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PubMed2000

[Seed growth characteristics of Ginkgo biloba and its physiological change].

The length, width, volume and weight of Ginkgo biloba seed were measured, and the concentrations of water, sugars, fatty acids and amino acids in seed growth process were analyzed. A typical "S" seed growth curve was found, and the length, width, volume, weight and absolute water content all showed the similar changes during growing period. With the growing of ssed, the concentrations of physiological substances in seeds showed regular changes and had their own characteristics. The total amount of sugars appeared to be an increasing trend at the later stage of seed growth, indicating that sugars are the main nutrition substance accumulated in seeds. The concentrations of various substances in matured seeds were starch 8.4%, glucose 6.7%, fructose 4.2%, polysaccharide 0.02%, disaccharide 0.01%, myristic acid 10.6%, palmitic acid 4.1%, flax acid 2.4%, stearic acid 1.9%, oleic acid 1.1%, and linoleic acid 0.4%. Fifteen types of free amino acids were detected in matured seeds, with total content of 1.56 g.100 g-1FW. Among them, lysine aspartic acid, alanine, arginine, histidine, glutamic acid, and isoleucine were dominant, and their concentrations were 0.287%, 0.163%, 0.136%, 0.133%, 0.123%, 0.115%, 0.095%, respectively.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2002

[Studies on chemical constituents in herba of Lysimachia davurica].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the whole plant of Lysimachia davurica. METHOD: The constituents were separated and purified by column chromatograph, and identified by spectral analysis and physical data. RESULT: Six compounds were isolated and identified as triacontanoic acid(I), palmitic acid(II), beta-amyrin(III), stigmasterol(IV), oleanolic acid(V), soya-cerebroside I (VI). CONCLUSION: I, III, VI were isolated from this gene for the first time.

Cerebrosides↗
PubMed1992

Plasma lipid composition in an elderly population: correlation with dietary fat.

The effects of dietary fat on plasma lipid composition were studied in a population of 51 elderly subjects (19 men, 32 women) who lived in a retirement home in the province of Jaén (southern Spain). Dietary intake of fat was elevated (106 and 115 g/day in men and women respectively), and fatty acid intake consisted of 40% oleic acid, 17% linoleic acid and 0.7% linolenic acid. Cholesterol intake was 506 and 518 mg/day in men and women respectively, whereas the plasma level of cholesterol was approximately 250 mg/dl in both sexes. In men and women, HDL-cholesterol levels were 71.5 and 62.2 mg/dl, and LDL-cholesterol levels were 153.5 and 152.3 mg/dl. The most abundant circulating fatty acid was palmitic acid (25%) in both sexes, followed by oleic (23%) and linoleic acid (15-16%), whereas linolenic acid represented only 0.3% of the plasma fatty acids. To determine whether plasma levels of fatty acids served as reliable biological markers of dietary fatty acid intake, we compared the two sets of values, and found that higher intake was reflected in higher plasma levels, although a significant linear correlation (p < 0.05) was found only for linolenic acid.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

In chronic fatigue syndrome, the decreased levels of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids are related to lowered serum zinc and defects in T cell activation.

There is now evidence that major depression is accompanied by decreased levels of omega3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). There is a strong comorbidity between major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The present study has been carried out in order to examine PUFA levels in CFS. In twenty-two CFS patients and 12 normal controls we measured serum PUFA levels using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We found that CFS was accompanied by increased levels of omega6 PUFAs, i.e. linoleic acid and arachidonic acid (AA), and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), i.e. oleic acid. The EPA/AA and total omega3/omega6 ratios were significantly lower in CFS patients than in normal controls. The omega3/omega6 ratio was significantly and negatively correlated to the severity of illness and some items of the FibroFatigue scale, i.e. aches and pain, fatigue and failing memory. The severity of illness was significantly and positively correlated to linoleic and arachidonic acid, oleic acid, omega9 fatty acids and one of the saturated fatty acids, i.e. palmitic acid. In CFS subjects, we found significant positive correlations between the omega3/omega6 ratio and lowered serum zinc levels and the lowered mitogen-stimulated CD69 expression on CD3+, CD3+ CD4+, and CD3+ CD8+ T cells, which indicate defects in early T cell activation. The results of this study show that a decreased availability of omega3 PUFAs plays a role in the pathophysiology of CFS and is related to the immune pathophysiology of CFS. The results suggest that patients with CFS should respond favourably to treatment with--amongst other things--omega3 PUFAs, such as EPA and DHA.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Iron translocation by free fatty acids.

