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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1963

STUDIES ON THE MAMMALIAN TOXICITY OF FENTHION.

This paper constitutes a report on mammalian toxicological investigations of fen hion, carried out as part of the WHO malaria eradication programme, and on the conclusions drawn from them. Fenthion is found to be of intermediate toxicity to the four rodent species studied. In rats the signs of poisoning develop rather slowly but persist for several days, male rats being more susceptible than females, whereas for most phosphorothionates the converse is true. The results suggest that fenthion is not simply oxidized from the P=S compound to the P=O. It has been stated that the sulfoxide and sulfone are produced before the P=S-->P=O oxidation takes place, but experiments suggest that further changes are involved. The findings are discussed in relation to the possible health hazard that might be encountered by those who have to apply fenthion as a residual spray.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

STUDIES ON THE KINETIC RESPONSE OF MOSQUITOS TO CHEMICALS.

An apparatus is described for study of the activity of mosquitos either with or without stimulation by exposure to insecticides or other chemicals such as repellents. Batches of up to 30 mosquitos can be used and they can be studied for a longer time than is possible with, for instance, the method put forward in 1960 by the WHO Expert Committee on Insecticides. Random activity by the test insects, in the absence of directional stimuli due to light or chemicals, is converted to progress through baffles in the partitions separating a series of four boxes and is expressed as a percentage of the total possible activity that would be shown if all the insects passed all the baffles. Exposure to chemicals, by exposure to impregnated papers, can take place before the mosquitos are put in the apparatus, or in the first box. In the experiments described, the activity of recently fed female Anopheles was studied over periods of up to 20 hours.Comparison of the method described with other methods shows that it shares the high variance characteristic of all current procedures for studying mosquito behaviour, although the use of large numbers of insects over long periods has some advantages. The method does, however, give information on mortality under conditions of facultative contact that may be a valuable supplement to the results of conventional susceptibility tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pest control industry and vector control activities in Taiwan.

At the end of 1993, there were 117 private pest control companies in Taiwan, with 438 technical managers and 274 technicians. Their business includes the control of mosquitoes, cockroaches, fleas, rodents, termites, houseflies, etc. Pyrethroids and some organophosphates are employed. At present, no applications of insect growth regulators or microbial agents are used by private pest control operators. During dengue epidemics they assist the government in space spraying with insecticides. The Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, R.O.C., is responsible for the training and management of pest control operators. In addition, the Administration is also in charge of affairs concerning the manufacture, import, registration and sale of environmental pesticides and microbial agents. It establishes protocols for testing the efficacy of insecticides and promotes pest control on the community level.

Aedes↗
PubMed1993

Social and economic factors and the control of lymphatic filariasis: a review.

Formal control programmes do not exist for lymphatic filariasis in much of the endemic world. The literature on the social, economic and clinical impacts of the disease is so sparse as to provide virtually no guidance on whether the disease should be accorded more importance in national or local public health programmes. This type of research is a major priority. Putting together what little is known about the socioeconomic determinants of filariasis with the fairly extensive experience in control leads to a finding that control programmes must be undertaken at the community level to be effective. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is a readily available and apparently safe drug that can be deployed successfully for community control. While research currently is exploring the potential for individuals to protect themselves with DEC or a newer drug, ivermectin, community-wide control is unlikely to be achieved in that way. Under some special circumstances, controlling the mosquito vectors may be sufficient to control the disease, and in other cases, it may complement chemotherapy, but in general, it cannot be relied upon as a primary measure. DEC may be used in a variety of regimens which vary in their cost, duration, incidence of side effects and degree of community participation. Some, including DEC-medicated salt, are particularly attractive alternatives for many filariasis-endemic areas. The search for less expensive, yet effective, control options must continue, and this requires research not only into the costs of the various options, but also into the determinants of community acceptance, compliance and participation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Approaches to vector control: new and trusted. 3. Prospects for genetic manipulation of insect vectors.

Insect vector control has proved an effective method of reducing the transmission of disease-causing organisms to human populations in many tropical countries. A variety of methods has been employed for suppressing vector populations, including the application of biological control agents and the elimination of breeding sites, with a continuing and heavy reliance on the use of chemical insecticides. However, the development of insecticide resistance by vector insects, the cost of developing and registering new insecticidal compounds, and the increase in legislation to combat the detrimental effects of insecticidal residues on the environment, have emphasized the need to assess a variety of alternatives to vector control. What is required is a completely novel approach either to suppress vector populations, or to alter their ability to transmit disease-causing organisms in such a way as to have a profound and long-lasting effect on disease transmission. Genetic manipulation of insect vectors may provide just such an approach. The major requirements for being able to manipulate the genomes of insects are reviewed together with the progress which has been made to create transgenic vector insects. The potential applications of this technology are then explored, emphasizing that its most immediate use will be as an analytical tool. Finally, the feasibility of creating refractory vector strains by genetic manipulation and releasing them into the environment is assessed in relation to its future use as a disease control strategy.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic transformation of mosquitoes: a quest for malaria control.

