishes the risk of bleeding after transvesical prostatectomy, but it increases the risk of suffering postoperative bladder neck sclerosis. Our objective is to value the effectiveness and therapeutic security of the temporary bladder neck cerclage after transvesical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was carried out a prospective and longitudinal study in a cohort of 25 age patients mean age 68,5 years (standard deviation, 2,6 years), subjected to transvesical prostatectomy (Freyer) with bladder neck cerclage using polipropilene number 1 suture, that was retired at the 24 hours of the surgery. To value the hemostatic utility of bladder neck cerclage, it was measured the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration at the 24 hours of the intervention. To evaluate the appearance of obstructive sequels, the maximum urinary flow was measured three months after the surgery. RESULTS: It was observed a mean hematocrit at the 24 hours of surgery of 7,3%, and a mean decrease of the hemoglobin at the 24 hours of the surgery of 2,7 gr/dl. In any cases the postoperative hemoglobin concentration was inferior to 8 mg/dl, therefore, it was not necessary transfusion. The uroflowmetry carried out at 3 months of surgery showed that 24 of the 25 intervened patients presented a maximum flow superior to 15 ml/sg. CONCLUSIONS: The temporary bladder neck cerclage is a good hemostatic technique. The precocious cercalge retreat avoids the late sequels (bladder neck sclerosos), that originates the permanent cerclage.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Radical prostatectomy by the retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic approach: 12 years of experience in one center.

OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively evaluated the oncological outcome of radical prostatectomy performed by the retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic approaches. METHODS: From 1988 to 2000, 401 patients underwent radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer by the retropubic, perineal or laparoscopic approach. Age, clinical stage, preoperative PSA and Gleason score of positive biopsies were noted. Operating time, complication rate, transfusion rate, length of hospital stay, catheterization time and pathological results were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the likelihood of biochemical recurrence (PSA > or =0.2 ng/ml). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the three groups regarding preoperative characteristics, except for PSA (21.4 ng/ml, 13.2 ng/ml, and 11.6 ng/ml for the retropubic, perineal, and laparoscopic approach, p<0.05) and the frequency of stage T1c tumors (31.7%, 47.1% and 63.5%, respectively, p<0.05). The operating time was significantly longer in the laparoscopic approach (285 min) compared to the retropubic and perineal techniques (197 min and 178 min, respectively). The retropubic approach was associated with a higher transfusion rate (26.2% versus 15.9% and 2.9% with the perineal and laparoscopic approaches), longer bladder catheterization time (15.9 days versus 11.7 days and 6.8 days, respectively), and longer hospital stay (15.2 days versus 8.5 days and 7.4 days, respectively) (p<0.05 for each). With the retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic approaches, medical complication rates were 8.3%, 4.2% and 5.1%, and surgical complication rates were 16.5%, 12.7% and 13.1%, respectively. The rates of pathological stage pT2 tumors were 62.1%, 72.2% and 75.9%, in the retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic groups, respectively. Positive surgical margins in pT2 tumors were noted in 19%, 14% and 22%, respectively. The actuarial 3-year recurrence-free survival rates were not significantly different between the three techniques (75%, 85.2% and 84.1%, respectively; 91.7%, 95.8% and 90.4% among patients with organ-confined tumors). CONCLUSION: Despite changes in patient selection criteria over time, and the relatively short follow-up, this study showed no significant difference in oncologic outcome between the retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic approaches to radical prostatectomy.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Long-term follow-up of radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The ultimate outcome of patients after radical prostatectomy is often predicted from statistical projections of short-term follow-up. Only actual long-term follow-up can demonstrate true outcome. METHODS: One hundred thirty-one patients underwent retropubic prostatectomy for clinically organ confined prostate cancer and have been followed for a minimum of 22.5 years. Preoperatively, all but 12 had clinically palpable cancer. RESULTS: Overall survival in these patients was similar to an age-matched population, with 65% alive at 15 years, and 23% alive at 25 years. Thirty-seven percent of the patients recurred and 24% of all the patients died of prostate cancer. For patients with pathologically organ confined disease, 27% recurred, while those with extension outside the gland or positive nodes had an 83% recurrence rate. Although, the median time to recurrence was 7 years, recurrences occurred at a steady-state throughout the length of follow-up. Patients with higher grade tumors, even if organ confined, were significantly more likely to recur. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of patients treated with radical prostatectomy for predominantly palpable disease, long-term follow-up (79% deceased) reveals that 37% will recur and 24% will die of prostate cancer. Almost half the recurrences occurred after 10 years, indicating that reports with shorter follow-up will underestimate the recurrence rate.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Urinary continence and erectile function: a prospective evaluation of functional results after radical laparoscopic prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate prospectively functional results (urinary continence and erectile function) after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. METHODS: From 1998 to 2001, 235 patients underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. All of them completed a confidential, self-administered questionnaire regarding urinary continence and erectile function before, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Results were analyzed separately for day and night for urinary continence and status of neurovascular bundles as well as age for erectile function. RESULTS: To date, 100 consecutive patients have completed all questionnaires. Diurnal and nocturnal urinary continence have increased to 90% and 97% one year after surgery. Overall, 49.3% of the 77 patients, who were potent preoperatively, and did not receive any form of adjuvant therapy, had erections sufficient for intercourse one year after surgery. Potency rates were 38.4%, 53.8% and 58.8% after no, unilateral, and bilateral nerve bundle preservation, respectively. For younger patients (<60 years) with unilateral and bilateral neurovascular bundle preservation, potency rates were 75% and 83.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: One year after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, urinary continence rate is 90% during the day and 97% during the night. Overall potency rates after bilateral preservation of neurovascular bundles are 58.8% and 83.8% for the subgroup of younger patients (<60 years).

