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PubMed1983

Genetic studies in Poland.

Blood specimens were studied from 213 persons aged 3-51 years, in Olkusz, a town between Krakow and Katowice in south Poland. The data show general similarity in blood groups and red cell enzymes to those from other central European populations, but in several systems there are suggestions that Polish frequencies are somewhat peripheral, for example phosphoglucomutase, acid phosphatase, esterase D, while in others where clines exist the results fit well into those expected from the geographical position of the sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Coronary heart disease mortality trends and related factors in Poland.

The reported data point to a clear trend of increasing coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in Poland with a tendency toward its reduction in recent years. The mortality is higher in urban than rural areas, but the increase has been greater in the rural population, especially in males. Recent reduction in the trend of increasing mortality has not been found in middle-aged men and women. The trend showed a correlation with changes in the levels of risk factors, especially in the usual diet consumed by the population. The authors suggest that the increased mortality is due to an increased incidence of CHD.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency--incidence in Poland.

Arylsulfatase A (ASA) pseudodeficiency (Pd) was defined as the in vitro measurement of low enzyme activity in a healthy person. A variable incidence of the Pd allele was found in different populations; it was 10-20 times higher than that of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). In Poland we estimated the incidence of the Pd allele at 6% and that of isolated 1788 mutation (loss of glycosylation site) at 3%. Out of 8 cases with neurological symptoms and low ASA activity, 2 were found to be homozygous for the Pd allele; 2 MLD patients had healthy siblings homozygous for the Pd allele and another patient's allele bore two mutations, Pd and that causing MLD.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

Poland and United States Collaborative Study on Cardiovascular Epidemiology. A comparison of HDL cholesterol and its subfractions in populations covered by the United States Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Pol-MONICA Project.

HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely related to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, and HDL-C distributions vary among countries. Poland is one of the few developed countries in which CHD rates are increasing at the same time that US rates have been falling, but whether these differences are explained by differences in risk factors such as HDL-C has not been determined. To examine this possibility, levels of HDL-C and its subfractions were compared in US and Polish urban and rural men and women aged 45 to 64 years. Age-adjusted HDL-C means were 0.20 mmol/L higher in urban Polish men and 0.37 mmol/L higher in rural Polish men than in their US counterparts (P < .0001); means in urban Polish women were 0.06 mmol/L higher (P < .05) and in rural Polish women 0.09 mmol/L higher (P < .001) than in their US counterparts. Adjustment for age, education, alcohol intake, smoking, BMI, heart rate, and menopause status (in women) had little effect on differences. Means of HDL2 and HDL3 levels showed similar between-country differences, although differences were minimal for HDL2 in urban men and women, and HDL3 means did not differ between rural women. BMI was inversely related to HDL-C and both subfractions in all gender-country-site strata (P < .001), and alcohol was directly related to HDL-C (P < .001) in all strata except Polish women. Cigarette smoking was negatively related to HDL-C and both subfractions in all US samples except HDL2 in urban men, whereas in Polish samples, significant associations were found only in urban women for HDL-C and in rural and urban women for HDL3. Age, heart rate, and education showed inconsistent or no association with HDL-C and its subfractions in either country. This profile of HDL-C and its subfractions in Polish samples contrasts sharply with the opposite trend in CHD mortality rates, which suggests either that other risk factors may account for the trends or that the relationship between HDL-C and CHD may differ between the two countries.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Epidemilogy of stroke in the Poznań district of Poland.

The incidence of cerebrovascular disease was established in the Poznań district in Poland for 1985. Mortality from cerebrovascular disease during this year was compared with mortality during 1977. The autopsy material from the years 1925 to 1985 was analyzed to differentiate ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke. The incidence of stroke was 198.3 per 100,000 inhabitants greater than 20 years of age. Mortality from cerebrovascular disease decreased significantly in both males and females from 1977 to 1985. Analysis of the pattern of cerebrovascular disease in the autopsy material from 1925 to 1965 demonstrated an overwhelming percentage of hemorrhagic stroke. In the years that followed, an inversion was noticed in the ratio of ischemic to hemorrhagic stroke. It should be assumed that the growing efficacy of antihypertensive therapy largely explains the decreasing incidence of stroke-induced mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Association of atrial septal defect with Poland-Moebius syndrome: vascular disruption can be a common etiologic factor. A case report.

