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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The effects of nimodipine and L-NAME on coronary flow and oxidative stress parameters in isolated rat heart.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Ca2+ channel antagonist nimodipine (in concentration which competitive inhibited phosphodiesterase 1--PDE1) on oxidative stress alone or under inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by L-NAME in isolated rat heart. The hearts from male Wistar albino rats (n=18, BM about 200 g, age 8 weeks) were retrograde perfused according to the Langendorff technique at gradually increased constant perfusion pressure conditions (CPP, 40-120 cm H2O). The experiments were performed under control conditions, in the presence of Nimodipine (2 microM) or Nimodipine (2 microM) plus L-NAME (30 microM). Coronary flow (CF) varied in the autoregulatory range from 3.7 +/- 0.4 ml/min/g wt at 50 cm H2O to 4.35 +/- 0.79 at 90 cm H2O. Basal nitrite outflow, index of lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS release) and superoxide anion release (O2-) (at 60 cm H2O) were 0.64 +/- 0.18 nmol/min/g wt, 0.55 +/- 0.13 micromol/min/g wt and 19.72 +/- 3.70 nmol/min/g wt, respectively. Nimodipine induced significant vasodilation at all values of CPP (from 26% at 40 cm H2O to 36% at 120 cm H2O) accompanied with significant decrease of nitrite outflow (from 59% at 40 cm H2O to 40% at 120 cm H2O), significant increase of TBARS above autoregulatory range (about 40%) and significant increase of O2- release (from 186% at 40 cm H2O to 117% at 120 cm H2O). However, perfusion with L-NAME completely reversed the effects of Nimodipine. Nimodipine-induced flow changes were decreased under L-NAME (from 3% at 40 cm H2O to 11% at 120 cm H2O) without changes in the autoregulatory range, accompanied with significantly increased nitrite outflow (from 69% at 40 cm H2O to 36% at 120 cm H2O) and TBARS release (almost 50%), as well as significantly decreased O2- release (from 50% at 40 cm H2O to 43% at 120 cm H20). Our findings show that effect of nimodipine on coronary flow should be significantly influenced by NO, TBARS and O2- release in isolated rat heart.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A set of 400 pictures standardised for Portuguese: norms for name agreement, familiarity and visual complexity for children and adults.

The present article provides normative measures for 400 pictured objects (Cycowicz et al., 1997) viewed by Portuguese speaking Brazilian University students and 5-7 year-old children. Name agreement, familiarity and visual complexity ratings were obtained. These variables have been shown to be important for the selection of adequate stimuli for cognitive studies. Children's name agreement was lower than that of adults. The children also failed to provide adequate modal names for 103 concepts, rated drawings as less familiar and less complex, and chose shorter names for pictures. The differences in ratings between adults and children were higher than those observed in the literature employing smaller picture sets. The pattern of correlations among measures observed in the present study was consistent with previous reports, supporting the usefulness of the 400 picture set as a tool for cognitive research in different cultures and ages.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Picture naming and imitation tests as tools for the diagnosis of phonological disorder].

BACKGROUND: phonological disorder. AIM: to verify the association between the phonological performance in picture naming and imitation tasks, assessing the occurrence of phonological processes and using the severity indexes of Percentage of Correct Consonants and Phonological Density Index. METHOD: participants of this research were 50 phonologically disordered children, with no history of prior speech-language therapy and with ages between 4:0 and 12 years. RESULTS: The analysis of the phonological processes indicated that the non-productive processes were more frequent than the productive ones, not only in the imitation task but also in the picture naming task. It was observed that in both tasks, most participants presented the phonological processes of cluster reduction, liquid simplification and final consonant deletion, independently of their productivity. When comparing both tasks, there was an association and agreement regarding the number of participants who presented phonological processes as well as a correlation regarding the total number of phonological processes; there was no evidence of differences concerning the averages of the phonological processes observed in the imitation and picture naming tasks; a negative correlation was observed between the severity indexes Percentage of Correct Consonants and Phonological Density Index; moreover, these values presented a strong correlation in both tests, indicating that they detect similar severity levels. CONCLUSION: the study verified an association and agreement between the picture naming and imitation tasks, not only for the number of participants who presented phonological processes, but also for the number of phonological processes, thus indicating the importance of using structured tests for the diagnosis of phonological disorder. Furthermore, for the severity indexes, Percentage of Correct Consonants and Phonological Density Index, a high correlation was observed between the tasks, indicating that both tasks are useful instruments in detecting phonological disorder.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2003

Nitric oxide synthase inhibition by L-NAME in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: impacts on oxidative stress.

The effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration on oxidative stress parameters were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Lipid peroxidation as reflected by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was insignificantly higher in diabetic rats. Plasma NO2+NO3 values (p < 0.05) and erythrocyte CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activities were significantly higher (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively) in diabetic rats. L-NAME administration to diabetic rats caused significantly lower CuZn SOD and GSH Px activities (p < 0.01) and NO2+NO3 values (p < 0.001), whereas a significantly higher GSH level (p < 0.01). TBARS/GSH ratio was significantly higher in diabetic rats than controls (p < 0.05) and significantly lower in L-NAME administered diabetic rats than diabetic rats (p < 0.05). This experimental study highlightens the importance of NOS inhibition by L-NAME in the attenuation of oxidative stress in STZ diabetic rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Differential reinforcement of correct responses to probes and prompts in picture-name training with severely retarded children.

A systematic sequence of prompt and probe trials was used to teach picture names to three severely retarded children. On prompt trials the experimenter presented a picture and said the picture name for the child to imitate; on probe trials the experimenter did not name the picture. A procedure whereby correct responses to prompts and probes were nondifferentially reinforced was compared with procedures whereby correct responses to prompts and probes were differentially reinforced according to separate and independent schedules of primary reinforcement. In Phase 1, correct responses to prompts and probes were reinforced nondifferentially on a fixed ratio (FR) 6 or 8 schedule; in Phase 2, correct responses to prompts were reinforced on the FR schedule and correct responses to probes were reinforced on an FR schedule of the same value; in Phase 3, correct responses to prompts were reinforced on the FR schedule and correct responses to probes were reinforced on a continuous reinforcement (CRF; every correct response reinforced) schedule; in Phase 4, correct responses to prompts were reinforced on a CRF schedule and correct responses to probes were reinforced on the FR schedule; in Phase 5, a reversal to the conditions of Phase 3 was conducted. For all three children, the FR schedule for correct responses to prompts combined with the CRF schedule for correct responses to probes (Phases 3 and 5) generated the highest number of correct responses to probes, the highest accuracy (correct responses relative to correct responses plus errors) on probe trials, and the highest rate of learning to name pictures.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

Picture naming, matching to sample, and head injury: a stimulus control analysis.

Computer-based procedures were used to examine oral naming and matching-to-sample performances in an adult with a head injury. Relatively few errors occurred when pictures were (a) named, (b) matched to dictated names presented simultaneously, (c) matched to dictation after a delay, and (d) matched to identical pictures presented simultaneously. More errors occurred on delayed than on simultaneous identity matching. On delayed matching trials, fewer errors occurred when instructions to name the samples were given.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Teaching receptive naming of Chinese characters to children with autism by incorporating echolalia.

The facilitative effect of incorporating echolalia on teaching receptive naming of Chinese characters to children with autism was assessed. In Experiment 1, echoing the requested character name prior to the receptive naming task facilitated matching a character to its name. In addition, task performance was consistently maintained only when echolalia preceded the receptive manual response. Positive results from generalization tests suggested that learned responses occurred across various novel conditions. In Experiment 2, we examined the relation between task difficulty and speed of acquisition. All 3 participants achieved 100% correct responding in training, but learning less discriminable characters took more trials than learning more discriminable characters. These results provide support for incorporating echolalia as an educational tool within language instruction for some children with autism.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1993

Color-naming and color-matching by preschool children as a function of visual field and sex.

The accuracy for both a color-naming and a color-matching task as a function of visual field and sex was investigated in preschool children. Subjects were 17 boys and 17 girls ranging in age from 4.4 to 5.6 yr. Each subject was tested on both tasks, for which the target stimuli were presented tachistoscopically. Accuracy measures for each task were obtained separately for both left and right visual fields. A two-factor (sex x visual field) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the visual-field factor showed a significant difference between the sexes on the color-naming task only. No significant difference between visual fields was found for either task. However, significant interactions between sex and visual field for both the color-naming and color-matching tasks were obtained. t tests for simple main effects showed a significant right visual-field advantage for girls in naming colors. Conversely, a significant left visual-field advantage for color-matching was found for boys. Also, on the color-matching task, significant sex differences were found for both visual fields when compared separately. Boys were more accurate for left and girls more accurate for right visual field. Boys performed in a more strongly lateralized fashion on the color-matching task than did the girls, supporting the notion of greater lateralization among males.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Prediction of Boston Naming Test performance from vocabulary scores: preliminary guidelines for interpretation.

