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PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and risk behaviors of people seeking HIV antibody testing at a community site.

People seeking HIV antibody testing at a community-based AIDS service organization (N = 342) were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire to determine knowledge of HIV transmission, source(s) of HIV-related knowledge, and recent risk behaviors. The overall knowledge level of risk for transmitting HIV associated with 16 related behaviors was relatively high. Yet, 69% of the participants reported engaging in unsafe sex during the previous six months. Poorly informed subjects tended to overestimate their level of knowledge. In a multiple regression analysis, knowledge, age, and gender were the only significantly predictors of engaging in unsafe sex in this cohort. Nurses must be on the forefront in developing (1) strategies to reach people at high risk for HIV infection and HIV transmission, (2) culturally relevant and sensitive education, and (3) interventions that will enable people to make appropriate choices concerning high-risk behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Metastasis in head and neck cancer, 1979.

Metastatic spread of head and neck cancer signifies a grave change in prognosis for the patient. The presence or absence of detectable metastasis is valuable knowledge both in planning treatment and in predicting prognosis. Knowledge of the metastatic behavior patterns of such tumors, and of the diagnostic means of detecting metastasis, is essential. The available knowledge on this problem is comprehensively reviewed to present, in a single source, the requisite knowledge for any physician treating head and neck cancer. Metastatic spread is reviewed according to incidence, detection methods, anatomical sites, and correlation with characteristics of the primary tumor. Finally, methods of detecting metastasis are reviewed and a practical approach to patient evaluation recommended.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Sources of macro- and micronutrients in Italian women: results from a food frequency questionnaire for cancer studies.

The knowledge of major sources of macro- and micronutrients is essential in order to interpret differences in the diet-cancer link in various geographical areas and to provide better nutritional guidelines. For this purpose we took advantage of the control group of a case-control study on breast cancer carried out in six Italian areas. The dietary habits of 2,588 cancer-free women aged 20-74 years (median age 56) were elicited between 1991 and 1994 by means of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that included 78 foods or food groups, in addition to several questions on general dietary pattern (e.g., fat in seasoning). Bread was the first contributor for total energy (12%), protein (8%) and starch (32%) intake, whereas, for saturated fatty acid, the first sources were different types of cheese (28%); for monounsaturated fatty acids the dressing oils of salad and tomatoes (12%); and, for sugars, apples and pears (19%). Raw vegetables and fresh fruit represented the most important source of most vitamins. The first contributors of vitamin C and beta-carotene were citrus fruits (29%) and raw carrots (17%), respectively. Thus, between 40 and 80% of specific macronutrient intake and up to 90% intake of several micronutrients were derived from the first ten foods or food groups. Often, the major contributors to the intake of a specific component were foods with a relatively low content, but eaten in large quantities. This work further highlights the specificity of nutrient sources in southern European populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Older women and HIV: how much do they know and where are they getting their information?

OBJECTIVES: To assess older urban women's knowledge about sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and to evaluate the relationship between their HIV/AIDS knowledge level and sources of information. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey conducted between June 2001 and July 2002. Trained research assistants administered a questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. SETTING: General medicine clinic in a large public hospital in a high HIV/AIDS incidence area. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred fourteen women aged 50 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Nine questions assessing knowledge of risk of HIV sexual transmission with potential scores ranging from 0 to 9 correct answers. Participants identified all sources of HIV information. RESULTS: The mean knowledge score was 3.7 out of a possible 9 correct responses (range 0 (3%) to 8 (1%)). Younger age, employment, and higher educational level were associated with higher knowledge scores, whereas marital status was unrelated. No respondent correctly answered all of the nine questions. The most commonly identified sources of HIV/AIDS information were television (85%), friends (54%), and newspapers (51%). Only 38% of respondents identified health professionals as a source of information about HIV/AIDS. Health professionals, newspapers, and family members were each independently associated with higher knowledge scores (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Older women in a general medicine clinic had limited knowledge of sexual transmission of HIV. HIV/AIDS education specifically targeted to this subpopulation is warranted, and health professionals may have an important role in disseminating such messages.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

There is no gap 'per se' between theory and practice: Research knowledge and clinical knowledge are developed in different contexts and follow their own logic.

The aim of this article is to highlight relations between theory and practice and the genesis of professional action in clinical nursing and among researchers. With use of a sociologically based empirical approach, focus is placed on the knowledge involved in the work of researchers and practitioners in terms of the source of their knowledge. Unlike a dominant barrier paradigm, theory and practice have different logics; they are not on a continuum nor are they hierarchically ordered. They exist in their own right as theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. In daily practice, clinical nurses are inspired and learn from the context, including each other, and they are active producers of knowledge, not simply recipients of knowledge. This study, therefore, claims that there is no research-practice gap "in itself" (per se) as argued in the "barriers paradigm."

