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PubMed1982

Immune reactions in the lungs of asymptomatic dairy farmers.

To test the hypothesis that asymptomatic farmers with serum precipitins to farmers' lung disease antigens also have an immune reaction involving the lungs, we did bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 3 groups of dairy farmers. Group 1: 7 patients with acute farmers' lung disease. Group 2: 10 asymptomatic farmers with serum precipitins to Micropolyspora faeni. Group 3: 9 normal farmers without serum precipitins. Group 1 patients had a large number of cells (90.4 +/- 20 X 10(6)) (mean +/- SEM) with 72 +/- 5.8% lymphocytes in their lavage fluid. Their lavage also had high immunoglobulins A and G/albumin ratios. Six subjects in Group 2 had an increased number of cells (54.1 +/- 14.1 X 10(6)) and a high percentage of lymphocytes (52.5 +/- 6.6%) in their BAL. Two subjects in Group 3 had similar alterations in their lavage fluid: 60.0 and 69.6 X 10(6) cells with 20 and 37.5% lymphocytes, respectively. The other subjects in Groups 2 and 3 had normal lavages. Proliferative responses of BAL lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was similar in each group. Circulating immune complexes were increased only in subject with acute farmers' lung disease (Group 1). These results show that some normal farmers have signs of an alveolitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Antibodies to cellular antigens in Sjögren's syndrome.

An extract of human lymphocytes from continous cell culture was used as the antigen source to detect antibodies in sera of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Using double diffusion in agarose, 85 per cent of a selected group of patients had precepating antibodies. Three precipitating antigen-antibody systems were detected and were shown to be different from those described previously in othe systemic rheumatic diseases. The SS precipitating antibodies were temporarily classified as precipitins, A, B, and C. SS patinets with sicca syndrome but without clinical rheumatoid arthritis had precipitin systems A and/or B, and SS patients with associated rheumatoid arthritis had precipitin system C. Serum reactants were demonstrated by immuno-electrophoresis to migrate in the gamma globulin region. The precipitating activity of the serum factors was not destroyed by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and was not removed by absorption of rheumatoid factor from the sera. The reactivity of the lympuocyte antigens was destroyed by treatment with trypsin but not by deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease.

Absorption↗
PubMed1990

Anti-Ro(SSA) autoantibodies are associated with T cell receptor beta genes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Several of the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus have been associated with specific autoantibodies. Associations between HLA class II antigens and autoantibodies to the ribonucleoproteins Ro(SSA) and La(SSB) have been reported in these patients. Because HLA class II molecules present antigen to T cell receptors (TCRs), we have searched for a TCR gene associated with the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies. A pair of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one of which hybridizes to the TCR constant region C beta 1 and the other to the C beta 2 gene, has been identified, suggesting these may be genotypic markers for an extended region of the TCR beta locus. This RFLP pair occurs in 76% of patients with Ro(SSA) precipitins, 84% of anti-Ro(SSA)-positive patients lacking La(SSB) precipitins, but only 41% of the patients lacking both precipitins (P = 0.0004). This disproportionate occurrence in a subset of lupus patients indicates that these RFLPs are not disease susceptibility markers, but rather are important markers for TCR genes whose products are involved in the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies. The majority of patients who have these RFLPs and HLA class II antigens previously associated with the anti-Ro(SSA) response make this antibody, suggesting that interactions between products of these loci occur in response to Ro(SSA).

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A new marker for neuraminidase-treated human serum glycoproteins from the haemolymph of Tridacna maxima (Röding).

Highly purified human serum glycoproteins were treated with neuraminidase. The exposed subterminal carbohydrate structures reacted strongly with an anti-galactan precipitin from the haemolymph of Tridacna maxima which detects terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactoside residues. This invertebrate precipitin, Tridacnin, may be used as a marker for nearly two thirds of all asialo serum glycoproteins; A number of different cross-reactions with various other polysaccharides and galactans subdivides those neuraminidase-treated glycoproteins into several subgroups, indicating that the uncovered carbohydrate structures are not always completely identical. In this way, together with the cross-reacting precipitins from plant and invertebrate origin. Tridacnin may be a useful tool for elucidating and establishing the structure of the carbohydrate part of serum glycoproteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Use of immunologic techniques to detect chemotherapeutic success in infections with Fasciola hepatica. I. Rabbit infections.

