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PubMed1973

The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with clindamycin.

Clindamycin was given orally over prolonged periods to 12 patients with chronic osteomyelitis. It was well tolerated with only minor side effects and no major toxicity. Clinical and bacteriological cure occurred in five patients and improvement was noted in another five. It appears less effective than either lincomycin or cloxacillin but, because of the complex nature of both the disease and its treatment, strict comparisons are very difficult.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Anaphylactic shock following the administration of clindamycin.

A case of anaphylactic shock following the administration of clindamycin is reported. The antibody response was studied by the passive haemagglutination reaction and the presence of haemagglutinating antibodies to both clindamycin and lincomycin was detected. In the discussion, the authors try to account for the causes of development of the mentioned anaphylactic reaction after a single therapeutic dose. In this connection they mention a possible development of haemagglutinating antibodies after the administration of two doses to the patient in an experiment at a long-term interval.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1984

[Tolerance of group A streptococci to the bactericidal effect of various antibiotics].

The MICs and MBCs (minimum bactericidal concentration) of 6 antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, ristomycin, erythromycin and lincomycin) for 50 strains of group A streptococci were determined with serial dilutions in a liquid medium (the medium for isolation of streptococci of the I. I. Mechnikov Moscow Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera) followed by volumetric platings on a solid medium (the same medium supplemented with 1.5 per cent agar). The results are discussed in relation to the problem of Streptococci tolerance to the bactericidal effect of the antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Persistence of Mycoplasma hominis after therapy: importance of tetracycline resistance and of coexisting vaginal flora.

In past studies Mycoplasma hominis has persisted after treatment with placebo, penicillins, or rifampin in 88-97% of women and 49-77% of men with infections of the lower genital tract. Among women with nonspecific vaginitis, M. hominis persisted in only a third of those treated with metronidazole as compared with at least 70% of those treated with ampicillin (P = 0.01), even though M. hominis is resistant in vitro to metronidazole and to its acid and hydroxy metabolites. Persistence of M. hominis after treatment with metronidazole was significantly associated with persistence of Bacteroides species in the vagina (P = .03). These results suggest that colonization of the vagina with M. hominis is partly dependent on other components of the vaginal microbial flora. In prior studies, M. hominis has persisted in zero to 50% of women and in zero to 30% of men after treatment with tetracycline or lincomycin, but the role of tetracycline resistance in treatment failure was not defined. The susceptibility of M. hominis to tetracycline is bimodal; and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline for strains isolated before or soon after treatment was greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml for seven (78%) of nine that did persist and for two (17%) of 12 that did not persist after tetracycline therapy for cervicitis in women (P = .002). The MIC of tetracycline was greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml for two (12%) of 17 isolates from women in Seattle in 1972-1973, as compared with 27 (34%) of 79 isolates from Seattle men and women in 1979-1982.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Factors associated with the determination of antibiotic activity in bovine semen.

Rosaramicin, an agent shown to be effective in vitro against ureaplasma of bovine origin was tested as an additive to bovine semen extender. Although some reduction in semen quality occurred it was still deemed satisfactory for use. In a test involving 41 cows inseminated once at estrus with rosaramicin-treated semen (162 mcg/mL) the nonreturn rate was 24% compared to a calculated average for this semen of 63% (n = 3310). The effect of centrifugation, time and temperature was examined in vitro using a combination of 150 mcg of lincomycin, 300 mcg of spectinomycin and 450 mcg of tylosin against ten strains of bovine ureaplasma. This combination has ureaplasmacidal activity and is suggested as an additive to semen extenders for the control of ureaplasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The influence of antibiotics on agonist occupation and functional states of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Four distinct classes of antibiotics, the aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, lincomycin-clindamycin, and peptides, were examined in intact BC3H-1 cells for their capacity to influence the relationship between agonist binding to the cholinergic receptor and the response elicited. The most potent inhibitors were the peptides of the polymyxin-colistin class, which at submicromolar concentrations noncompetitively blocked agonist-elicited Na+ permeability. These agents at equivalent concentrations also enhanced the apparent affinity of agonists for the receptor. Comparisons of agonist occupation of the receptor and agonist promotion of desensitization showed that the noncompetitive inhibition by peptide antibiotics occurred largely by augmenting the conversion of the receptor to a high-affinity, desensitized state. Rates of receptor desensitization were also substantially enhanced in the presence of these antibiotics. Thus, an analysis of receptor occupation and response suggests that the polymyxin antibiotics act as heterotropic allosteric effectors by promoting the conversion of the cholinergic receptor to its desensitized state. By contrast, the other antibiotics studied inhibited permeability at far higher concentrations. Although a noncompetitive component of inhibition could be identified with certain antibiotics such as neomycin, they did not appear to enhance agonist affinity. Thus, the various antibiotics differ substantially in their potencies and basic mechanisms of inhibition of the acetylcholine receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Other antibiotics.