Organic extracts of cigarette smoke and uncombusted tobacco contain substances capable of translocating iron from aqueous solutions into immiscible organic solvents. Such extracts will also effect the organic solvation of iron present in ferruginous forms of asbestos such as amosite and crocidolite (Qian and Eaton, Arch Biochem Biophys 1989, 275:280). These substances, previously detected by their iron-translocating properties, have now been purified and identified by mass spectroscopy as saturated fatty acids, predominantly stearic and palmitic acids. Organic extracts of tobacco smoke, as well as the pure fatty acids, also transfer ferrous iron into both isolated red cell membranes and intact human erythrocytes. The increased membrane iron may enhance cellular susceptibility to exogenous oxidants; erythrocyte membranes subject to fatty acid-mediated iron accumulation show elevated peroxidation of endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids. These observations may help explain the phlogistic effects of tobacco use and suggest, in a broader context, that free fatty acids may act as physiologic and pathologic mediators of metal translocation.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1991

Study of lipids in dermatophytes. II. The effect of ketoconazole in the exponential stage of growth.

There was studied the effect of ketoconazole on the growth, the amount of ergosterol and the relative distribution of fatty acids in the sensitive strain MG-155 of M. gypseum and its two ketoconazole-resistant mutants UV-1 and UV-2 (induction by UV radiation) in the exponential stage growth. After three-day cultivation in the medium with ketoconazole (0.64 microgram.ml-1) there appeared 40% inhibition of growth in MG-155, 10% inhibition in UV-2 and only 4% inhibition UV-1. The amount of ergosterol decreased in MG-155, in both mutants the amount of ergosterol increased by the effect of ketoconazole (by more than 50%). The main saturate fatty acids are palmitic acid (10% and stearic acid (4%). The major fraction of unsaturate fatty acids is formed by linoleic acid (50%) and by oleic acid (4%). Ketoconazole does not affect the quality of fatty acids spectre, it changes only the size of the relative distribution of individual fatty acids. In this point of view, the mutant UV-2, and namely the mutant UV-1 (the higher degree of resistance) differ from the initial sensitive strain MG-155. Ketoconazole provokes in mutants a higher reduction of stearic acid fraction, of saturate fatty acids C greater than 18 and of triunsaturate fatty acids and it causes only minimum (4% for UV-1) decrease of oleic acid. The results of cultivations with postponed application of ketoconazole to the medium (on the 2nd the 1st day before the mycelium harvest) show in a decisive way that effect of ketoconazole is fully developed only on condition that ketoconazole is added to the medium simultaneously with the inoculum. There are discussed several conclusions with regard to the findings in the identical strains in stationary stage of growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

An indirect pathway of receptor-mediated 1,2-diacylglycerol formation in mast cells. I. IgE receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase D.

The current studies explore the role of phospholipase D (PLD) in mast cell activation. Although most investigators believe that receptor-mediated accumulation of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) occurs by phospholipase C hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, our previous work indicated a modest role for these substrates and suggested that phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the more likely substrate. PLD cleaves the terminal phosphodiester bond of phospholipids to yield phosphatidic acid (PA), but in the presence of ethanol, it transfers the phosphatidyl moiety of the phospholipid substrate to ethanol producing phosphatidylethanol (PEt); a reaction termed transphosphatidylation. In purified rat mast cells prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid, [3H]palmitic acid, or 1-O-[3H]alkyl-lysoPC, a receptor-associated increase in PLD activity was initially suggested by the rapid accumulation of labeled PA, although other mechanisms might be involved. PLD activity was assessed more directly by the production of labeled PEt by PLD-mediated transphosphatidylation in the presence of ethanol. IgE receptor cross-linking resulted in a 3- to 10-fold increase in PLD activity during the 10 min after stimulation, approximately 50% of which occurred during the first two min. PEt formation was dependent on the concentration of ethanol and was maximal at 0.5%. At concentrations of ethanol greater than or equal to 0.2%, receptor-dependent formation of PA was reduced suggesting that the ethanol promoted transphosphatidylation at the expense of hydrolysis. The dose-related decline in PA accumulation seen in the presence of ethanol was similar to ethanol-mediated inhibition of exocytosis suggesting that receptor-mediated PA formation may be of regulatory importance. These observations indicate that PLD-mediated formation of PA occurs in stimulated mast cells and, in conjunction with separate findings of PA phosphohydrolase conversion of PA to DAG in mast cells, suggest that a major mechanism of DAG formation during mast cell activation is PC----PA----DAG.

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte↗
PubMed1990

Shellfish: proximate composition, minerals, fatty acids, and sterols.

