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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Tetralogy of Fallot with anomalous origin of unilateral pulmonary artery].

Between 1971 and 1988, 7 patients (pts) of TOF with anomalous origin of unilateral pulmonary artery (AOPA) underwent intracardiac repair at Tohoku University Hospital. They were 2 males and 5 females, with ages ranging from 4 to 26 years old. The right PA originated from the RV in all cases, whereas the left PA originated from the ascending aorta in 2 pts (Group 1) and from the ductus arteriosus in 5 pts (Group 2 & 3). In Group 2 (2 pts), the left PA was separated from the right PA with intraluminal membrane. In Group 3 (3 pts), there was no communication between both pulmonary arteries. The left PA was reconstructed in Group 1 & 2. However, it was impossible to reconstruct the left PA in Group 3 since the ductus arteriosus and left PA had been occluded before intracardiac repair. In Group 3, VSD was closed with one-way (RV----LV) valved patch for the aim of lowering RV pressure. Postoperative RV/Ao pressure ratio was 0.5-0.8 in the cases of Group 1 & 2, 0.8-1.0 in Group 3. Three patients (one in each group) died postoperatively due to low output syndrome. Autopsy revealed pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVOD) of the left lung in Group 1. It is concluded that TOF with AOPA should be corrected before the advance of PVOD in case PA originate from the ascending aorta, and before the occlusion of the ductus in case PA originate from it, in order to prevent postoperative RV overload.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Electrophysiologic evaluation and follow-up of patients with a syncopal episode of unknown origin].

The etiology of syncope of presumed cardiac origin can be determined by clinical and electrocardiographic examination with Holter monitoring in about 50 per cent of cases. The aim of this study was to review the data of electrophysiological investigation and the outcome of the patients in whom a cardiac pacemaker was eventually implanted, in those cases in whom the initial work-up had been negative. Ninety four patients, all of whom underwent standardised electrophysiological investigation, were included. The results of the investigations enabled us to identify three groups of patients: Group I: patients in whom the criteria did not suggest a cardiac origin of syncope; Group II: with criteria possibly suggesting a cardiac origin and Group III in which the criteria were strongly suggestive of a cardiac origin. A cardiac pacemaker was implanted systematically for AV block in Group III; on the other hand, this was very rare (only 1 patient) in Group I, and the indication in Group II depended on age and the history of recurrent syncope. Ninety patients (96%) were followed up for an average of 39.3 +/- 15.3 months. There was a very low incidence of recurrent syncope irrespective of the original classification, so confirming the value of electrophysiological investigations for cardiac pacemaker implantation in this type of patients. In addition, negative electrophysiological investigations allowed identification of a group of patients with a low mortality and low risk of recurrent syncope.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

In vitro studies of the initiation of staphylococcal plasmid replication. Specificity of RepD for its origin (oriD) and characterization of the Rep-ori tyrosyl ester intermediate.

Several staphylococcal plasmids from different incompatibility (inc) groups which replicate by a rolling circle mechanism each specify a replication initiator protein (Rep) which is homologous with that of the inc3 tetracycline resistance plasmid pT181. The rep gene sequences of six pT181-like plasmids are known, each encoding proteins of molecular mass 38 kDa with 62% overall amino acid sequence identity. The initiation of replication in vivo by each of the Rep proteins is plasmid specific, acting in trans only at the cognate replication origin (ori) of the encoding plasmid. Previous studies in vitro of the RepC protein of pT181 demonstrated replication initiator, topoisomerase-like, and DNA binding activities, which appeared to be specific for the origin (oriC) of pT181 when compared with unrelated staphylococcal plasmids. Although RepD, specified by the inc4 chloramphenicol resistance plasmid pC221, has a range of activities similar to those noted previously for RepC, manipulation of in vitro conditions has revealed discrete steps in the overall reaction of RepD with oriD. In addition, factors have been identified which are necessary not only for sequence-dependent discrimination in vitro by Rep proteins for all pT181-like plasmids but also for the absolute specificity of RepD for its cognate pC221 replication origin (oriD), the latter occurring in vivo and a function of the topological state of the ori-containing target DNA. Here we also demonstrate the presence of a covalent phosphoryl-tyrosine linkage between the RepD protein of plasmid pC221 and an oligonucleotide substrate corresponding to its replication origin (oriD). The reactive tyrosine (Tyr-188) was identified from amino acid sequences of 32P-labeled peptide-oligonucleotide fragments. Substitution of Tyr-188 with phenylalanine confirms the importance of the tyrosyl hydroxyl group since the Y188F protein retains the sequence-specific DNA-binding capabilities of wild-type RepD but is unable to attach covalently to the replication origin or participate in the nicking-closing reaction in vitro.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1990