Patients with limited education or underdeveloped vocabulary skills may perform below the normal range on the Boston Naming Test when compared to the original published norms, even in the absence of brain damage. To reduce the frequency of false positive dysnomic classifications of patients with limited vocabulary skills, we developed a score adjustment to account for the significant shared variance between scores on this test and the WAIS-R Vocabulary subtest. Vocabulary significantly predicted performance on the Boston Naming Test (r = .65, p < .0001) in a sample of 62 outpatients who had no objective evidence of brain damage. Linear regression was used to derive expected performance on the Boston Naming Test from Vocabulary scaled scores. Relative to the original published norms, scores based on the Vocabulary subtest cut-offs produced fewer false positives and more accurately classified group membership for patients with and without objectively verified brain damage. These performance predictions are offered as tentative guidelines to assist clinicians in evaluating the presence of naming deficits by controlling for the variance associated with knowledge of vocabulary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Word imageability effects on naming: a pilot investigation of beginning readers of Turkish.

Word imageability, a semantic variable, in naming by beginning readers of English is well documented particularly with poor readers naming high imageable words more accurately than low imageable words. The present study examined the role of imageability on word naming by 20 good and 20 poor beginning readers as a function of orthographic transparency by utilizing the peculiarities of the transparent Turkish writing system. Neither good nor poor beginning readers show any evidence of imageability for Turkish suggesting that the contribution of imageability to word naming may indeed be determined by orthographic transparency. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Clinical utility of color-form naming in Alzheimer's disease: preliminary evidence.

Performances on Alzheimer's Quick Test color-form naming and Mini-Mental State Examination were compared for 38 adults with Alzheimer's disease and 38 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Group means differed significantly and indicated longer naming times by adults with Alzheimer's disease. The specificity for AQT color-form naming was 97% and sensitivity 97%, i.e., 3% false negatives. The specificity for Mini-Mental State Examination was 100% and sensitivity 84%, i.e., 16% false negatives. These findings, while supporting AQT color-form naming as a screening test for reductions in cognitive speed associated with Alzheimer's disease, are preliminary given the relatively small sample.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Suppression of analgesia in rats induced by morphine or L-NAME but not both drugs by microTesla, frequency-modulated magnetic fields.

In Experiment I, the nociceptive threshold for a criterion response to thermal stimuli (hot plate) for rats was obtained following injections with one of various dosages of either morphine or the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. On the bases of these results, rats in Experiment II were injected with either morphine (4 mg/kg), L-NAME (50 mg/kg), both morphine and L-NAME, or saline after baseline measurements for nociception and then exposed to either a 1 microTesla magnetic field or to a sham field for 30 min. The magnetic field, presented once every 4 sec, was a frequency-modulated pattern whose pixel durations, for each of the 837 successive values, were 1 msec. Nociceptive thresholds were measured immediately after the exposure and 30 min later. The results indicated that exposure to this magnetic field abolished the analgesic effects of morphine or L-NAME when injected separately but not when injected together relative to rats that had received these drugs and had been exposed to the sham field.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1987

An analysis of the naming deficit of left-handers.

Left-handers have been found to have a naming deficit when confronted with briefly flashed words. Three alternative explanations of this deficit were tested: whether it was due to deviant interhemispheric cooperation, relatively diffuse neural organization, or left hemispheric dysfunction. In Experiment I, four words were presented for 190 ms, unilaterally (to a single hemisphere), or bilaterally (between the hemispheres). Although left-handers (N = 48) named significantly less than right-handers (N = 30), performance was parallel across hemispheric conditions. Experiment II required semantic categorization, but not naming. The performance of the left-handers (N = 27) was indistinguishable from that of right-handers (N = 27) both in terms of overall performance and interhemispheric collaboration. It is concluded that the linguistic deficit of left-handers is specific to oral naming and that it is not caused by deviant interhemispheric cooperation.

Brain↗
PubMed1998

Circadian-rhythm-dependent effects of L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on morphine-induced analgesia.

Circadian changes in the interactions between L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, and morphine-induced antinociception were investigated by the mouse hot-plate test. Both the basal pain sensitivity and morphine-induced analgesia undergo significant 24 h variations. L-NAME (40 mg/kg, i.p.) alone did not show any antinociceptive activity, but potentiated morphine-induced analgesia when combined with morphine at all injection times. In terms of percentage absolute potentiation (%AP), L-NAME dramatically augmented the analgesic effect of morphine in the late dark period at 19 hours after lights on (HALO). It is concluded that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the modulation of the analgesic effect of morphine; thus, the L-NAME and morphine combination might be beneficial in alleviating pain.

Analgesia↗
PubMed2005

Potential effects of L-NAME on alcohol-induced oxidative stress.