Proximate composition, minerals, fatty acids, and sterols were determined for eight species of shellfish commonly marketed in the Northwest. Moisture and total lipid content varied with the size of the species, with more variation in mollusca than in crustacea; total lipid content ranged from 0.7% in sea scallops to 3.1% in blue mussels but only from 1.2% in Dungeness crab to 1.3% in pink shrimp. The mineral content was highly variable; the mineral content of Northwest samples tended to be lower than that reported in other studies. Generally, shellfish are good sources of zinc, and Pacific oysters, blue mussels, and Manila clams are also good sources of iron. Five fatty acids (16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3) represented from 60% to 84% of the fatty acid content. Palmitic acid ranged from 13% to 32% of the total fatty acids. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were predominant (37.6% to 54.3%), with sea scallops containing more than 50%; n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 1.5% to 6.5%. In crustacea, cholesterol was the primary sterol, and brassicasterol was the only other measurable sterol. In all mollusca except California squid, cholesterol averaged 37 mg/100 gm and ranged from 23% to 39% of the total sterols. In squid, cholesterol, at 231 mg/100 gm, was the only measurable sterol. We conclude that shellfish vary widely in their nutrient content but, in general, are valuable additions to the diet.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1989

Mitogenic and cytotoxic actions of tumor necrosis factor in BALB/c 3T3 cells. Role of phospholipase activation.

In addition to its cytotoxic/cytostatic action on many tumor cells in vitro, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was recently shown to stimulate the growth of some types of cells in culture. We examined the action of TNF in BALB/c 3T3 cells which have been used extensively to study growth regulation. In subconfluent, rapidly dividing 3T3 cultures, murine (Mu) TNF was cytotoxic, while human (Hu) TNF had virtually no antiproliferative action on the cells. In contrast, in density-arrested BALB/c 3T3 cells maintained in a chemically defined, serum-free medium, MuTNF produced a dose-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis. In stimulating DNA synthesis, MuTNF acted synergistically with both epidermal growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor. While stimulating DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3 cultures, high doses of MuTNF (100 or 10 ng/ml) were also cytotoxic for a portion of the cells in the same cultures. Cytotoxicity was apparent 2 h after the addition of MuTNF, well before the onset of DNA synthesis. BALB/c 3T3 cell variants selected for their resistance to the cytotoxic action of MuTNF retained the capacity to respond to the mitogenic action of MuTNF, indicating that the stimulation of DNA synthesis by TNF is not a consequence of a TNF "wounding effect." Addition of TNF to density-arrested 3T3 cells resulted in the release of free arachidonic acid and palmitic acid from the cells. Quinacrine, a phospholipase inhibitor, inhibited both cytotoxicity and DNA synthesis in response to TNF, and melittin, a phospholipase activator, mimicked both the cytotoxic and mitogenic actions of TNF in quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells. These results suggest that phospholipid breakdown is part of the essential early signal transduction events required both for the cytotoxic and mitogenic response to TNF action.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Trends in fatty acid intakes of 10-year-old children, 1973 to 1982.

Diets of four groups of 10-year-old children (no. = 871, 30% black, 70% white) were examined over 10 years with 24-hour dietary recalls to study temporal trends in cholesterol, fat, and fatty acid intakes in a community. Boys had higher intakes per day and per kilogram body weight than girls for all nutrients (p less than .0001), but there were no sex differences in nutrients per 1,000 kcal. The only racial difference detected was a higher myristic acid intake in whites (p less than .02). There was a 16% decline in dietary cholesterol intake between 1978 and 1982. Three shifts in fatty acid intake increased the P:S ratio from 0.29 in 1973 to 0.45 in 1978: (a) a 5% decline in oleic acid, coupled with a 5% rise in linoleic acid; (b) a quadrupling of linolenic acid; and (c) less stearic and more myristic acid, with palmitic acid unchanged. Total fat intake provided 38% of the calories in each survey, but the changes in proportions of fatty acids paralleled trends in food consumption patterns and nutrient sources. Despite the changes, few children met prudent diet recommendations, and serum total cholesterol and very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels did not change over time.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1986

Involvement of lysophospholipase D in the production of lysophosphatidic acid in rat plasma.

A vasoactive lipid present in rat plasma that had been incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h was identified as lysophosphatidic acid with the following fatty acid composition: palmitic acid (25.2%), stearic acid (8.4%), oleic acid (7.0%), linoleic acid (44.4%) and arachidonic acid (11.9%). The involvement of lysophospholipase D in the production of lysophosphatidic acid was suggested on the basis of extensive analyses of phospholipids in the plasma. Results indicated that lysophospholipase D hydrolyzed polyunsaturated lysophosphatidylcholines preferentially to the saturated species. Exogenously added platelet activating factor was found to be first converted to its lyso derivative by an acetylhydrolase in rat plasma and then degraded by lysophospholipase D to 1-alkyllysophosphatidic acid to a similar extent with exogenously added lyso derivative of platelet activating factor; their percent conversions to lysophosphatidic acid were higher than those of saturated 1-acyllysophosphatidylcholines, but lower than those of polyunsaturated 1-acyllysophosphatidylcholines.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of a diphosphonopentaosylceramide containing 3-O-methylgalactose from the skin of Aplysia kurodai (sea hare)