The authors describe an association of atrial septal defect with partial symptoms of the Poland-Moebius syndrome. Both are thought to be caused by developmental disorders of the mesenchyme and ectodermal derivatives. This anomalous association can be accepted as one concept of the subclavian artery blood supply disruption sequence during embryo-genesis.

Bundle-Branch Block↗
PubMed1992

The emigration potential of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Russia: recent survey results.

The author reviews recent evidence concerning the emigration potential of Russia and Eastern Europe, using data from a 1991 survey of 4,269 respondents. "It is demonstrated that the proportion of adults wishing to emigrate from each of these countries in February 1991 varied from a low of 2 per cent in Lithuania to a high of 13 per cent in Poland. Total emigration potential from the region is estimated to have been between 10.2 and 16.7 million....A multiple regression analysis indicates that age and pessimism concerning democracy are the main factors that were independently associated with desire to emigrate."

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Operational and meteorological influence on the utilized biogas composition at the Barycz landfill site in Cracow, Poland.

The aim of the present investigation was to determine time variation of biogas composition at the gas collection network on the 'Barycz' landfill site in Cracow, Poland, as well as the influence of operational and meteorological conditions on the biogas composition. The study of biogas composition at selected gas wells and gas collectors was conducted using a portable IR landfill gas analyser. The methane concentration in biogas on the part of the landfill site currently in operation varied in the range 59-63% vol. and on the reclaimed part of the landfill, in the range 42-62% vol. It was found that biogas composition is significantly affected by operational conditions and meteorological parameters. For example, methane concentrations were more constant when the pressure in the installation was above the ambient atmosphere than when it was below, where fluctuations of 15% vol. were seen. Low air temperature, high precipitation and high atmospheric pressure, which lower the permeability of the outer layer of the landfill, result in higher quality of the biogas getting to the gas collection system.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diabetic blindness significantly reduced in the Warmia and Mazury Region of Poland: Saint Vincent Declaration targets achieved.

PURPOSE: The authors' aim was to verify if the targets of the Saint Vincent Declaration concerning the reduction of diabetes-related blindness in the Warmia and Mazury Region, Poland, had been achieved. METHODS: A register of World Health Organization-defined blindness due to diabetes was conducted in the Warmia and Mazury Region between 1989 and 2004. The incidence rate of blindness as the number of new cases/100,000 diabetic population/year and 100,000 total population/year was estimated for three subperiods differing in political-economic system and diabetologic care delivery: 1989-1994, 1995-1999, and 2000-2004. RESULTS: The major cause of blindness among diabetic patients was diabetic eye disease (97%). Out of 70 patients with Type 1 diabetes, 53% lost vision due to proliferative diabetologic vitreoretinopathy, 20% due to neovascularization with glaucoma, while clinically significant macula edema and cataract associated with proliferative diabetologic vitreoretinopathy or clinically significant macula edema predominated in 210 patients with Type 2 diabetes. The incidence rate of blindness due to diabetes in the diabetic population ranged from 102.4/100,000 (confidence interval [CI]: 65.7-139.0) to 13.3/100,000 (3.8-24.9). The incidence rate of blindness due to Type 1 diabetes ranged from 1.3/100,000 (CI: 0.5-2.2) to 0.1/100,000 (CI: -0.1-0.4). The incidence rate of blindness due to Type 2 diabetes was variable in the first subperiod, and it next decreased by 19% each year from 3.9/100,000 (CI: 2.5-5.3) to 0.7/100,000 (CI: 0.1-1.2); p<0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The Saint Vincent Declaration target of reducing diabetes-related blindness by one third appears to have been achieved in the Warmia and Mazury Region.

Blindness↗
PubMed2006

Prisoners' attitudes towards cigarette smoking and smoking cessation: a questionnaire study in Poland.