AIM: Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive oxidant synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO may cause injury through the generation of potent radicals. Nw- nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a non-selective inhibitor of NOS. We aimed to evaluate whether L-NAME treatment had protective effects against oxidative stress in rats intragastrically fed with ethanol during a 4 wk-period. METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into 3 equal groups: group 1 (control group-isocaloric dextrose was given), group 2 (6 g/kg.d ethanol-induced group) and group 3 (both ethanol 6 g/kg.d and L-NAME 500 mg/L in drinking water-given group). Animals were sacrificed at the end of 4 wk-experimental period, and intracardiac blood and liver tissues were obtained. Biochemical measurements were performed both in plasma and in homogenized liver tissues. Alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: ALT and AST in group 2 (62 U/L and 128 U/L, respectively) were higher than those in group 1 (24 U/L and 38 U/L) and group 3 (37 U/L and 81 U/L) (P<0.001 for both). Plasma and tissue levels of MDA in group 2 (4.66 micromol/L and 0.55 nmol/mg protein) were higher than in group 1 (2.65 micromol/L and 0.34 nmol/mg protein) and group 3 (3.43 micromol/L and 0.36 nmol/mg protein) (P<0.001 for both). Plasma and liver tissue levels of NO in group 2 (54.67 micromol/L and 586.50 nmol/mg protein) were higher than in group 1 (34.67 micromol/L and 435.33 nmol/mg protein) and group 3 (27.50 micromol/L and 412.75 nmol/mg protein) (P<0.001 for both). Plasma and liver tissue SOD activities in group 2 (15.25 U/mL and 5.38 U/ mg protein, respectively) were lower than in group 1 (20.00 U/mL and 8.13 U/ mg protein) and group 3 (19.00 U/mL and 6.93 U/ mg protein) (P<0.001 for both). Plasma and liver tissue CAT activities in group 2 (145 U/mL and 37 U/ mg protein, respectively) were lower than in group 1 (176 U/mL and 73 U/mg protein) and group 3 (167 U/mL and 61 U/mg protein) (P<0.001 for both). Meanwhile, erythrocytes and liver tissue levels of GSH in group 2 (4.12 mg/g Hb and 5.38 nmol/mg protein, respectively) were lower than in group 1 (5.52 mg/g Hb and 4.49 nmol/mg protein) and group 3 (5.64 mg/g Hb and 4.18 nmol/mg protein) (P<0.001 for both). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that L-NAME may produce a restorative effect on ethanol-induced liver damage via decreasing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant status.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Predictors of picture naming speed.

We report the results of a large-scale picture naming experiment in which we evaluated the potential contribution of nine theoretically relevant factors to naming latencies. The experiment included a large number of items and a large sample of participants. In order to make this experiment as similar as possible to classic picture naming experiments, participants were familiarized with the materials during a training session. Speeded naming latencies were determined by a software key on the basis of the digital recording of the responses. The effects of various variables on these latencies were assessed with multiple regression techniques, using a repeated measures design. The interpretation of the observed effects is discussed in relation to previous studies and current views on lexical access during speech production.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed2002

Diagnostics of phonological lexical processing: pseudohomophone naming advantages, disadvantages, and base-word frequency effects.

Phonological lexical access has been investigated by examining both a pseudohomophone (e.g., brane) base-word frequency effect and a pseudohomophone advantage over pronounceable nonwords (e.g., frane) in a single mixed block of naming trials. With a new set of pseudohomophones and non-words presented in a mixed block, we replicated the standard finding in the naming literature: no reliable base-word frequency effect, and apseudohomophone advantage. However, for this and two of three other sets of stimuli--those of McCann and Besner (1987), Seidenberg, Petersen, MacDonald, and Plaut (1996), and Herdman, LeFevre, and Greenham (1996), respectively--reliable effects of base-word frequency on pseudohomophone naming latency were found when pseudohomophones were presented in pure blocks prior to nonwords. Three of the four stimulus sets tested produced a pseudohomophone naming disadvantage when pseudohomophones were presented prior to nonwords. When nonwords were presented first, these effects were diminished. A strategy-based scaling account of the data is argued to provide a better explanation of the data than is the criterion-homogenization theory (Lupker, Brown, & Colombo, 1997).

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Timed picture naming in seven languages.

Timed picture naming was compared in seven languages that vary along dimensions known to affect lexical access. Analyses over items focused on factors that determine cross-language universals and cross-language disparities. With regard to universals, number of alternative names had large effects on reaction time within and across languages after target-name agreement was controlled, suggesting inhibitory effects from lexical competitors. For all the languages, word frequency and goodness of depiction had large effects, but objective picture complexity did not. Effects of word structure variables (length, syllable structure, compounding, and initial frication) varied markedly over languages. Strong cross-language correlations were found in naming latencies, frequency, and length. Other-language frequency effects were observed (e.g., Chinese frequencies predicting Spanish reaction times) even after within-language effects were controlled (e.g., Spanish frequencies predicting Spanish reaction times). These surprising cross-language correlations challenge widely held assumptions about the lexical locus of length and frequency effects, suggesting instead that they may (at least in part) reflect familiarity and accessibility at a conceptual level that is shared over languages.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