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PubMed1980

Use of digitized speech materials in audiological research.

Computer methods, based on the theory and application of signal processing, combined with numerical methods for simulating mathematical processes, facilitate greater objectivity in most aspects of speech intelligibility testing, including specification of the stimuli, control of the tests, evaluation of the responses, corrective feedback, and automatic interpretation. This paper discusses several basic issues in digital signal processing, and also describes the application of computer-aided procedures for recording and delivery of speech materials for audiologic research. Examples of the use of computer procedures for manipulation of digitized stimuli demonstrate the increased efficiency and versatility of these procedures compared to more conventional tape recording methods. In addition, the use of digitized recordings allows more reliable specification of speech levels than conventional calibration methods involving observations of signal peaks on a VU-meter.

Audiology↗
PubMed1998

Behavioural problems in children with urge incontinence and voiding postponement: a comparison of a paediatric and child psychiatric sample.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE; To analyse prospectively the incidence of behavioural disorders and the subjective views of children with urge incontinence (defined by detrusor instability, sudden urge symptoms and frequent micturitions) and voiding postponement (characterized by delayed micturition in typical situations and a low voiding frequency) according to an identical protocol in a paediatric and a child psychiatric unit. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Ninety-four consecutive or randomly selected children aged 5.0-10.9 years with either voiding postponement (52) or urge incontinence (42) were examined prospectively using an intelligence test (CFT1 or CFT20), the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL 4/18), the ICD-10 child psychiatric diagnoses and a structured interview. RESULTS: In the groups from both centres combined, those postponing voiding had a significantly higher incidence of externalizing behavioural symptoms (31% vs. 8%; P < 0.01) and total problems (37% vs. 13%; P < 0.05) in the clinical range (CBCL), and a higher rate of at least one ICD-10 child psychiatric diagnosis (54% vs. 29% P < 0.05) and of expansive disorders (31% vs. 5%; P < 0.01). The incidence of children with behavioural symptoms was lower in the paediatric centre, being exceptionally low among urge incontinent children (only 6%, CBCL). In contrast, from the children's subjective appraisal, there were no significant differences in concepts, explanations and implications of wetting; 79% of urge incontinent children and 64% of those postponing voiding suffered emotionally from the adverse effects of wetting. Only a minority (3% vs. 6%) saw any advantages at all. CONCLUSION: Children with voiding postponement had a significantly higher incidence of behavioural problems, especially expansive/externalizing behaviour, 3-4 times higher than in the normal population. Children with urge incontinence had a significantly lower incidence of behavioural problems, mainly emotional/ internalizing behaviour, that was only slightly higher (1-2 times) than that in the normal population. Because of selection, similar trends but lower incidences were found in the paediatric setting, with very few problems among urge incontinent children. In contrast, the children's subjective views did not differ; disadvantages associated with emotional suffering were reported by all children.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting recidivism in delinquent adolescents from psychological and psychiatric assessment.

An important but sparse body of research focuses on psychiatric disorders and/or psychological characteristics as predictors of recidivism in delinquent adolescents. Through detailed psychiatric and psychological assessment in 64 adjudicated male juvenile delinquents, the current study investigated the long-term relationships between psychopathology, intellectual functioning, and recidivism. Psychiatric diagnosis was based on the results of a semistructured interview conducted both with delinquents and their parents. After 2 years, information on recidivism was retrieved from the official records for the 64 subjects who underwent an initial assessment and the 36 who did not but who were adjudicated during the same period. The statistical model of future offending was able to explain 44.0% of the variance through the combination of (1) diagnosis of conduct disorder, (2) absence of major depression, and (3) low verbal IQ as scored on a standard intelligence test. It is concluded that specific aspects of psychiatric and psychological assessment can help to predict recidivist offending in delinquent adolescents. Future research should focus on the possibilities of implementing these findings in the development of prevention and rehabilitation programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Combined treatment modality for medulloblastoma in childhood: effects on neuropsychological functioning.

8 long-surviving children, treated for medulloblastoma with combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy after surgery were examined in order to assess general intelligence, immediate attention and prolonged attention. Their siblings or first cousins were selected as controls. The children with medulloblastoma performed significantly worse than their peers, both in intelligence tests and attention tests. A trend towards a positive correlation between age at the start of treatment and IQs was confirmed in our study, while there was no evidence of a correlation between IQs and time elapsed from therapy. The role of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and their combination effect in producing neuropsychological sequelae is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effect of very low birth weight and subnormal head size on cognitive abilities at school age.

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that very-low-birth-weight (less than 1.5 kg) infants with perinatal growth failure whose head size is not normal by eight months of age (corrected for prematurity) have significantly poorer growth and neurocognitive abilities at school age than very-low-birth-weight children with a normal head size at eight months. We also hypothesized that these differences would persist even after control for major neurologic impairment and perinatal and sociodemographic risk factors. METHODS: We have followed a cohort of very-low-birth-weight children since their birth during the period 1977 to 1979. At eight to nine years of age 249 children were evaluated with a neurologic examination and tests of intelligence; receptive and expressive language skills; speech, reading, mathematics, and spelling aptitude; visual and fine motor abilities; and behavior. Ages were corrected for premature birth. RESULTS: Among these 249 very-low-birth-weight children, head size was subnormal (less than the mean -2 SD for age) at birth in 30 (12 percent), at term in 57 (23 percent), and at eight months in 33 (13 percent). As compared with the 216 children with normal head sizes, the 33 children with subnormal head sizes at the age of eight months had significantly lower mean birth weights (1.1 vs. 1.2 kg) and higher neonatal risk scores (71 vs. 53) and at the age of eight years had a higher incidence of neurologic impairment (21 percent vs. 8 percent) and lower IQ scores (mean verbal, 84 vs. 98). Even among the children without neurologic abnormalities, a subnormal head size at eight months of age was predictive of poorer verbal and performance IQ scores at eight years of age; lower scores for receptive language, speech, reading, mathematics, and spelling; and a higher incidence of hyperactivity. In multiple regression analyses to control for socioeconomic and neonatal risk factors, intrauterine growth failure, birth weight, and neurologic impairment, a subnormal head size at eight months of age had an independently adverse effect on IQ and on scores for receptive language, speech, reading, and spelling. CONCLUSIONS: In very-low-birth-weight infants, perinatal growth failure, as evidenced by a subnormal head circumference at eight months of age, is associated with poor cognitive function, academic achievement, and behavior at eight years of age.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the cognitive, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental function in patients with adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID) and to compare the findings with those of a case control group of patients without ADA-SCID. STUDY DESIGN: Case-matched pairs of patients with ADA-SCID (n = 11) and patients without ADA-SCID who had undergone bone marrow transplantation were recruited. Subjects were assessed by age-appropriate standard tests of intelligence, behavior, and neurodevelopment. RESULTS: Cognitive ability was not significantly different between the 2 groups, but patients with ADA-SCID showed a significant inverse correlation between deoxyadenosinetrisphosphate levels at diagnosis and IQ (P =.048). Behavioral assessment showed that patients with ADA-SCID functioned in the pathologic range on all domains, whereas mean scores for the control group were within normal limits. Behavioral impairment in patients with ADA-SCID also showed a significant positive correlation with age (P =.026). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive function in ADA deficiency is adversely affected by the severity of metabolic derangement at the time of diagnosis. In addition, patients with ADA-SCID have significant behavioral abnormalities after transplantation. These defects are not due to the transplant procedure but reflect the systemic nature of ADA deficiency. These findings have important implications for future medical and nonmedical management strategies.

Adenosine Deaminase↗