Ethics, Clinical↗
PubMed2004

Meta-cognition about biological sex and gender-stereotypic physical appearance: consequences for the assessment of leadership competence.

Previous findings are inconsistent with regard to whether men are judged as being more or less competent leaders than women. However, masculine-relative to feminine-looking persons seem to be judged consistently as more competent leaders. Can this different impact of biological sex and physical appearance be due to the disparate availability of meta-cognitive knowledge about both sources? The results of Study 1 indicated that individuals possess meta-cognitive knowledge about a possible biasing influence of persons' biological sex, but not for their physical appearance. In Study 2, participants judged the leadership competence of a male versus female stimulus person with either masculine or feminine physical appearance. In addition, the available cognitive capacity was manipulated. When high capacity was available, participants corrected for the influence of stimulus persons' sex, but they fell prey to this influence under cognitive load. However, the effect of physical appearance was not moderated by cognitive capacity.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Patients with advanced cancer and family caregivers' knowledge of health and community services: a longitudinal study.

The present study examines the knowledge of health and community services reported by patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers, and compares patient-stated use with their knowledge of availability. A longitudinal study of the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer was conducted out of the cancer services of The Canberra Hospital, a teaching service, in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Some 317 subjects were recruited sequentially, comprising patients (n = 181) and their nominated family caregivers (n = 136). Patients were more aware of the available health and community support services compared with their caregivers, and differences were significant for most allied professional services, as well as some key supportive care institutions and community programmes. Knowledge of community support services was variable and low for those specifically associated with terminal care. While congruence of knowledge for dyads was quite low in some areas, overall household knowledge was high. The identified sources were mainly non-medical. Nurses, social workers and alternative practitioners, as well as family, friends and commercial sources were the main categories which were identified. No statistically significant changes in knowledge or sources of information occurred over time. Further longitudinal research would assist healthcare teams to understand the role of health and community services in the advanced cancer setting. The identification of systemic and regional weaknesses in communication may assist in improving family knowledge and improve timely access to important supports in the advanced cancer setting.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Knowledge about HIV/AIDS, the perceived risks of infection and sources of information of Asian-Indian adolescents born in the USA.

This study examined the extent and specificity of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, the most used sources of information and the usefulness of these sources among Asian-Indian adolescents who were born in the USA and whose parents emigrated from India. Although 86% knew that having unsafe sex with a person infected with HIV could transmit HIV, 47% did not know that sharing a razor with an HIV-positive person could do so, and a significant proportion believed that donating blood (27%) and taking blood tests (14%) could transmit HIV. Television was the most used source of information, but school programmes on HIV/AIDS were considered the most useful source. The results indicated that to be effective, HIV/AIDS prevention programmes must assess the gap in scientific knowledge and beliefs, and clarify misconceptions, reinforce school programmes to present clear messages about the transmission of HIV/AIDS and utilize television to reach adolescents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Deciphering Arabidopsis thaliana gene neighborhoods through bibliographic co-citations.

In the framework of genome annotation, scientific literature is obviously the major source of biological knowledge. The aim of the work described in this paper is to exploit this source of data for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The first step has consisted in constituting a relevant bibliographic references dataset for plant genomic research. Genes co-citations have then been systematically annotated in this reference dataset, starting from the simple idea that if genes are cited in the same publication, they must probably share some related functional properties. In order to deal with the synonymous gene name problem, a gene name reference list has been constituted starting from A. thaliana SwissProt entries. This list was used to build clusters of co-cited genes by a single linkage procedure such that any gene in a given cluster possesses at least one co-cited partner in the same cluster. Analysis of the clusters demonstrate the biological consistency of this approach, with only very few fortuitous links. As an example, a cluster including genes related to flowering time is more deeply described in the paper. Finally, a graphical representation of each cluster was performed, which provides a convenient way to retrieve the genes (the nodes of the graphs) and the references in which they were co-cited (the edges of the graphs). All the results can be accessed at the URL http://chlora.Igi.infobiogen.fr:1234/bib_arath/.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Design of a diagnostic encyclopaedia using AIDA.

