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PubMed2000

Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers (Nobel Lecture) Copyright((c)) The Nobel Foundation 2000. We thank the Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, for permission to print this lecture.

Over many millennia, humankind has thought to explore phenomena on an ever shorter time scale. In this race against time, femtosecond resolution (1 fs=10(-15) s) is the ultimate achievement for studies of the fundamental dynamics of the chemical bond. Observation of the very act that brings about chemistry-the making and breaking of bonds on their actual time and length scales-is the wellspring of the field of femtochemistry, which is the study of molecular motions in the hitherto unobserved ephemeral transition states of physical, chemical, and biological changes. For molecular dynamics, achieving this atomic-scale resolution using ultrafast lasers as strobes is a triumph, just as X-ray and electron diffraction, and, more recently, STM and NMR spectroscopy, provided that resolution for static molecular structures. On the femtosecond time scale, matter wave packets (particle-type) can be created and their coherent evolution as a single-molecule trajectory can be observed. The field began with simple systems of a few atoms and has reached the realm of the very complex in isolated, mesoscopic, and condensed phases, as well as in biological systems such as proteins and DNA structures. It also offers new possibilities for the control of reactivity and for structural femtochemistry and femtobiology. This anthology gives an overview of the development of the field from a personal perspective, encompassing our research at Caltech and focusing on the evolution of techniques, concepts, and new discoveries.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

A mortality study of newspaper printing workers.

Following an inquiry from the workers of a large newspaper plant in Milan, Italy, a mortality study was undertaken to investigate the reportedly high occurrence of cancer. The study covered the period from 1956 to 1975. Among the 700 workers participating, for a total of 12,198 person-years, 199 deaths had occurred. Overall mortality was not lower than expected and a significant excess was found among the workers aged 25-54 years. Cancer mortality was higher than expected; the only significant excess, however, was found among packers and forwarders who had a greater incidence of all neoplasms, all respiratory cancers, and lung cancer. Some possible explanations concerning personal life-style and occupational exposure previously not considered are proposed. Mortality from circulatory diseases and ischemic heart disease was significantly in excess among the workers aged 25-54 years and was associated with length of employment, age at the time of hiring, and duration of follow-up; analysis by job category revealed a significant mortality excess from these causes among packers and forwarders. It is suggested that the mortality pattern observed for cardiovascular disease, as well as for all causes, could be interpreted in the light of the peculiar characteristics of newspaper production. The initial complaint, instigating the study, arose from the packers and forwarders department.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Scanning electron microscopic structure of the finger print as related to the dermal surface.

This paper aims to clarify the relationship of the dermis to epidermal ridge configuration. After fixation, human fingertip epidermis was peeled off from the dermis by alkaline treatment, and the dermal surface was observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM pattern of furrows, grooves, and papillae showed an exact negative fingerprint image. Papillae had various sizes and complicated shapes and were arranged continuously but irregularly on each side of the furrow. Size and shape variabilities were not dependent on the site of the fingerprint region. The papilla number tended to increase with age due to derivation of secondary papillae from the primary papilla as well as new formation of small papillae. The dermal surface exhibited some site-specific fibrous appearance at the furrow and papilla, whereas the surface was smooth at the groove. The characteristics of the dermal surface structure as related to the epidermis can be explained by a stronger dermis-epidermis adhesion at the furrow than at the papilla or at the groove.

Dermatoglyphics↗