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Intraoperative and perioperative morbidity of contemporary radical retropubic prostatectomy in a consecutive series of 1243 patients: results of a single center between 1999 and 2002.

OBJECTIVES: To up date counselling of patients in an experienced center, we assessed intraoperative and perioperative complications in a consecutive series of contemporary radical retropubic prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. METHODS: In a prospective study, we analyzed all intraoperative and perioperative complications within 30 days in a consecutive series of 1243 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy between January 1999 and February 2002. All adverse events were graduated in major and minor complications by their severity and sequel. RESULTS: There were no deaths. Overall, 996 patients (80.2%) were not affected by any complication. Major complications were observed in 50 patients (4.0%), minor complications in 197 (15.8%). Pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 861 (69.3%) patients. This procedure was associated with a significantly higher rate of lymphoceles requiring a drainage, 4.2% versus 0.3% (p<0.006) and a higher rate of deep venous thrombosis, 1.4% versus 0.5% (p<0.2), respectively. CONCLUSION: Radical retropubic prostatectomy is a safe surgical procedure. Postoperatively the majority of our patients was not compromised by any complication within 30 days. Furthermore, due to a higher rate of lymphoceles and thromboembolic events the indication for pelvic lymphadenectomy should be considered carefully.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Polypropilene sling of the bulbar urethra for post-radical prostatectomy incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: We present details of a modification of the Stamey procedure using a polypropilene mesh to compress the corpus spongiosum of the bulbar urethra in the treatment of sphincteric incompetence following radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 1999 and June 2000 nine patients 66-80 years old (mean age 74) with severe incontinence due to radical prostatectomy underwent the bulbourethral sling procedure with polypropilene (Prolene) mesh implant. After transperineal incision a 5cmx4cm rectangular prolene mesh was placed against the bulbar urethra and suspended by four prolene sutures transferred to a suprapubic incision through ligature carriers as in the four corner bladder and bladder neck suspension. If leakage recurred in the follow-up, a retightening procedure was performed in local anesthesia rescuing the prolene threads over a polypropilene mesh placed against the rectus fascia. Mean follow-up was 14 months (range 12-20). Continence status and post-void residual volume were evaluated after 1, 3 and 6 months post-operatively and successively every 3 months. RESULTS: At the present follow-up considering the results of the retightening procedure five out of nine patients were cured, two out of nine improved and two were unchanged. Five out of nine patients reported slight to mild perineal/genital discomfort which disappeared in four at three months post-operatively. No patients required mesh removal for complications. CONCLUSIONS: The male bulbourethral sling procedure using a polypropilene mesh is safe but further experience is needed to establish this procedure as plausible alternative for the treatment of post-radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Digital rectal exam following prostatectomy: is it still necessary with the use of PSA?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To establish the value of digital rectal exam with respect to PSA in the follow up of radical prostatectomy for prostate adenocarcinoma. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS: The charts of 537 patients having undergone radical retropubic prostatectomy from April 1989 to November 2000 were reviewed. INTERVENTIONS: The operations took place in one institution. Follow-up took place at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months and from then on every 6 months. When patients reached 36 months without relapse, follow-up was done on a yearly basis. DRE was performed on every follow-up visit until relapse occurred. Blood samples were collected on every follow-up visit for PSA measurements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pathological grade and margin status. Digital rectal exam (DRE) on every visit. PSA levels for each visit. Bone scan and anastomotic biopsy results when done. Date and cause of death were recorded where applicable. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 423 patients with inclusion criteria, 31 (7.3%) had at least one positive DRE on follow-up. All of these had at least one detectable PSA measurement before DRE became positive. Clinically local recurrence took place an average of 27+/-17 months following surgery (range 1-36 months) PSA was an average 14+/-11 months earlier in detecting relapse than DRE. Isolated PSA recurrence was noted in 98 (25.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: Given our results and those obtained by other authors, it is acceptable to omit DRE in the follow-up of radical retropubic prostatectomies until PSA becomes detectable.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2003

