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PubMed1995

Post-1945 international migration: New Zealand, Australia and Canada compared.

"New Zealand's immigration policies and trends since 1945 are compared with those of Canada and Australia. For most of this period, Australia has pursued the more expansive immigration policy while Canada and New Zealand have tended to link immigration intakes to fluctuations in labor demand. All three countries initially discriminated against non-European immigrants but gradually moved towards nondiscriminatory policies based on similar selection criteria and means of assessment. New Zealand has traditionally been more cautious than both Canada and Australia in terms of how many immigrants it accepted and from what sources, but it has recently followed the other two in raising immigration targets encouraging migration from nontraditional sources, particularly Asian countries. Historical, global and national factors are drawn upon to explain the degree of convergence between these three societies."

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Will the Russians return from the near abroad?

The author "examines a range of issues surrounding the involuntary migration of Russian populations from the non-Russian republics of the former USSR. Among the questions addressed are possible magnitudes of in-migration into Russia (with special attention paid to conditions in one of the major source regions, Central Asia), attitudes in Russia regarding appropriate policy with respect to treatment of co-nationals in the near abroad and whether their return to Russia would have a positive or negative impact, and conditions in areas of Russia that presently are absorbing the greatest numbers of migrants. The assertion that Russian policy should seek aggressively to prevent the out-migration of Russian populations [from] the near abroad is assessed critically."

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

Zero net international migration: what does it really mean?

"The idea of ¿zero net migration' is gaining increasing currency. It has been assumed that if there is balance between the number of immigrants and emigrants, migration will have no impact on a country's population size. However, this article demonstrates that zero net migration is not necessarily the same as zero migration, and can result in a higher population than would have occurred without any migration at all." The examples of Germany and the United States are presented.

Americas↗
PubMed1982

Labor emigration and economic development.

"This article is concerned with the extent to which labor migration is advantageous to the labor exporting country. It focuses on development consequences of labor emigration with a view toward the formulation of policies which can shape those consequences into a positive force for development, discussing a wide variety of potential costs and benefits generated by labor emigration. The issue of private versus public choice relative to emigration is examined, as [are] the major economic benefits and costs of labor emigration and the influence of development objectives on the valuation of these costs and benefits. Policies by which emigration countries may increase the benefits from labor emigration and reduce the costs are outlined."

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1989

Urban-rural migration: uncertainty and the effect of a change in the minimum wage.

"This paper extends the neoclassical, Harris-Todaro model of urban-rural migration to the case of production uncertainty in the agricultural sector. A unique feature of the Harris-Todaro model is an exogenously determined minimum wage in the urban sector that exceeds the rural wage. Migration occurs until the rural wage equals the expected urban wage ('expected' due to employment uncertainty). The effects of a change in the minimum wage upon regional outputs, resource allocation, factor rewards, expected profits, and expected national income are explored, and the influence of production uncertainty upon the obtained results are delineated." The geographical focus is on developing countries.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1987

Labor migration in Southern Africa and agricultural development: some lessons from Lesotho.

The authors examine policy issues with regard to attempts by Lesotho to develop agriculture as a viable alternative to out-migration for employment and income. They argue that "an appropriate agricultural development strategy for Lesotho would emphasize relatively labor- and land-intensive agricultural enterprises, such as horticultural operations and closely managed livestock activities. The suggestion is that only agriculture of this kind will generate sufficient returns on a limited land base to dissuade men from going to the mines. Our paper develops a more complete theoretical and empirical foundation for examining this as well as other agricultural strategies."

Africa↗
PubMed1986

Hong Kong and its hinterland: a case of international rural-to-urban migration?

"The historical background of migration to Hong Kong from China is reviewed. The focus is, however, on the 'wave' of migration that occurred in the late 1970s. Two distinct streams of migration are identified, legal and illegal, each with different characteristics." Data are primarily from official Hong Kong sources. The author notes the high levels of education among immigrants and the relative ease with which they have been absorbed into the labor force. "Political conditions in China are seen to be a major factor in explaining fluctuations in the volume of migration to Hong Kong. No relaxation of controls on future movement is seen as Hong Kong becomes part of China."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1988

Judgment, 5 December 1987.

The Court held that the requirement that an alien must live in an uninterrupted fashion in the Federal Republic of Germany for eight years before bringing in a spouse and children was not in conflict with Section 6 of the Constitution, which protects the family and marriage. It also held, however, that a requirement that an alien be married for three years before bringing in a spouse and children did conflict with Section 6 and constituted a particularly serious burden for young persons. These two waiting periods are imposed by the various Lander of the Federal Republic and vary in length from Land to Land.

Adolescent↗