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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Electrolyte interactions in cervical mucus and their relationship to circulating hormone levels.

The changes in electrolyte composition of cervical mucus (CM) were monitored during the menstrual cycle, using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Correlations were sought between the electrolytes present in CM, the physical characterisitics of the CM, and circulating levels of gonadal steroids and protein hormones. The results suggest that there is a definite relationship between circulating estrogen levels and electrolyte composition of CM, and also provide information on the secretion of electrolytes during the human menstrual cycle. This information will be of use in development of methods for fertility control directed to the uterine cervix.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Post-tubal sterilization problems correlated with ovarian steroidogenesis.

Mid-luteal phase total urinary oestrogen excretion was found to be significantly reduced in women who had previously undergone tubal sterilization at least two years before assay; pregnanediol levels at or below 2.0 mg/24 hrs were significantly more frequent for the study group. These findings indicate that reduced ovarian function is associated with that procedure. The major problems declared as having been experienced subsequent to tubal sterilization were classified into three categories; some women declared problems in more than one category: (1) Abnormal uterine bleeding and/or menorrhagia, (2) Physical problems, (3) Psychological and/or psychiatric problems. Category 1 was associated with a significant fall in total oestrogen excretion, and category 2 with a significant fall in both total oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion. Analysis of category 3 will be published elsewhere. A negative correlation between total oestrogens and cholesterol was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Menstrual patterns and progesterone circulating levels following different procedures of tubal occlusion.

This study was undertaken to assess the effects of different tubal occlusion procedures on ovarian function. Three groups of subjects randomized to tubal occlusion by laparoscopy and Yoon ring (24 subjects), minilaparotomy and Yoon ring (19 subjects) and minilaparotomy and Pomeroy (22 subjects), and one separate control group of 26 healthy subjects not using any form of contraception were studied in a prospective design. The characteristics of the menstrual patterns were studied for one year after sterilization. Determination of the circulating progesterone levels were made on days 15, 20 and 25 of menstrual cycles initiated 1, 3, 6 and 12 months following the tubal ligation. In the analysis of the bleeding pattern there was a statistically significant difference in the mean segment length and in the longest bleeding-free interval in the subjects who had been sterilized by minilaparotomy with Yoon ring, when compared to the other two study groups and to the control group. However, the magnitude of this difference in number of days was not considered clinically significant. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of ovulatory cycles within the study and the control groups, or when the results of the study groups were compared with each other or to the control group.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A model to detect interactions between roxithromycin and oral contraceptives.

Twenty-two healthy women participated in a study to determine whether roxithromycin (a new macrolide antibiotic agent) obtunds the activity of a triphasic oral contraceptive. The duration of the study was four menstrual cycles. Medication was given as follows: (1) cycle 1, no medication to demonstrate ovulation; (2) cycle 2, triphasic oral contraceptive daily to suppress ovulation; (3) cycle 3, triphasic oral contraceptive daily plus roxithromycin, 150 mg b.i.d.; and (4) cycle 4, triphasic oral contraceptive daily plus rifampin, 300 mg daily. Sonography of the ovaries was performed on day 13, and serum progesterone was measured on day 21 of each cycle. Elevated progesterone indicated ovulation. The presence of a maturing follicle supported this finding. All volunteers ovulated in the first cycle and no volunteers ovulated in the second and third cycles. However, 11 women ovulated when rifampin and the triphasic oral contraceptive were given concomitantly. The findings suggest there is no reason to believe that roxithromycin interferes with the efficacy of oral contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Epidemiologic aspects of exogenous progestagens in relation to their role in pathogenesis of human breast cancer.

This review focuses on epidemiologic studies of the relationship between breast cancer risk and exogenous progestagens, as present in oral contraceptives, injectable contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Subsequently, it will be discussed whether the present findings are consistent with one of the hypotheses that have been postulated for the role of hormones in breast cancer pathogenesis. The relationship between oral contraceptives and breast cancer is still controversial. Several studies have found that prolonged oral contraceptives use at young ages is associated with increased risk to develop breast cancer at an early age, i.e. before age 35. None of these studies, however, has been able to attribute the increased risk to specific formulations of oral contraceptives, or to the progestagen content of the preparations. This may be largely due to the fact that there is no good method to calculate progestagen potencies of different formulations. There are no reliable data regarding the effect of progestagen-only oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk. Studies conducted so far included only few women who used these preparations exclusively and for an extended period. Use of injectable contraceptives, mainly depot-medroxy-progesterone acetate, may slightly increase breast cancer, but current findings are inconclusive. There is suggestive evidence that the addition of progestagens to estrogen replacement therapy may increase breast cancer risk over that associated with exposure to estrogens alone. However, the data are not sufficient to warrant any recommendation about changes in clinical practice, and more studies of estrogen-progestagen replacement therapy are needed to settle this issue. It is argued that the "unopposed estrogen" hypothesis for breast cancer is not consistent with the known effects of oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy. The "estrogen plus progestagen" hypothesis seems to be more consistent with current epidemiologic findings. This hypothesis predicts that prolonged exposure to estrogens alone carries a slightly increased breast cancer risk, whereas the combination of estrogens and progestagens increases the risk much more. Future studies will show whether the "estrogen plus progestagen" hypothesis can indeed explain the effects of oral contraceptives and estrogen-progestagen replacement therapy on breast cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The resumption of ovulation and menstruation in a well-nourished population of women breastfeeding for an extended period of time.