[Anomalies of atrioventricular valves in origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery from the right heart ventricle].

Anomalies of the atrioventricular valves may influence essentially the choice of the method and volume of surgical intervention in origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery (PA) from the right ventricle (RV). The results of morphological study of 55 heart specimens with origin of the aorta and PA from the RV are analysed; structural anomalies of the atrioventricular valves were revealed in 19 of them (34.5%). The anomalies were surgically significant only in 16.4% of cases. Isolated anomalies of biventricular attachment, simultaneous biventricular attachment and displacement of one of the atrioventricular valves, and anomalous chordae and supernumerary fibrous structures connected to the atrioventricular valves, etc. were the most commonly encountered anomalies of the atrioventricular valves in origin of the aorta and PA from the RV. The frequency and complexity of anomalies of the atrioventricular valves in origin of the aorta and PA from the RV were determined by the morphology of the cardiac complex, the type of the anomaly, and the side involved in the pathology of the atrioventricular valves. The complexity of the atrioventricular valve disorders in such cases could influence noticeably the volume of the surgical intervention. Anomalies of the atrioventricular valves in origin of the aorta and PA from the RV were encountered most frequently in malposition of the heart or discordant atrioventricular connection. The frequency of anomalies of the tricuspid valve was much higher than that of mitral valve anomalies, but the last named were surgically significant in most cases as a rule.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Craniofacial onlay bone grafting: a prospective evaluation of graft morphology, orientation, and embryonic origin.

A prospective study using 46 young adult New Zealand rabbits was designed to evaluate onlay bone grafts to the craniofacial skeleton with respect to embryonic origin (membranous or endochondral), gross morphology (unicortical or bicortical), and orientation (cortex-to-bed relationship). Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed and contrasted at both periods of evaluation (1.5 and 3.0 months). The embryonic origin of onlay bone grafts to the rabbit snout is significantly correlated with graft surface area, volume, weight, and recipient bed union for up to 3 months postoperatively. Over this interval, membranous bone (calvaria) grafts either persist in their entirety or increase, whereas endochondral bone (iliac) grafts resorb. Neither the number of cortices (unicortical or bicortical) nor the orientation of unicortical grafts (cortex-to-bed relationship) affected graft fate regardless of embryonic origin. Bone density remained unaltered during both resorption and deposition. Osteogenesis, demonstrated by serial fluorochrome markers, occurs in both membranous and endochondral bone grafts. Histologically, bone grafts of membranous and endochondral origin differ greatly in their cortical to cancellous diploe ratios and architectural configuration. We hypothesize that the differences found are related to the three-dimensional osseous architecture rather than to the embryonic origin of bone per se.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The origin and clonal proliferation of malignant altered cells in Hodgkin's disease].

Monoclonal antibodies and techniques of molecular genetics have shown Hodgkin's disease to be a clonal neoplasm, and that Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells--malignant cells in this lymphoma--are either of B-lymphoid, T-lymphoid, or myelo-monocytic cell origin. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells have high multiplicative potential. Their scarcity in lymphoma tissue in relation to nonneoplastic cells has been attributed a) to prolonged cell-cycle, or b) to secretion of lymphokines by which malignant cells attract reactive cells and become "diluted" in formed lymphogranuloma. Different histological subtypes of Hodgkin's disease seem to be correlated with different origin of malignant cell clones. In lymphocytic depletion, malignant cells are usually of B-lymphoid origin; in mixed cellularity and nodular sclerosis they are usually of T-lymphoid origin. In some cases, malignant cell clone is neither of B-lymphoid, neither of T-lymphoid origin; these cells might be "frozen" at a very low differentiation stage.