Rabbits infected with Fasciola hepatica develop precipitins to adult worm heomogenates, as observed by Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (ID) and counterelectrophoresis (CEP). When they are successfully treated with a fasciolicidal drug such as rafoxanide at 5, 6, or 11 weeks of infection their precipitins drop dramatically by 2 weeks post-treatment, they are virtually negative by 4 weeks, and have no detectable precipitins by 5 or 6 weeks post-treatment. The results suggest that ID or CEP can be utilized to show chemotherapeutic success in rabbits infected with F. hepatica and warrant further studies as to their possible application in human fascioliasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Exposure to microorganisms, febrile and airway-obstructive symptoms, immune status and lung function of Swedish farmers.

A questionnaire was sent to 512 farmers, members of a local farmer's health association. Eighty were interviewed, and their serum precipitins and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) values were determined. Forty-five underwent extensive pulmonary function tests. On the basis of the clinical evaluation it was estimated that 19% of the farmers had experienced febrile reactions (fever and/or shivering) following exposure to organic dust, 50% of the 19% having been exposed within the last 2.5 years. Common causes were moldy grain, hay, and woodchips. The pulmonary function, gas exchange, and chest radiographs of those who had previously had febrile reactions were normal. Only 13% showed positive precipitin reactions in Ouchterlony double-diffusion tests. With more sensitive tests, positive precipitins were found in 59%, but they were negatively correlated with febrile episodes. Air samples collected during work with hay and grain on 21 farms contained between 10(7) to 2 X 10(9) microorganisms/m3. The highest values were associated with symptoms of alveolitis. Eleven percent of the farmers reported obstructive chest symptoms following exposure to organic dust. This group showed decreased pulmonary function and elevated serum IgE levels and included a high proportion of smokers and exsmokers. No correlation was found between febrile and obstructive reactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Different glycosubstances and galactans in the albumin gland and eggs of Achatina fulica.

In saline extracts from the eggs and the albumin gland of the snail Achatina fulica 3 different forms of glycosubstances have been found by using heterophile precipitins from different sources: 1. An alkali-stable galactan reacting with the anti-galactans from Axinella polypoides sponge and from the clam Tridacna maxima (Tridacnin) and with Concanavalin A. 2. Another glycosubstance giving cross-reactions with a second precipitin from Axinella polypoides, with the lectin from Ricinus communis, with murine myeloma anti-galactan, with pneumococcus Type XIV antiserum and with Tridacnin. 3. The second precipitin from Axinella polypoides detects a third glycosubstance, which reacts with the lectins from Abrus precatorius and wheat germ (Triticum vulgaris).

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Serologic studies in suspected visceral candidiasis.

Twenty-six healthy controls and 45 patients with clinically suspected candidiasis were studied utilizing precipitin determination by double immunodiffusion, agglutinin titers, and presence of clumping factor by microscopy. The data are used to evaluate the specificity, reproducibility, and ease of performance of the procedures. Our results indicate that there is considerable overlap in agglutinin titers in patients with or without visceral candidiasis and that determination of clumping factor by microscopy only is inadequate for diagnosis. Precipitin tests were positive in 80% of patients with visceral candidiasis (exceptions were highly immunosuppressed hosts). This test is easily performed, reproducible, and can be applied in any general hospital laboratory. Neither agglutinin nor precipitin determination appears to be applicable to determining duration of therapy.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed2002

Response of furniture factory workers to work-related airborne allergens.