Radical prostatectomy with bladder neck preservation: impact of a positive margin.

PURPOSE: Bladder neck preservation during radical prostatectomy has been correlated with improved continence. However, the hazard of a positive margin at this specific site has discouraged many urologists. We evaluated if preservation of the bladder neck at the time of radical prostatectomy jeopardizes surgical cancer control with consequent deleterious outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 675 consecutive patients underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) by a single surgeon (J.E.P.) at Wayne State University during the 1990s decade. The bladder neck was preserved. Margin-positivity was categorized by location and number. Preoperative, pathological and disease status data was prospectively collected into the Karmanos Cancer Institute multidisciplinary prostate cancer database. RESULTS: Analysis was performed on 555 patients who had RP as monotherapy. Positive margins were found in 178 (32%) of these patients. Correlation between specimen Gleason score, prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and margin status, was encountered (p=0.001). Apical and bladder neck margin-positivity was detected in 104/555 (19%) and 13/555 (2%), respectively. Of those specimens with a positive margin at the bladder neck eight had Gleason score > or =7, three had seminal vesicle invasion and two nodal disease. Only two patients had a positive bladder neck margin as the sole adverse pathological feature. Significant independent predictors of survival included the Gleason score, PSA, pathological stage and presence of positive margins in more than one location. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical preservation of the bladder neck does not increase the percentage of positive margins at this anatomical location and does not compromise disease-free survival.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: perioperative complications in an initial and consecutive series of 80 cases.

OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively evaluated the intraoperative and early postoperative complications of the initial experience with the first 80 laparoscopic radical prostatectomies performed at our institution. METHODS: Between January 17, 2001 and July 24, 2002, 80 patients between 53 and 78 years old (mean age 63.8) with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with the Montsouris technique. A total of 24 (30%) staging pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed. The inpatient and outpatient medical records as well as all complications were reviewed. RESULTS: The pathological tumor stage revealed 18 pT2a (22.5%), 29 pT2b (36.25%), 21 pT3a (26.25%), 10 pT3b (12.5%), 1 pT4 (1.25%), 1 pT4 N1 (1.25%). No conversion was necessary in all cases. Mean operative time was 218 minutes (range 150-420) overall, mean blood loss was 376 ml (range 50-1000) and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.5 days (range 3-9). The mean and the median duration of bladder catheterization were respectively 11 and 10 days (range 7-23). Injury to the epigastric vessels was detected intraoperatively in 5 cases (6.25%) with immediate hemostasis achieved. There was 1 death (1.25%) 35 days after a cerebrovascular accident occurred on postoperative day 3. We observed 1 (1.25%) postoperative ileus, hemoperitoneum in 5 cases (6.25%), 2 (2.5%) acute urinary retentions, 6 (7.5%) anastomotic leakages, 1 (1.25%) anastomotic stricture, 1 (1.25%) hydrocele and 2 (2.5%) urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: In our initial experience laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed with no complications in 77.5% of patients. We observed major and minor complications respectively in 16.25% and 6.25% of the patients. Our series provides evidence that the laparoscopic approach is feasible and associated with acceptable perioperative morbidity.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