Antigens, Differentiation↗
PubMed1989

Immunohistochemical demonstration of Clara cell antigen in lung tumors of bronchiolar origin induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine in Syrian golden hamsters.

Both alveolar type II cells and Clara cells have been suggested as cells of origin of human bronchioloalveolar lung carcinomas and other pulmonary neoplasms, based on the presence of cell specific markers identified by immunocytochemical methods. Alveolar type II cell origin of solid and papillary lung tumors of the mouse has been demonstrated, and Clara cells have been suggested as cell of origin for hamster pulmonary neoplasms. Therefore, chemically induced bronchiolar hyperplasias and pulmonary neoplasms of Syrian golden hamsters were analyzed by avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry to localize a hamster-specific Clara cell antigen (CCA) and keratin. The hamsters had been treated subcutaneously with multiple doses of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). Proliferative lesions of low cuboidal, tall columnar, or pleomorphic cells were present within bronchioles or adjacent to airways in the alveolar parenchyma. Frequently areas of squamous cell differentiation were present focally or diffusely that were immunoreactive for cytokeratin. Immunoreactivity for cytokeratin was also noted for hyperplastic bronchiolar neuroepithelial bodies. Cellular hyperplasias extending out into the alveolar parenchyma contained ciliated cells and frequently consisted of cells immunoreactive for CCA, showing them to be of bronchiolar Clara cell origin. Tumors developed from bronchiolar cell hyperplasias localized within bronchioles and from bronchiolar cells lining former alveolar walls. Neoplastic growth patterns were tubulo-papillary, forming loose networks or densely cellular areas. Immunoreactivity for cytoplasmic CCA was found in 50% of the tumors and was seen most frequently in small cuboidal cells and larger, vacuolated cells scattered throughout the neoplasms. In summary, evidence is presented that NDEA-induced pulmonary tumors of the Syrian golden hamster originated from cells lining bronchioles and from extrabronchiolar Clara cell hyperplasias of the terminal bronchioles. As the pulmonary tumors of the hamsters progressed towards a squamoid cell type, CCA was no longer detectable but cells became immunoreactive for keratin.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Origin of the common pulmonary vein, septation of the primary sinus venosus atrial situs and theory of the "sinus man"].

Situated at the entry to the heart, the sinus venosus regulates at an early stage the distribution of the veins. Originally symmetrical, it receives on either side an omphalomesenteric vein, a common cardinal vein (duct of Cuvieri, ductus cuvieri) and a common pulmonary vein. This symmetrical pattern disappears with the obliteration of the rough right pulmonary vein and the invagination of the left ductus cuvieri into the sinusal cavity. Thus, the pulmonary venous blood is kept on the left side and the systemic venous blood is transferred to the right side. This is the usual situs solitus arrangement. Situs inversus is the opposite arrangement. In situs ambiguus the original symmetry is preserved. A sufficiently early cauterization of the left wall of the sinus venosus prevents the left ductus cuvieri from invaginating and results in "absence of coronary sinus"; this arrangement, where part of the original symmetry is preserved, is in fact similar to situs ambiguus. The situs of the liver and stomach is thought not to be determined by these organs but imposed to them by the sinus venosus, more precisely by the invagination--or lack of invagination--of a ductus cuvieri. This would explain the concordance between their situs and that of the sinus venosus and atria. It would appear that two errors are frequently made: the common pulmonary vein is said to originate from the left atrium, whereas it originates from the sinus venosus and only belongs to the left atrium when the sinus is incorporated in the atrium; the transverse septation of the sinus is incorporated to a shift to the right of the left sinoatrial fold which separates the sinus from the primitive atrium. This fold is indeed displaced to the right, but it is more distal and corresponds, in fact, to the cephalic border of the left ductus cuvieri, and its shift is produced by the invagination of that duct.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Expression of neuroendocrine cell markers L-dopa decarboxylase, chromogranin A, and dense core granules in human tumors of endocrine and nonendocrine origin.