The aim of this work was to determine the reactivity of furniture factory workers to microbial allergens associated with wood dust. Allergological examinations by skin and precipitin tests were performed in 48 workers employed in a factory producing furniture from fibreboards and chipboards, and in 32 healthy urban dwellers not exposed to organic dusts (referents). The skin test was performed by the intradermal method with the saline extracts of the cultures of 3 microbial species (Rahnella sp., Arthrobacter globiformis, Aspergillus fumigatus) associated with wood dust. Skin reactions were recorded after 20 minutes, 8 hours and 24 hours and graded 1-4, depending on the diameter of the reaction. The agar-gel test for the presence of precipitins in serum was performed with the extracts of 15 microbial isolates. The furniture factory workers showed a high skin response to the extracts of environmental microbes. The frequency of early grade 2 reactions (diameter 10 mm) to the extract of Rahnella sp. was 64.6% among furniture workers, being significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to reference group (18.7%). High frequencies of grade 2 reactions in furniture workers were also found with the extracts of A. globiformis and A. fumigatus (52.1% and 62.5%, respectively). The frequencies of grade 2 delayed (after 8 h) and late (after 24 h) reactions to Rahnella sp. in furniture workers were non-specifically high (97.9%/93.7%) while the response rates to A. globiformis and A. fumigatus were much lower (10.4%/25.0%, and 4.2%/37.5%, respectively). In agar-gel test for detection of precipitins, in most cases very low percentages of positive reactions (0-2.1%) were noted in furniture factory workers. The only exception was a high percentage of positive reactions (27.1%) to the antigen of Pseudomonas maltophilia, which was significantly greater in furniture workers compared to the reference group (p < 0.01). The obtained results suggest that early allergic reactions to microorganisms associated with wood dust are common among workers of furniture industry, which may increase a potential risk of work-related disease in this occupational group.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Detection of antibodies to infectious bronchitis of fowl using the ELISA, hemagglutination-inhibition test and agar-gel precipitation test].

Chicks of a conventional poultry flock, Shaver Starcross 288 hybrid, were vaccinated with infectious bronchitis (IB) virus H 120 at the age of 21 days. Three weeks later, the chicks were divided into three groups and separate groups were infected with infectious bronchitis viruses M 41 and D 274 or revaccinated with virus H 120. The content of specific antibodies to antigens prepared from homologous and heterologous viruses of infectious bronchitis used for chick vaccination and infection was investigated at regular intervals in the separate groups of chicks by means of an ELISA technique and haemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT). Serotype specificity of haemagglutination-inhibition test was documented by the results; the specificity was obvious mainly after the first vaccination and two weeks after infection, or after chick revaccination (Fig. 1). The dynamics of postinfective or postvaccinal antibodies, recorded by the ELISA technique, had analogical patterns in the separate groups of chicks, and there were no larger differences in the values determined on the basis of different antigens during the investigation (Fig. 2). A total of 52 group samples of fowl serum was examined by the ELISA technique and agar-gel precipitin test (AGPT) in another part of this study. Ten serums of identical origin represented the separate groups. The result of this examination was evaluated from the percentage of samples with precipitin activity in the group, or from the average value of ELISA. Mutual comparison of the mentioned values indicated that the precipitin activity was limited by the positivity degree of ELISA reaction (Fig. 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Specific IgG to Thermoactynomices vulgaris, Micropolyspora faeni and Aspergillus fumigatus in building workers exposed to esparto grass (plasterers) and in patients with esparto-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

BACKGROUND: Esparto is one the most frequent causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in Spain. OBJECTIVE: Determination of risk factors in the working environment that could explain the sensitisation process, and assessment of the differences in specific IgG levels to Aspergillus fumigatus, Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula and Thermoactynomices vulgaris in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by esparto, exposed healthy plasterers and control population. METHODS: Determination of precipitins and specific IgG to Aspergillusfumigatus, Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula and Thermoactynomices vulgaris in the three previously mentioned groups. Questionnaire on possible risk occupational and extra-occupational factors. RESULTS: Both healthy and exposed plasterers have higher levels of specific IgG to Aspergillus fumigatus, Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula and Thermoactynomices vulgaris than the healthy controls. The patients had higher levels of IgG than exposed healthy plasterers only to Thermoactynomices vulgaris. Precipitins were detected in only two patients. There were no occupational factors influencing on the sensitisation process. CONCLUSIONS: Specific IgG is an occupational exposure marker among plasterers, but it has not been possible to establish a cut off point that differentiates exposed subjects from affected ones. This determination has a greater sensitivity than precipitins. We did not identify occupational or extra-occupational risk factors that facilitate the sensitisation process.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

An immunochemical study of the combining site specificities of C57BL/6J monoclonal antibodies to alpha (1----6)-linked dextran B512.