(IN)-efficacy of salvage radiotherapy for rising PSA or clinically isolated local recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of external beam radiotherapy (RT) as salvage treatment for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure or local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1991 and 1997, 98 patients underwent salvage RT to the prostatic bed at the Toronto Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre for PSA failure or local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Thirty-six patients were treated for persistently detectable postoperative PSA levels (Group A), 26 for a delayed PSA rise (Group B), and 36 for palpable and/or biopsy-proven local recurrence (Group C). None had clinically apparent distant metastasis at the time of salvage RT. Freedom from PSA failure was defined as the maintenance of PSA <or=0.2 ng/mL. Cox regression analyses were performed to identify factors predictive of relapse. RESULTS: The median follow-up from radical prostatectomy and RT was 5.11 and 4.21 years for Group A, 5.31 and 3.32 years for Group B, and 7.85 and 3.95 years for Group C, respectively. The initial PSA response rate was encouraging at a range of 86-94%. The complete PSA response rate (PSA <or=0.2 ng/mL) was lower, however and ranged from 53% to 62%. The actuarial relapse-free rate, including freedom from PSA failure, at 4 years was 26%, 39%, and 14% for Groups A, B, and C, respectively. At the time of the last follow-up, 49, 20, and 1 patient had PSA failure alone, distant metastasis, and local progression, respectively. The actuarial survival rate at 4 years was 89%, 95%, and 94% for Groups A, B, and C, respectively. On Cox regression analysis, the significant predictors for relapse were PSA level before salvage RT and Gleason score for Group A, none for Group B, and margin status for Group C. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of salvage RT for PSA failure or local recurrence after RT was limited, reflected by very low relapse-free rates. Salvage RT appeared more efficacious for patients with a delayed PSA rise than for those with either persistently detectable postoperative PSA levels or clinically palpable local recurrence. Other strategies such as a combination of salvage RT and hormonal therapy need to be explored.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Stage T1-2 prostate cancer: a multivariate analysis of factors affecting biochemical and clinical failures after radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is extensively used in case selection and outcome evaluation after treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. Careful case selection can have a profound impact on pathologic findings and ultimate outcome. In addition, salvage treatment is frequently initiated at the time of biochemical relapse rather than clinical recurrence. Consequently, patterns of failure can be significantly altered compared to previous times when PSA was not available. To better understand the impact of PSA on pathologic findings, outcome, and salvage treatment, we reviewed our experience in the PSA era with clinical Stage T1-2 prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1987 and 1993, 423 cases could be identified with clinical Stage T1-2 prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. The distribution of cases by pretreatment PSA levels was as follows: < or = 4 ng/ml (18%), 4-10 ng/ml (42%), 10-20 ng/ml (21%), > 20 ng/ml (14%), and unknown (5%). The median pretreatment PSA level for the entire group was 8.0 ng/ml. Sixteen patients received adjuvant or neoadjuvant androgen suppression and 13 received postoperative radiotherapy. Only 31 patients (7%) had pathologically positive pelvic lymph nodes. The overall margin involvement rate was 46%. Fifty-three percent of patients had surgical Gleason scores > or = 7, and 65% had extracapsular extension. The median follow-up time was 41 months. RESULTS: The projected overall survival at 7 years after surgery was 90%. The 5-year clinical relapse-free survival rate was 84%. At 5 years, the local control and distant failure rates were 92% and 91%, respectively. Biochemical relapse was defined as a detectable or rising PSA level after prostatectomy. The 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) rate was 59%. The 5-year RFS was 88% in patients with preoperative PSA levels < or = 4, 62% for 4-10, 48% for 10-20, and 31% for > 20. Combining the two independent preoperative variables, iPSA and biopsy GS (bGS), two risks groups were defined: low risk [initial PSA (iPSA) levels < or = 10.0 and bGS < or = 6] and high risk (iPSA levels > 10.0 ng/ml or bGS > or = 7). The 5-year bRFS rate for the low-risk cases was 81% vs. 40% for high-risk cases (p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, three factors independently predicted biochemical relapse: iPSA levels (p = 0.005), Gleason score from the surgical specimen (sGS) (p = 0.002), and positive surgical margins (p < or = 0.001). The 5-year bRFS rates for margin positive vs. margin negative patients were 37% vs. 78%, respectively. The 5-year bRFS rates for GS > or = 7 vs. GS > or = 6 were 42% vs. 80%, respectively. All clinical relapses were accompanied by a rise in PSA. In patients who manifested biochemical failure followed by a clinical failure, the median interval between the PSA rise and clinical failure was 19 months (range 7-71). Margin involvement was the only independent predictor of local failure (p = 0.019). The 5-year local failure-free survival for negative margin cases was 96% vs. 87% for positive margin cases (p = 0.012). Lymph node (LN) involvement and high-risk group were the two independent predictors of distant failure. The 5-year distant failure-free survival for negative LN cases was 94% vs. 67% for positive LN cases (p < 0.001). The 5-year distant failure-free survival for low-risk cases was 97% vs. 85% for high-risk cases (p = 0.005). For the 124 patients failing biochemically, 85 were observed and 39 were treated either with radiation or androgen deprivation. With a median follow-up of 32 months, the clinical disease relapse-free survival was 79% for the treated patients vs. only 32% for the patients observed (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pretreatment PSA is the most potent clinical factor independently predicting biochemical relapse, thereby allowing markedly better case selection. Achieving negative margins, even in relatively advanced disease, provides excellent lon