The complete structure is proposed for a ceramide (Cer), bis(2-aminoethylphosphono)-pentaoside, isolated from the skin of Aplysia kurodai. This new phosphonoglycosphingolipid was purified using two systems of column chromatography on silicic acid. The purity of the glycolipid was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography, analysis of its composition, and proton magnetic resonance spectrometry. The component carbohydrates were glucose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and 3-O-methylgalactose. Most (90%) of the fatty acid was palmitic acid and the major sphingosine bases were octadeca-4-sphingenine (51%) and anteisononadeca-4-sphingenine (38%). 2-Aminoethylphosphonyl-6-galactose was identified after its partial hydrolysis. From studies by methanolysis, permethylation, mild acid hydrolysis, hydrogen fluoride treatment, chromium trioxide oxidation combined with thin-layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and proton magnetic resonance spectrometry, the structure of the glycolipid was concluded to be 3-OMeGal beta 1----3GalNAc alpha 1----3[6'-O-(2-aminoethylphosphonyl)-Gal alpha 1----2](2-aminoethylphosphonyl----6)Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1Cer.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Hormone and metabolism behavior in distress without physical stress].

The psychological effects on cortisol, human growth hormone (HGH), free fatty acids and lactate were investigated in 10 healthy students using a one hour television game. To insure that only the psychological aspects of the game were being measured, hematocrit, creatininkinase, CK-MB and myoglobin were used as controls. The game began 60 minutes after venapuncture of a lower arm vein with an indwelling catheter. Blood samples were taken 30 and 60 minutes after venapuncture, at intervals of 20 minutes during the game and 30, 60 and 120 minutes after the end of the game. After an initial rise, plasma cortisol levels sank steadily and significantly (alpha = 1%). The HGH level initially fell, but as the game progressed, rose and remained at a high level for a considerable period after the game had ended. These variations however were not statistically significant. The three free fatty acids under investigations, myristinic acid (C14), palmitic acid (C16), and stearic acid (C18), all showed similar levels over the course of the experiment. During the first 20 minutes of the play, free fatty acid levels rose, with stearic acid levels rising the most (52%). The free fatty acid levels then sank as the game progressed, with the palmitinic acid level showing a significant decline (alpha = 1%). The other parameters remained relatively constant during the experiment, with the exception of the CK-MB level, which showed severe, hard-to-interpret variations.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effect of growth medium on the lipid composition of log and stationary phase cultures of Salmonella typhimurium.

The lipid content of Salmonella typhimurium was not significantly influenced by the carbon source present in the growth medium. The principal fatty acid was palmitic acid. Significant levels of palmitoleic acid were found in log phase cultures, and this was replaced by a C17 delta fatty acid in the stationary phase. The other fatty acids present in significant quantities were lauric, myristic, cis-vaccenic and linoleic acids. The phospholipids present were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1980

[Lipid-reducing basic diet and serum fatty acid levels].

In 50 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia during a 3 year treatment with lipid reducing metabolic basis diet in intervals of 4 months the composition of the cholesterol ester and triglyceride fatty acids of the serum was determined by means of gas chromatography. After 12--16 months in the hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIa (10 patients) in the cholesterol ester fraction, after 12 months in the hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIb (10 patients) in the cholesterol ester fraction and in the triglyceride fraction significant changes of the spectre of fatty acids developed. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and eikosatrienic acid decreased, and linolic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and eikosapentaenic acid increased. In the course of the further therapy the precental proportions of the fatty acids did no more change. Triglyceride fatty acids in hyperlipoproteinaemia of type IIa and cholesterol ester fatty acids in hyperlipoproteinaemia of type IIb were not influenced. These metabolic effects of the metabolic basis diet on the spectres of fatty acids of cholesterol ester and triglyceride fractions in primary hyperlipoproteinaemia of type IIa, IIb and IV must not be seen only in their increased content of polyene fatty acids which influences the hepatogenic processes of synthesis and oxydation of fatty acids, but are traced back also to the reduced proportions of fat, mono- and disaccharide. With metabolic basis diet decreasing lipids alone we, however, did not succeed in normalising fully the composition of fatty acids, and the constellations of fatty acids of test persons with healthy metabolism were reached only approximately.

Cholesterol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intensification of the ionophoric effect of polymyxin M by free fatty acids. Dependence of the length of the fatty acid chain].

Mechanisms of potentiation of ionophoric effect of polymyxin M by free fatty acids was studied using measurement of electrical properties of bilayer lipid membranes. Among used unsaturated fatty acids the palmitic acid appeared to be the most effective. The obtained dependence of ionophoric effect of membrane antibiotic on the chain length of the fatty acid may be explained by the existence of the complex of special size appropriate to the membrane thickness. We suppose that free fatty acid and polymyxin M form the ion-conducting structure in lipid bilayer.

Drug Synergism↗