We have studied a large group of Australian women breastfeeding for an extended period of time to determine the duration of lactational anovulation (n = 89) and amenorrhea (n = 101). Salivary progesterone assays were used to determine ovulation. These women had a mean of 322 days of anovulation and 289 days amenorrhea. Less than 20% had ovulated and less than 25% had menstruated by 6 months postpartum. The latest ovulation was at 750 days and the latest menstruation at 698 days. There was no significant correlation between any measure of maternal nutritional status and the duration of anovulation or amenorrhea. Neither the time of first supplement introduction to the baby nor the amount of supplement given was an accurate predictor of the return of ovulation or menstruation. However, our results clearly show that lactational amenorrhea can provide good protection against pregnancy in the 1st 6 months postpartum, even in well-nourished women who are giving their babies supplemental feeds.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Clinical aspects of the relationship between oral contraceptives and abnormalities of the hemostatic system: relation to the development of cardiovascular disease.

Epidemiologic evidence has established that oral contraceptives increase the risk of both arterial and venous thromboembolic disease. This is dose related in the case of the estrogen component for both arterial and venous events and in the case of progestogens for arterial events. It is probable that the increased rate of thromboembolic events caused by estrogen is related to hypercoagulability. Plasma levels of several clotting factors have been shown to be elevated in oral contraceptive users, and this increase is graduated according to the dose of estrogen. In pregnancy, factor VIIc is increased after cold activation of plasma at 4 degrees C overnight. Likewise, in users of oral contraceptives, both factors VIIc and XIIc are increased, which suggests a direct effect of factor XIIc on the extrinsic system. In men, the risk of ischemic heart disease is strongly and independently related to factor VIIc and fibrinogen levels; thus it is possible that in women taking oral contraceptives, the mechanism of risk is similarly mediated. There is a good case for factor VIIc as the index of flux in the coagulation system and hence of a hypercoagulable state, and indeed it may directly contribute to the generation of thrombin. This article examines the available evidence on clotting factor activity in the risk of cardiovascular disease in oral contraceptive users.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗
PubMed1987

Progestogen potency in oral contraceptive pills.

The most important target organs for combined oral contraceptive preparations are the anterior pituitary gland and the uterus. The long-term unopposed administration of estrogen produces endometrial hyperplasia and amenorrhea, which are unacceptable to most women and their medical advisors. Cyclic administration of progestogens in combination with the estrogen, however, produces predictable endometrial shedding and achieves a regular and acceptable bleeding pattern in most women. This was the main reason that the "delay of menses" test was adopted as the earliest clinical means of comparing the relative potencies of progestogens that were administered orally. Recently attempts have been made to compare the potency of progestogens on the other organ systems by the extrapolation of data derived from studies on the endometrium. This is inappropriate, inasmuch as the effects of progestogens and estrogens independently and in combination differ greatly depending on the target organ. In this article, the literature on this controversial subject is reviewed.

Breast↗
PubMed1991

Oral contraceptives and breast disease.

Epidemiologic data support the hypothesis that the types of OCs used before the mid-1970s protected against most forms of benign breast disease. It is unclear whether current low-dose progestogen OCs will confer the same protection. Further studies are necessary to clarify this. For breast cancer, the relationship is more complex. It is possible that prolonged use of high-dose OCs exert a small increased risk for breast cancer development in women before age 45. Furthermore, prolonged use before a first term pregnancy may result in a small increase in risk for breast cancer before age 45. Studies evaluating the effect of current low-dose OCs are necessary to elucidate what, if any, effect they may have on breast cancer development. Furthermore, as our population ages, studies will be able to determine what effect, if any, may be present in women over age 60, those women with the highest underlying risk of breast cancer. And finally, more research of basic breast tissue physiology and the effect of endogenous and exogenous hormones on this complex organ is needed.

Breast↗