This is a survey of the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action, orthopedic use, antimicrobial activity, and adverse reactions to erythromycin, lincomycin and clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, polymyxins, vancomycin, and fosfomycin. Although these antibiotics are rarely preferred to more active drugs such as the beta-lactams or aminoglycosides in orthopedic sepsis, they are nevertheless highly beneficial and in some situations can be the first-choice drug.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Lung abscess due to Fusobacterium nucleatum (author's transl)].

A patient with epilepsy, 45 years of age, developed a lung abscess due to Fusobacterium nucleatum which was successfully treated with intravenous lincomycin. Quantitative anaerobic cultures of washed sputum proved to be useful in detecting the causative organism.

Epilepsy↗
PubMed1984

[Tolerable and intolerable side effects of antibiotic therapy].

Frequently side effects of drugs are the reason for hospital admission. According to various studies 8-35% of drugs have side effects, which may be more acceptable in the context of serious disease than milder illnesses or situations where drugs are not really necessary. Side effects are seen independently of dosage, often with dosages too low to be effective. Since antibiotic therapy is widely used in children side effects are often seen. There are allergic or immunoreactive reactions of the immediate and delayed type, metabolic and neural or neurohormonal disturbances, built-up of resistant organisms or selection of unusual bacteria, finally there is local damage due to the technique of application here not discussed in detail. The antibiotics are classified according to the type and frequency of side effects: Cephalosporine and Penicillin - allergic and neurotoxic reactions. Tetracycline - chelating agent, photosensitivity. Chloramphenicol - bone marrow depression. Aminoglycoside - oto- and nephrotoxicity. Macrolid antibiotics e.g. streptomycin - cholostasis. Lincomycin - enterocolitis. Sulfonamides - allergic reactions. How compliance with consequent irregularity of drug intake frequently causes ineffectiveness of therapy, the most common side effect.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1982

[Logical use of prophylactic antibacterial agents in infectious post-appendectomy complications. A controlled clinical trial].

A prospective clinical trial is carried out in 88 patients undergoing surgery for removal of the appendix. Authors show the efficacy of the association of pre and postoperative gentamycin plus clindamycin or lincomycin in prevention of postoperative infections, which, in the cases with non-ruptured appendix was 0%, and in gangrenous or perforated cases was 8.6%, with a global infection rate of 6% in this prophylactic subgroup I. However, when the same antibiotics are administered only postoperatively (subgroup II), global infection rate is of 34.2% similar to data in the literature in which no antibiotics were given. There have been no complications derived from this antibiotic prophylaxis.

Appendectomy↗
PubMed1978

[Pseudomembranous colitis after antibiotics therapy].

Pseudomembranous colitis may arise as a severe complication of chemotherapy with antibiotics. Lincomycin and clindamycin are especially incriminated, but the condition has also been reported after treatment with other broad-spectrum antibiotics. The endoscopic findings are suggestive, though not specific. Overall mortality is estimated to be 10--20%. There is an increased risk in patients with a previous history and pseudomembranous colitis in relatives of these patients.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

New selective medium for the isolation of Haemophilus species.

Chocolate agar containing lincomycin (5 micrograms/ml) was used for the isolation of haemophilus strains. One-hundred haemophilus strains of 3 species grew well on selective plates, whereas Gram-positive bacterial failed to form colonies on them. The selective culture proved especially advantageous when throat swabs were examined.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1981

[Schematic principles in the therapy of bacterial inflammation of the brain and meninges].

Bacterial diseases of the central nervous system develop per continuitatem of haematogenically. Each of these two groups can further be subdivided. As an initial therapy when an unknown agent is present chloramphenicol in high doses (200 mg/kg KM) stood the test for adults and older children and ampicillin (200 to 400 mg/kg KM), respectively, for babies and infants. In case of need, this therapy is correlated according to the findings of the culture and the antibiogramme. In secondary meningitides the surgical cure of the focus should be performed only after improvement of the general condition. Recidivating meningitides undergo an operation when liquor fistulae are proved. In an unclarified cause a long-term therapy with oxacillin or lincomycin over 3-6 months is possible. In the meningitis of newborn the combination of ampicillin, carbenicillin or colistin with gentamycin is necessary, intravenously and intrathecally. Hydrocortisone and streptokinase shall prevent the transfer of the liquor spaces. Of great importance is the combat against the cerebral oedema. In mycetogenous meningitis amphotericin B, eventually in combination with 5-fluorocytosine, can be used. There are still no effective remedies against the amoebic meningo-encephalitis.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1982

[Antibiotic prophylaxis in general surgery. Clinical evaluation of 3 different therapeutic regimens].