BACKGROUND: In the last decade Poland has successfully carried out effective anti-tobacco campaigns and introduced tobacco control legislation. This comprehensive strategy has focused on the general population and has led to a considerable decrease in tobacco consumption. Prisoners constitute a relatively small part of the entire Polish population and smoking habits in this group have been given little attention. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking in Polish male prisoners, factors determining smoking in this group, prisoners' attitudes towards smoking cessation, and to evaluate prisoners' perception of different anti-tobacco measures. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire including personal, demographic and smoking data was distributed among 944 male inmates. Of these, 907 men aged between 17 and 62 years (mean 32.3 years) met the inclusion criteria of the study. For the comparison of proportions, a chi-square test was used with continuity correction whenever appropriate. RESULTS: In the entire group, 81% of the subjects were smokers, 12% - ex-smokers, and 7% - never smokers. Current smokers had significantly lower education level than non-smokers (p < 0.0001) and ever-smokers more frequently abused other psychoactive substances than never smokers (p < 0.0001). Stress was reported as an important factor in prompting smoking (77%). Forty-nine percent of daily smokers were aware of the adverse health consequences of smoking. The majority of smokers (75%) had attempted to quit smoking in the past. Forty percent of smoking prisoners considered an award for abstaining from cigarettes as the best means to limit the prevalence of smoking in prisons. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among Polish prisoners is high. However, a majority of smokers attempt to quit, and they should be encouraged and supported. Efforts to reduce cigarette smoking in prisons need to take into consideration the specific factors influencing smoking habits in prisons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics of maxillofacial injuries resulting from road traffic accidents--a 5 year review of the case records from Department of Maxillofacial Surgery in Katowice, Poland.

BACKGROUND: In spite of employing numerous devices improving the safety in motor vehicles, traffic accidents are still among the main reasons of maxillofacial injuries. The maxillofacial injuries remain the serious clinical problem because of the specificity of this anatomical region. The knowledge of etiologic factors and mechanisms of injuries can be helpful in a satisfactory trauma prevention. The aim of this study was to find out the incidence and the pattern of maxillofacial injuries resulting from traffic accidents in the patients treated in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery (Silesian Medical Academy in Katowice, Poland) from January 2001 to December 2005. METHODS: The material consisted of 1024 case records of patients with maxillofacial injuries treated in the Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Silesian Medical Academy. The detailed analysis was carried out on the case records of 198 patients in the age of 3 to 68 with maxillofacial injuries resulting from traffic accidents. On the basis of data from a history, examination on admission, consultations and radiological examinations, patients' age and gender, we obtained the information on a pattern of injury and detailed description of an accident (the date and the time of an accident, the role of the patient in an accident). RESULTS: The traffic accidents were the cause of 19.93% maxillofacial injuries in the analyzed period of time. Most of the patients had injuries to the soft tissues of the face (22.21%), followed by tooth and alveolar process injuries (20.71%) and mandibular fractures (18.69%). All the types of injuries were more common in men than in women. The majority of the patients were car drivers followed by car passengers, pedestrians, cyclists and motor cyclists. The peak age of the patients was between 18 to 25 years. The prevalent number of accidents resulting in injuries to this region took place in spring, especially between noon and 4 PM. CONCLUSION: Our results exhibit that road traffic accidents remain among the main reasons of maxillofacial injuries following the traumas resulting from assaults and interpersonal violence. This succession of etiologic factors is in accordance with the data from the most developed countries. The relatively high incidence of injuries resulting from traffic accidents indicates the necessity to reinforce legislation aimed to prevent road traffic crashes and thus to reduce maxillofacial injuries among children and adults.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among forestry rangers in northern and northeastern Poland.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of A. phagocytophilum in a group of workers from 13 forest management areas of northern and northeastern Poland. A total of 478 sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Elevated IgG antibody titers were detected in 46 samples (9.6%). Of these, 34 (73.9%) had a titer of 1:64, 7 (15.2%) 1:128, and 5 (10.9%) 1:256. All seropositive persons disclaimed any clinical symptoms of HGA. The antibodies prevalent in persons with extreme outdoor activity and in indoor workers was comparable-9.6 % and 9.7%, respectively. Moreover, participants had no statisfically significant differences in the prevalence of antibodies related to sex, age, or years of employment.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2006