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of combined transient androgen deprivation and irradiation following radical prostatectomy for prostatic cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether transient androgen deprivation improves outcome in patients irradiated after radical prostatectomy for locally advanced disease, persistent or rising postoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA), or local recurrence. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Records of 105 consecutive patients who were treated with pelvic irradiation after radical retropubic prostatectomy between August 1985 and December 1995 were reviewed. Seventy-four patients received radiation alone (mean follow up: 4.6 years), and 31 received transient androgen blockade with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (4) androgen receptor blocker (1) or both (24) beginning 2 months prior to irradiation (mean follow-up 3.0 years) for a mean duration of 6 months. Two of these patients were excluded from further analysis because they received hormonal therapy for more than 1 year. Patients received a prostatic fossa dose of 60-70 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction; 48 patients also received pelvic nodal irradiation to a median dose of 50 Gy. Survival, freedom from clinical relapse (FFCR), and freedom from biochemical relapse (FFBR) were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Biochemical relapse was defined as two consecutive PSA measurements exceeding 0.07 ng/ml. RESULTS: At 5 years after irradiation, actuarial survival for all patients was 92%, FFCR was 77%, and FFBR was 34%. FFBR was significantly better among patients who received transient androgen blockade before and during radiotherapy than among those treated with radiation alone (56 vs. 27% at 5 years, p = 0.004). FFCR was also superior for the combined treatment group (100 vs. 70% at 5 years, p = 0.014). Potential clinical prognostic factors before irradiation did not differ significantly between treatment groups, including tumor stage, summed Gleason histologic score, lymph node status, indication for treatment, and PSA levels before surgery or subsequent treatment. Multivariate analysis revealed that transient androgen deprivation was the only significant predictor for biochemical failure. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study of irradiation after radical prostatectomy suggests that transient androgen blockade and irradiation may improve freedom from early biochemical and clinically evident relapse compared to radiotherapy alone, although more prolonged follow-up will be needed to assess durability of impact upon clinical recurrence and survival rates.

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