Between April 1977 and April 1981, three schedules of prophylactic antibiotic therapy using four different antibiotics -- Cefaloridine, an association of Tobramycin-Lincomycin, and Ribostamycin -- have been employed in the surgical treatment of a series of patients. clinical experiments were carried out administering the dose of chosen antibiotic one hour before and a few hours after surgery, without prior selection of patients and without considering what type of surgery they were to undertake. The clinical series presented was submitted to statistical analysis for the purpose of monitoring the effectiveness of the therapeutic programmes adopted to prevent postoperative infections of the surgical focus and of the skin wound, comparisons also being made of the different types of drug. The high number and variability of the factors affecting this type of experiment are attributed equally to the patient's physiological and metabolic features and to the types of lesions and surgical intervention carried out. The rationality of these therapeutic solutions are assessed by comparison with traditional programmes of antibiotic administration carried out solely in the postoperative period for a prolonged time. Practicality, cost and incidence of side effects (infrequent) and the absence of serious toxic consequences are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intraoperative antibiotic perfusion. Control parameters].

The results of a randomized study conducted over a group of 30 patients for reconstructive vascular surgery with implantation of a prosthetic arterial graft are presented. Fifteen patient underwent a short term prophylaxis with a single intravenous dose of tobramycin and lincomycin. A group of 15 other patients (control group) didn't undergo any antibiotical treatments. Resulting data from this study appear to confirm the utility of this administration form and its validity against postoperative surgical infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Bacteriological studies of Haemophilus equigenitalis Taylor 1978, the causative organism of contagious equine metritis 1977 (author's transl)].

The cultural, biochemical, antigenic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of 17 strains of Haemophilus equigenitalis, the causative organism of contagious equine metritis (CEM), were studied. Biochemical characteristics were investigated using both conventional method and the API ZYM system of enzyme detection. The biochemical profile of the H. equigenitalis strains was unique and differed from the other bacterial species studied under the same experimental conditions (H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae, B. abortus and B. melitensis, P. multocida, A. calcoaceticus). The required X and V factors were never demonstrated and therefore the placement of H. equigenitalis in the genus Haemophilus is discutable. This species presented an, antigenic homogeneity and exhibited no cross-reaction with the other strains tested in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility was studied by diffusion test and MIC determination. The strains were susceptible to all antibiotics with the exception of clindamycin, lincomycin and streptomycin; where the streptomycin resistance was inconstant.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Effects of some kinds of antibiotics on the electrical and mechanical activities of guinea-pig taenia coli (author's transl)].

Effects of some kinds of antibiotics on the electrical and mechanical activities of guinea-pig taenia coli were investigated. The sucrose gap method was used for measurement of electrical activity and simultaneously isometric tension was recorded. Both cephalothin (2.4 mM) and lincomycin (2.2 mM) did not cause any effect on the spontaneous electrical and mechanical activities. Chloramphenicol (3.1 mM) completely abolished the spontaneous spike discharges and relaxed the smooth muscle in a short time, while clindamycin (2.2 mM) took a long time to produce an effect as same as chloramphenicol. Both chloramphenicol and clindamycin abolished the stimulus-induced spikes and Sr-spikes. All of these responses were reversible by washing out with normal Krebs solution. These results suggest that chloramphenicol and clindamycin may inhibit Ca2+ influx through the Ca2+ channels across the smooth muscle cell membrane.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antibiotic preparation in operations on the large intestine. Experimental study].

A controlled study was mounted to assess the possible benefit of a single phlebo administration of 600 mg lincomycin 1 hr prior to colon surgery, in addition to the erythromycin + neomycin combination proposed by Nichols, as a means of constituting a further pharmacological barrier to the spread of anaerobic bacteria. The study currently comprises two groups of 15 patients fully comparable with regard to pathology distribution and randomly assigned to the E.N. and the E.N.L. protocol respectively. Six instances of septic complication have been observed, five in the group prepared with E.N. and 1 prepared with E.N.L. No significance can be attached to the different incidence of complications in the two arms of the study, owing to the small number of cases examined.

Adult↗