We evaluated the usefulness of L-dopa decarboxylase (DDC) as a tumor marker of neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation by measuring its expression in 432 human tumors of diverse types and origins. A subset of these tumors and cell lines derived from them also were studied for expression of two other general NE cell markers, chromogranin A (CgA) and dense core granules (DCG). High concentrations of DDC were present in 96 of 117 (82%) tumors recognized to be of NE or neural origin. As expected, endocrine tumors not recognized to be of NE cell origin, as well as leukemias, lymphomas, sarcomas, melanomas, and germ cell tumors, lacked DDC expression. Of interest, modest concentrations of DDC were present in 46 of 220 (21%) nonendocrine carcinomas, especially non-small cell lung and colorectal carcinomas. We studied concordant expression of the three NE cell markers in lung and colorectal tumors and cell lines. In both tumor types there was nearly 100% concordance between CgA and DCG expression. There was an excellent correlation between DDC and CgA expression in lung cancers, both small cell and non-small cell, but DDC positive colorectal carcinomas usually lacked CgA expression. We conclude: (a) DDC is an excellent cellular marker for tumors of the NE cell system; (b) about 20% of carcinomas not of NE cell origin, especially non-small cell lung and colorectal carcinomas, express DDC, suggesting a common endodermal origin of all of the respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosal cells; and (c) CgA and DCG are expressed concordantly, indicating that CgA expression may be used as a substitute for ultrastructural examination of tumors for DCG expression.

Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases↗
PubMed1988

Stability of amoxicillin trihydrate-potassium clavulanate in original containers and unit dose oral syringes.

The stability of reconstituted amoxicillin trihydrate-potassium clavulanate oral suspension both in original containers and pre-packaged in commercially available oral syringes stored at various temperatures was determined. Amoxicillin trihydrate 125 mg/5 mL-potassium clavulanate 31.25 mg/5 mL and amoxicillin trihydrate 250 mg/5 mL-potassium clavulanate 62.5 mg/5 mL were reconstituted according to the manufacturer's instructions. The reconstituted suspensions in the original containers and in five brands of oral syringes were stored at 5 degrees C and 25 degrees C and -10 degrees C, 5 degrees C, and 25 degrees C, respectively, for 0, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days. The concentrations of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate remaining after storage were assayed in triplicate by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, using a stability-indicating method. An F statistic was calculated to determine whether different syringe brands had significantly different effects on drug stability. Amoxicillin trihydrate was stable for at least 10 days in the original containers and all types of oral syringes at 5 degrees C. However, potassium clavulanate was stable for 11.1 days in original containers and less than 5 days in all types of oral syringes at 5 degrees C. The effect of syringe brand on the stability of drugs over time at specific storage conditions and temperature was significant for potassium clavulanate at 5 degrees C and for both amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate at 25 degrees C. The manufacturer's guidelines for storage of reconstituted amoxicillin trihydrate-potassium clavulanate oral suspension in the original containers should not be applied to dosages repackaged in unit dose oral syringes.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1988

Time of origin of Purkinje cells and neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei of the chick embryo examined by 3H-thymidine autoradiography.

The time of origin of Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar neurons was studied by 3H-thymidine autoradiography in chick embryos which received isotope at stages 17 to 29 and which were sacrificed at stage 36. These neurons originated throughout stages 17 to 27. Neurons of each cerebellar nucleus originated throughout these stages, so that histogenetically the cerebellar nuclei could be regarded as a single cell mass. Large neurons originated at stage 17, medium sized ones at stages 19 to 21, and small ones after stage 23. Purkinje cells aggregated at stage 36 to form a row of cell clusters under the external granular layer. These cell clusters were more or less labeled in the embryos which received isotope at stages 17 to 21, while unlabeled cell clusters were observed in the embryos which received isotope after stage 23. These unlabeled cell clusters showed 4 longitudinal bands in the lateral cerebellar cortex. In the embryo which received isotope at stage 27, Purkinje cells in the pars intermedius and lateralis were almost unlabeled, whereas in the vermis and the lobus flocconodularis, a fairly large number of labeled Purkinje cells were still observed. Purkinje cells were all medium sized regardless of their time of origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Clinical comparison between original and modified distal splenorenal shunts.