Highly variable year-to-year prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northeastern Poland: a 4-year follow-up.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. We followed-up A. phagocytophilum infection rate in I. ricinus in three selected collection sites in northeastern Poland during a four-year period. Overall infection rate was 14.1% (208/1474) with highest infection rate among females (36.8% verses males 8.2% and nymphs 0.9%). We noted a very big year-to-year variation of infection prevalence in each collection cite every year reflecting changeable granulocytic anaplasmosis risk for humans and animals.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2001

A study of Internet use by doctors and patients in Poland.

We evaluated Internet use in Poland in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology. Questionnaires were sent to 33 hospital departments of obstetrics and gynaecology; 25 replied (76%). The 25 departments contained a total of 275 doctors, 70% of whom (n=193) returned the questionnaire. We also invited 3054 people visiting a gynaecological Website for patients to complete an online form; 161 replied, a response rate of 5.3%. While 84% of the 102 doctors using the Internet were satisfied with Internet medical resources, only 24% of patients were. Patients searched for medical information less frequently than professionals and were younger. About half of the doctors and patients had only modem access to the Internet. The most popular services for professionals were databases and information services; patients were most interested in information on pregnancy, contraceptives, physiology and general female health. Most of the 45% of patients who said that they did not receive sufficient information from doctors could not usually find it on the Internet either.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Indicator-based assessment of environmental hazards and health effects in the industrial cities of upper Silesia, Poland.

Using an indicator-based approach, we assessed environmental hazards and related health effects in populations of industrial cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in Upper Silesia, Poland, and analyzed the relationship between environment and health. We adopted the method developed by Dutkiewicz et al. for assessing large geographic areas. Based on routinely collected environmental and health data, two groups of indicators, environmental indicators (EIs) and health status indicators (HSIs), related to environmental contamination were selected. The EI and HSI values were normalized and aggregated into synthetic measures using Strahl's taxonometric method. The synthetic measures indicated the intensity of environmental hazards and health outcomes. We used a three-level index scale to compare and rank the cities under the study and, consequently, to facilitate decision making. Findings of the assessment identified cities where actions aimed at reducing environmental hazards and improving population health status should be established as priorities. These cities included Chorzów, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Bytom, and Zabrze. We found a high correlation between the synthetic measures of environmental indicators and the synthetic measure of health status indicators (r = 0.77), as well as a high level of consistency between environmental hazard indices and environmental-related health status indices (73%). This may indicate the existence of a causal relationship between the environmental contamination within industrial cities and the health status of their inhabitants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Prenatal exposures to phthalates among women in New York City and Krakow, Poland.

Experimental evidence has shown that certain phthalates can disrupt endocrine function and induce reproductive and developmental toxicity. However, few data are available on the extent of human exposure to phthalates during pregnancy. As part of the research being conducted by the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, we have measured levels of phthalates in 48-hr personal air samples collected from parallel cohorts of pregnant women in New York, New York, (n = 30) and in Krakow, Poland (n = 30). Spot urine samples were collected during the same 48-hr period from the New York women (n = 25). The following four phthalates or their metabolites were measured in both personal air and urine: diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP). All were present in 100% of the air and urine samples. Ranges in personal air samples were as follows: DEP (0.26-7.12 microg/m3), DBP (0.11-14.76 microg/m3), DEHP (0.05-1.08 microg/m3), and BBzP (0.00-0.63 microg/m3). The mean personal air concentrations of DBP, di-isobutyl phthalate, and DEHP are higher in Krakow, whereas the mean personal air concentration of DEP is higher in New York. Statistically significant correlations between personal air and urinary levels were found for DEP and monoethyl phthalate (r = 0.42, p < 0.05), DBP and monobutyl phthalate (r = 0.58, p < 0.01), and BBzP and monobenzyl phthalate (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). These results demonstrate considerable phthalate exposures during pregnancy among women in these two cohorts and indicate that inhalation is an important route of exposure.

Adolescent↗