Diagnostic Encyclopaedia Workstation (DEW) is the name of a digital encyclopaedia constructed to contain reference knowledge with respect to the pathology of the ovary. Comparing DEW with the common sources of reference knowledge (i.e. books) leads to the following advantages of DEW: it contains more verbal knowledge, pictures and case histories, and it offers information adjusted to the needs of the user. Based on an analysis of the structure of this reference knowledge we have chosen AIDA to develop a relational database and we use a video-disc player to contain the pictorial part of the database. The system consists of a database input version and a read-only run version. The design of the database input version is discussed. Reference knowledge for ovary pathology requires 1-3 Mbytes of memory. At present 15% of this amount is available. The design of the run version is based on an analysis of which information must necessarily be specified to the system by the user to access a desired item of information. Finally, the use of AIDA in constructing DEW is evaluated.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1992

Redefining the science-practice relationship and professional training.

A revised conception of the relationship between psychological science and professional practice is proposed in the light of postmodern changes in perspectives on knowledge. Positivistic science, which has dominated the traditional interpretation of scientist-practitioner training, is considered from a constructivist point of view to be only one possible foundation of psychological knowledge. It is argued that the knowledge base of the profession should be derived with diverse methods and from multiple sources, including the knowledge of practice. The mutuality of science and practice is emphasized. An evolving framework for understanding the epistemology of practice, based on cognitive psychology, is presented. Emphasis on broadened choices of research methods, the development of reflective skills, and better linkage between teaching in the domains of research and practice are urged. Suggestions for research related to scientific training and the knowledge processes of practice are offered.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2000

Acoustic noise during functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables sites of brain activation to be localized in human subjects. For studies of the auditory system, acoustic noise generated during fMRI can interfere with assessments of this activation by introducing uncontrolled extraneous sounds. As a first step toward reducing the noise during fMRI, this paper describes the temporal and spectral characteristics of the noise present under typical fMRI study conditions for two imagers with different static magnetic field strengths. Peak noise levels were 123 and 138 dB re 20 microPa in a 1.5-tesla (T) and a 3-T imager, respectively. The noise spectrum (calculated over a 10-ms window coinciding with the highest-amplitude noise) showed a prominent maximum at 1 kHz for the 1.5-T imager (115 dB SPL) and at 1.4 kHz for the 3-T imager (131 dB SPL). The frequency content and timing of the most intense noise components indicated that the noise was primarily attributable to the readout gradients in the imaging pulse sequence. The noise persisted above background levels for 300-500 ms after gradient activity ceased, indicating that resonating structures in the imager or noise reverberating in the imager room were also factors. The gradient noise waveform was highly repeatable. In addition, the coolant pump for the imager's permanent magnet and the room air-handling system were sources of ongoing noise lower in both level and frequency than gradient coil noise. Knowledge of the sources and characteristics of the noise enabled the examination of general approaches to noise control that could be applied to reduce the unwanted noise during fMRI sessions.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2003

Effect of inelastic scattering on underwater daylight in the ocean: model evaluation, validation, and first results.

A model based on a matrix-operator theory capable of simulating underwater daylight in the ocean is presented. The main focus is on gelbstoff and chlorophyll fluorscence as well as water Raman scattering as sources of inelastic scattering and their effect on underwater daylight and relevance for the remote sensing of ocean color. Any combination of inelastic sources can be investigated, including differences in simulated underwater daylight in the absence and the presence of these sources. To our knowledge, it is the first matrix-operator model to include all these inelastic source. The model allows simulations for case 1 and case 2 waters. Calculations can be done with highly anisotropic phase functions as they are observed in the ocean, and every order of multiple scattering is considered. A detailed mathematical description of inelastic sources is given, and a special treatment of the depth dependency of these sources is presented. The model is validated by comparison with depth-dependent and spectrally resolved measurements of downward irradiance in the open ocean. The differences between measured and simulated data are within the error of the radiometric measurements. Water Raman scattering has been found to contribute significantly to water-leaving radiance. The inelastic fraction depends on the water Raman scattering coefficient, on the ratio of the total attenuation coefficient at excitation and emission wavelengths, and on the spectral course of the irradiance incident on the ocean. For clear ocean waters the inelastic fraction can reach values of more than 17% [C = 0.08 mg m(-3), a(y) (440 nm) = 0.01 m(-1)] at wavelengths relevant for the remote sensing of ocean color. The inelastic fraction of gelbstoff fluorescence can reach or even exceed the relevance of water Raman scattering atshort wavelengths. In the water column, depending on optically active substances and on actual depth, water Raman scattering can provide 100% of the light field at wavelengths greater than 580 nm. The effect of gelbstoff fluorescence on depth-dependent irradiances is less significant than the effect of water Raman scattering in all cases considered, except for near surface levels and high gelbstoff concentrations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence and source of pain in pediatric inpatients.