This article reports on a retrospective clinical comparison between the original Warren shunt and one that we modified with Gore-Tex (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) interposition. The former operation was performed on 35 patients between June 1969 and November 1983 and the latter on 29 patients between October 1983 and January 1986. There were no significant differences in the patients' backgrounds between the two study groups. Blood loss during surgery was significantly greater and operation time was longer in the original shunt group than in the modified shunt group. The incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality was also significantly higher in the former group than in the latter (major complication rate: 20.0% versus 3.4%; operative death within 1 month: 5.7% versus 0%; in-hospital death: 11.4% versus 3.4%). The modified shunts had a 100% patency rate, and no variceal bleeding was evident, whereas shunt occlusion was observed in two patients and portal thrombosis in one patient of the original shunt group. The incidence of hepatic encephalopathy was 14.3% in the original shunt group and 6.9% in the modified shunt group, and the follow-up time was shorter in the latter group. A significantly greater rate of survival was achieved with the modified Warren shunts. Thus the current study seems to indicate that our modifications could be alternatives to the original distal splenorenal shunt in terms of postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The endodermal origin of digestive and respiratory tract APUD cells. Histopathologic evidence and a review of the literature.

Twenty-seven small cell carcinomas of the lung and three tumors of the large intestine with combined adenocarcinomatous and small cell and/or anaplastic carcinoid-type histologic features were studied by light and electron microscopy. It was shown that the small cells have morphologic characteristics of APUD cells. Also presented are the histologic features of a carcinoma of the lung with large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and giant cell carcinoma areas in the primary site and in several metastatic foci. Two of the renal metastases showed small cell carcinoma. The combined tumors and the numerous other similar neoplasms described in the literature and reviewed here suggest an endodermal origin for digestive and respiratory tract APUD cells based on the hypothesis that cancer is a clonal proliferation, and mucous and squamous cell differentiation is an endodermal rather than neural crest characteristic. The ultrastructural features of tumors of cells of known neural crest origin, including a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, three carotid body tumors, a pheochromocytoma, and two cutaneous melanomas were compared with those of other APUD cell tumors including small cell carcinomas of the lung, two bronchial carcinoids, a carcinoid of the appendix, and a carcinoid of the kidney. Cells of the latter group sometimes possessed cytoplasmic tonofibrils, round compact masses of cytoplasmic microfilaments, and ductal lumina. These features were lacking in the former group and may signify a different embryologic origin. The histologic, histopathologic, and embryologic evidence regarding the origin of digestive and respiratory tract APUD cells is reviewed, showing that the former are, and the latter probably are, of endodermal and not neuroectodermal origin.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1985

Clonal origin of mouse liver cell tumors.

The clonal origin of tumors was studied in a large series of liver cell tumors in mice. Tumors were induced with phenobarbitone alone or following N-nitroso-diethylamine administration in female mice heterozygous for the sparse-fur strain. In this strain, a histochemical technique can be used in heterozygotes to differentiate clearly between liver cells expressing the histochemically positive normal or the histochemically negative abnormal form of the X-linked enzyme ornithine carbamoyl transferase. Three hundred twenty-seven liver tumors in heterozygous female Spf mice were studied: 157 (48%) were uniformly negative, and 160 (49%) were positive (some with partial enzyme loss). One hundred fifty-four liver tumors in normal mice were studied; all were positive, with a frequency of partial enzyme loss similar to that seen in the heterozygotes. Ten (3%) of the tumors in the heterozygotes contained some separate groups of positive and negative cells, but no tumor was made up exclusively of such groups. Even the smallest recognizable tumors were made up of single-phenotype cells, which suggested that a polyclonal origin followed at a later stage by clonal selection was unlikely. It is concluded that at least 97% of the tumors were of single-cell origin, and that convincing evidence of a polyclonal origin was completely lacking. It is also concluded that the histochemical demonstration of an X-linked enzyme in tumors induced in female animals heterozygous for an abnormal form of that enzyme provides an extremely useful technique for the study of the origins of neoplasia.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Serologic response and lesions in goats experimentally infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis of caprine and equine origins.