Malaria inflicts an enormous toll in human lives and this burden is increasing. Present means to fight the disease, such as drugs and insecticides, are insufficient. Moreover, an effective vaccine has not yet been developed. This review examines an alternative strategy for malaria control, namely the genetic modification of mosquitoes to make them inefficient vectors for the parasite. The article summarises progress made toward the development of transposable element vectors for germ line transformation and the search for mosquito markers of transformation. Also reviewed is the search for anti-malarial effector genes whose products can inhibit development of the parasite in the mosquito with minimal fitness burden. While much progress has been made, much work remains to be done. Future research directions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Reducing the burden of malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings with environmental management: a systematic review.

The public health and economic significance of malaria is enormous, and its control remains a great challenge. Many established malaria control methods are hampered by drug resistance and insecticide-resistant vectors. Malaria control measures built around environmental management are non-toxic, cost-effective, and sustainable. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the literature or meta-analysis examining the effect of these interventions. We therefore did a systematic literature review and identified 40 studies that emphasised environmental management interventions and reported clinical malaria variables as outcome measures. Of these 40 studies, environmental modification (measures aiming to create a permanent or long-lasting effect on land, water, or vegetation to reduce vector habitats--eg, the installation and maintenance of drains) was the central feature in 27 studies, environmental manipulation (methods creating temporary unfavourable conditions for the vector--eg, water or vegetation management) in four, and nine quantified the effect of modifications of human habitation. Most of the studies (n=34, 85%) were implemented before the Global Malaria Eradication Campaign (1955-69), which mainly relied on indoor residual spraying with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). In 16 studies that applied environmental modification and in eight studies on modification of human habitation, the risk ratio of malaria was reduced by 88.0% (95% CI 81.7-92.1) and 79.5% (95% CI 67.4-87.2), respectively. We conclude that malaria control programmes that emphasise environmental management are highly effective in reducing morbidity and mortality. Lessons learned from these past successful programmes can inspire sound and sustainable malaria control approaches and strategies.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1964

RESISTANCE TO THE CHEMICAL STERILANT, APHOLATE, IN AEDES AEGYPTI.

Increased resistance to the sterilizing effects of apholate was observed in two colonies of Aedes aegypti (L.) exposed in the larval stage of each generation to concentrations of apholate that induced about 90 to 40 percent sterility in the eggs laid by the ensuing adults.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

Malaria prophylaxis in the French armed forces: evolution of concepts.

Malaria is still a serious public health problem in the world and control remains a major priority for the approximately 25.000 French troops deployed, mostly on permanent assignment, in malaria transmission regions. Epidemiological surveillance of malaria provides data necessary to assess morbidity, monitor changing patterns of Plasmodium falciparum drug-sensitivity, and evaluate the efficacy of malaria control measures. About 540 cases were observed in 1999 for an incidence of 4.1 p. 100 men. year. Since 1991, strong emphasis has been placed on prophylaxis. In addition to vector control measures and individual protection against mosquito bites (impregnated bednets, protective clothing, application of repellents, and indoor insecticide spraying), drug prophylaxis has been recommended using a combination of 100 mg of chloroquine and 200 mg of proguanil chlorhydrate (CQ + PG) in a single capsule manufactured by the French Health Army Service. Initially this policy led to a significant decrease in malaria cases among French soldiers. However the incidence of malaria rose in 1995 and 1996. This recrudescence was attributed to poor compliance with chemoprophylaxis and to the declining efficacy of the CQ + PG combination. In response to these problems, a new policy was implemented especially in countries where cycloguanil-resistant Plasmodium falciparum incidence rate is increasing. The new chemoprophylactic regimen calls for a personal prescription of mefloquine. Doxycycline monohydrate is used in case of mefloquine contra-indication or intolerance. Combination of CQ + PG delivered in a single capsule remains a suitable chemoprophylactic regimen in Sahel countries as well as Horn of Africa.

Antimalarials↗