This is the first report of an immunochemical study of the combining site specificities of a set of monoclonal antibodies to dextran B512 from C57BL/6J mice. The results confirm previous observations on antidextran combining sites and reveal specificities not seen earlier extending the observed repertoire of antibody combining sites to the single alpha (1----6)-linked glucosyl antigenic determinant. Eight C57BL/6J anti-dextran B512 hybridomas, four IgM,kappa and four IgA,kappa, were produced by PEG fusion of immune spleen cells with the nonproducer myeloma cell line P3X63Ag8 6.5.3. Antibody combining site specificities were determined by quantitative precipitin assays with 14 dextrans. Native dextrans with high percentages of linear alpha (1----6)-linked glucoses, similar to the immunogen B512, were the best precipitinogens; dextrans with alternating alpha (1----3), alpha (1----6) linkages, and highly branched dextrans were less effective. All antibodies precipitated with a synthetic, unbranched alpha (1----6)-linked dextran, suggesting their combining sites were "groove-like" and directed toward internal sequences of alpha (1----6)-linked residues, rather than "cavity-like" and directed toward a nonreducing terminal glucose. Two of the IgA hybridomas gave biphasic precipitin curves with dextran B512; this was shown to be due to differences in the precipitability of IgA monomers and polymers. Differences were observed in the reactivities of several dextrans considered previously to be structurally similar, and a newly proposed structural model of dextran B1299S was assessed. Quantitative precipitin inhibition studies with alpha (1----6)-linked isomaltosyl (IM) oligosaccharides, IM2 to IM9, showed that maximum inhibition was reached with IM6 or IM7, consistent with earlier estimates of the upper limit for the sizes of anti-B512 combining sites. Two IgM hybridomas showed a unique pattern, with inhibition being obtained only with IM5 or larger IM oligosaccharides. Association constants of the antidextrans for dextran B512 and for IM7, determined by affinity gel electrophoresis, ranged from 10(2) to 10(4) ml/g, comparable to earlier findings with antidextrans and other anticarbohydrate antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Fc-mediated immune precipitation. I. A new role of the Fc-portion of IgG.

By comparing the amounts of precipitate formed by the reaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and isomolar solutions of rabbit anti-HSA F(ab')2 fragments and of the corresponding intact rabbit anti-HSA IgG, respectively, it was found that the Fc portion of IgG was of great importance for the precipitin reaction. In the present antigen-antibody system, about half of the antigen was precipitated by this mechanism. This effect was called Fc-mediated precipitation and was most clearly expressed in the biologically important zone of low antigen excess and the zone of equivalence. It was found that the pepsin digestion did not change the ability of the F(ab')2 fragments to bind the antigen in comparison to intact IgG. Furthermore, turbidimetric analyses indicated that the Fc portion was involved in the overall mechanism of the precipitin reaction throughout the range of the precipitin curve.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

Ten years' study (1955-64) of host selection by anopheline mosquitos.

The success of malaria eradication campaigns depends on the use of all methods that make for a better understanding of the biology and behaviour of mosquito vectors. One such method is precipitin testing, by which it is possible to identify the human or animal origin of blood-meals of mosquitos and thereby to determine their host preferences and vectorial importance, both generally and locally.In 1955 the World Health Organization, in agreement with the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Elstree, England, set up a precipitin test service available to national research institutions and field staff of malaria eradication projects. The results of the tests carried out in 1959-64 are now presented in summary form; the data were obtained from nearly 41 000 blood smears collected from 79 species of Anopheles. In addition, the previously published results of the 1955-59 period are retabulated and data are presented on nearly 27 000 tests carried out independently at the National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Delhi, India, on Anopheles from Ceylon, India and Nepal. Altogether the review covers some 124 000 precipitin tests on 92 Anopheles species; about 93% of the tests gave a positive result with one or other of the antisera used, but attention is chiefly paid to the proportion of blood-meals taken on man.There are practical difficulties in achieving representative sampling of Anopheles populations for determination of the human blood index, but some can be overcome by increased care in sampling from a representative selection of biotopes. In areas that have been sprayed with insecticide, an attempt should be made to include mosquitos knocked down by the insecticide after feeding.