Fifteen goat kids were experimentally inoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Five were given a strain of caprine origin (nitrate-negative biotype) intradermally, 5 were given a strain of equine origin (nitrate-positive biotype) intradermally, and 5 were inoculated intranasally with the caprine-origin strain. Animals were monitored for 127 days. The goats given the inocula intradermally developed abscesses; those given caprine-origin strain had multiple lesions both peripherally and in visceral locations (primarily endothoracic abscesses), whereas those given the equine-origin strain had abscesses only at injection sites and draining nodes. The difference in extent of lesions could be due to biotypic bacterial differences or to the individual strains used. Intranasally inoculated goats did not develop abscesses and were essentially no different from controls. The cranial part of the respiratory tract may not be an important portal of entry for C pseudotuberculosis. Serum samples obtained monthly from all animals were subjected to the synergistic hemolysis-inhibition test, which measures antibodies to the exotoxin of C pseudotuberculosis. Animals with abscesses developed titers within 1 month of inoculation. Animals without abscesses remained seronegative. The synergistic hemolysis-inhibition test may be a reliable diagnostic assay for caseous lymphadenitis in goats.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Limb-somite relationship: origin of the limb musculature.

Quail-to-chick grafting experiments performed during the third day of incubation demonstrate that somites can contribute to limb development. In orthotopic recombinations, migrating cells originating from the grafted unsegmented or segmented somitic mesoderm adjacent to the wing or leg field end up in the musculature respectively of the wing or the leg, where they express exclusively myogenic properties. Thus, in these heterospecific recombinations, the anatomical muscle has a double origin: muscle bulk of somitic origin; tendons and connective tissues of somatopleural origin. Similar features are observed in heterotopic recombinations with (segmented or unsegmented) somitic mesoderm located cranially or caudally to the limb levels. In the reverse chick-to-quail grafting experiments, the somitc participation to the limb mesoderm can also be observed. But it is less regular than that obtained in the quail-to-chick recombinations, and the muscle bulk is made up in various proportions of graft-originated somitic cells and of host somatopleural cells. The possible existence of juxtaposed and interdigitated myogenic and tendinogenic compartments is discussed in view of the dissimilarity between the results of the two kinds of heterospecific recombinations.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Comparative morphologic features of receptors of central and local origin in the steppe turtle].

Quantitative comparison of morphological features in the receptors of central and local origin has been performed with methylene blue in the small intestine of the tortoise (Testudo horsfieldi). Comparison is made between bushy receptors of central and local origin (formed by the dendrites of cells II, Dogel's type). Despite their common plan of composition, there exist certain differences between these two types of receptors: in the receptors of local origin, unlike the receptors of central origin, terminal plaques, the diameter of the abducent fibre and the size of division areas are large; polymorphism of the terminal plaques is more pronounced. Such indices as length of terminal branches and dimensions of angles between diverging branches are larger in the receptors of central origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Origin of pulmonary artery branch from ascending aorta. Primary surgical repair in infancy.

1. Surgical repair of origin of a pulmonary artery branch from the ascending aorta should be performed as early as possible in order to prevent death from congestive heart failure or the development of irreversible pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. 2. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest greatly facilitates surgical repair of this lesion in infancy, as is illustrated by the three cases reported herein. 3. Direct anastomosis of the ectopic pulmonary artery branch to the main pulmonary artery is the surgical technique of choice. 4. Origin of the RPA or the LPA from the ascending aorta results from origin of the RPA or LPA from the aortic sac, instead of from the confluent sixth arches. Typically, the RPA has failed to migrate leftward because of abnormal development of the wall of the aortic sac, abnormal development of the sixth arches, or both. 5. Origin of the RPA or the LPA from the ascending aorta should be distinguished from origin of the "RPA" or of the "LPA" from the innominate artery or from the aortic arch via a PDA or a collateral artery.

Cardiac Catheterization↗