Our knowledge of the prevalence and sources of pain within hospital is limited. The present study is an epidemiological investigation of pain in a pediatric hospital. All children who were inpatients in a tertiary care hospital (excluding Neonatal ICU and psychiatry patients) and one parent per child were potential subjects. Interviews were conducted on three weekdays. Parent interviews were used for children less than 5 years of age (n = 102); child interviews were used for children age 5 years and older (n = 98). Subjects reported the intensity and source of the worst, usual and current pain during the past 24 h, and help received for pain. Medical and demographic variables and analgesics prescribed and administered were obtained from the medical record. Forty-nine percent of subjects reported clinically significant levels of worst pain. Twenty-one percent of subjects had clinically significant levels of usual pain. Causes of pain were variable and included disease, surgery, and intravenous lines (I.V.). Pain intensity was not significantly related to age, gender, patient type (medical, surgical), or diagnostic category. Children were given significantly less medication than was prescribed, regardless of their reported pain level. Nurses, mothers, and 'no-one' were frequently reported as helping with pain. Medications and nonpharmacological methods were reported as helpful in managing pain. Many children endure unacceptable levels of pain during hospitalization. Pain prevention and management must be more aggressive. Pain assessment should be approached with the same attention as vital signs. Improvements in analgesic prescription and administration practices and non-pharmacological pain control methods are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The impact of the Navrongo Project on contraceptive knowledge and use, reproductive preferences, and fertility.

The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project is a quasi-experimental study designed to test the hypothesis that introducing health and family planning services in a traditional African societal setting will introduce reproductive change. This article presents the impact of the initial three years of project exposure on contraceptive knowledge, awareness of supply sources, reproductive preferences, contraceptive use, and fertility. Findings show that knowledge of methods and supply sources increased as a result of exposure to project activities and that deployment of nurses to communities was associated with the emergence of preferences to limit childbearing. Fertility impact is evident in all treatment cells, most prominently in areas where nurse-outreach activities are combined with strategies for involving traditional leaders and male volunteers in promoting the program. In this combined cell, the initial three years of project exposure reduced the total fertility rate by one birth, comprising a 15 percent fertility decline relative to fertility levels in comparison communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

An object-oriented design for automated navigation of semantic networks inside a medical data dictionary.

In this paper we present a data dictionary server for the automated navigation of information sources. The underlying knowledge is represented within a medical data dictionary. The mapping between medical terms and information sources is based on a semantic network. The key aspect of implementing the dictionary server is how to represent the semantic network in a way that is easier to navigate and to operate, i.e. how to abstract the semantic network and to represent it in memory for various operations. This paper describes an object-oriented design based on Java that represents the semantic network in terms of a group of objects. A node and its relationships to its neighbors are encapsulated in one object. Based on such a representation model, several operations have been implemented. They comprise the extraction of parts of the semantic network which can be reached from a given node as well as finding all paths between a start node and a predefined destination node. This solution is independent of any given layout of the semantic structure. Therefore the module, called Giessen Data Dictionary Server can act independent of a specific clinical information system. The dictionary server will be used to present clinical information, e.g. treatment guidelines or drug information sources to the clinician in an appropriate working context. The server is invoked from clinical documentation applications which contain an infobutton. Automated navigation will guide the user to all the information relevant to her/his topic, which is currently available inside our closed clinical network.

Automation↗
PubMed2001

Technical constraints in the development of reduced-fat bakery products.

The present study was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, its aim being to identify the technical barriers to the development of reduced-fat alternatives for bakery products. Using National Food Survey (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1998) statistics on dietary consumption within the home, biscuits, cakes and pastries were identified as contributing significant amounts of fat to the population's dietary intake. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with contacts in the technical community of the baking industry, who were usually working in technical and new-product development functions. A discussion guide was developed to cover the main lines of enquiry. The companies selected were ingredient suppliers (eight), manufacturers (twelve) and retailers (four) and so represented each step of the food supply chain. In brief, results showed that current labelling rules were too stringent, and constrained development of reduced-fat bakery products. Products with lower fat levels are harder to make due to altered handling and processing properties. Their quality is usually poorer than standard products, particularly for flavour, texture and mouthfeel. The perception of freshness is reduced and product shelf-life may consequently be shorter. For the product developer, there are relatively few ingredients that can be used in place of fat, and knowledge of how they work is limited, which inhibits product development. There is no identifiable source of technical knowledge in this field. Consumers perceive reduced-fat bakery products to be of lower quality and are generally unwilling to pay higher prices than for standard products.

Consumer Behavior↗