Anopheles↗
PubMed1977

Humoral response in blood group P phenotype persons subjected to an avian environment.

The avian environment contains among many antigens, the blood group substance P1-P1 antigen is present in certain Enterobacteriaceae found in bird droppings. Examples include Enterobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter Haffniae and Proteus. P2 persons exposed to the avian environment may develop anti-P1 activity. A greater percentage of precipitins to bird antigens was found in P2 than in P1 persons. In P1 persons seven out of twenty-eight (25%) had precipitins to bird droppings. In P2 persons, ten out of thirteen (77%) had anti-P1 activity and nine out of thirteen (69%) had precipitins to bird droppings. This greater response in P2 persons may be explained by the constant stimulation of these persons lacking the P1 antigen that triggers more response with other antigens in addition to the P1 antige. In the study of immunological responses to inhaled antigens, the blood group of the patients should be determined in order to assess the importance of constant stimulation by foreign material in persons lacking some blood group antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Goat serums for fluorescent antibody conjugates to chlamydial antigens.

Serums from goats hyperimmunized with Chlamydia psittaci consistently produce antichlamydial fluorescent antibody conjugate of high titer. The titer of the fluorescent antibody conjugate prepared from a given serum correlated well with the titer obtained by agar gel precipitin, but not with the complement fixation. The agar gel precipitin test can be used to predict whether a given serum is satisfactory for use in production of a conjugate for direct fluorescent antibody tests. Serums with an agar gel precipitin titer of 1/8 or higher generally produce a usable fluorescent antibody conjugate. Labeling gamma globulins with fluorescein isothiocyanate at a ratio of 1/150 resulted in satisfactory fluorescent antibody conjugates. Cultures of Vero cells infected with chlamydiae were found to be suitable for titration of the fluorescent antibody conjugates.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Precipitation reactions between secretory products in amphibian oviducts].

The existence of precipitin reactions between some molecules in egg jellies (oviduct secretions) of tailed amphibians (Amphibia caudata) has been demonstrated by double diffusion on agarose plates. These reactions do not exist in frogs and toads (Amphibia salientia). One precipitin reaction was related to compounds with a common molecular site of interaction for all A. caudata: all cross-species reactions were possible; a common antigenic rate has been shown. Another precipitin reaction, positively demonstrated in Pleurodeles waltl, probably exists in other A. caudata. The putative influence of these reactions on egg jelly-spermatozoon interactions has been discussed. An homology between these intra-egg jelly reactions and cortical granule content-egg jelly reactions in A. salientia has been suggested.

Amphibians↗
PubMed1982

[Precipitinogen activity of Newcastle disease virus and humoral immunity in birds].

Studies was the precipitinogenic activity of the strains La Sota, 'H', and 'II' of the Newcastle disease virus, using chick embryos. It was found that all three of the strains produce precipitinogens. An antigen was obtained for the precipitation reaction in agar gel and the demonstration of precipitins that were specific for the ND virus in the blood serum of birds. Contrary to the hemagglutinins and precipitinogens proved heatresistant. There was a correlation between the antihemagglutinins and the precipitinogens in the blood serum of the immune birds. The low percent of birds (up to 12%) having precipitins in their serum spoke of the development of solid immunity against Newcastle disease within the flock. On the other hand, the high percent of birds having precipitins (over 50%) indicated that the infection persisted, and because of the immunity present it fairly often assumed atypical course or was manifested with low mortality rate.

Animals↗