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PubMed2005

Injection valve for ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography.

The increased interest in HPLC at elevated pressures, beyond the conventional 6000 psi (400 bar), has created a demand for injection systems capable of withstanding pressures beyond the 20,000 psi (1380 bar). To achieve high-resolution separations, an appropriate length of columns packed with sub 2-microm packing materials, a 30,000-40,000 psi (2070-2760 bar) pressure range is desirable. A new air-actuated needle valve injection system rated to withstand pressures of up to 40,000 psi (2760 bar) has been evaluated. Under isocratic chromatographic conditions, injecting 200 nL and operated at approximately 20,000 psi (1380 bar), the system showed a peak area reproducibility of approximately 2.5% RSD, contrasting the 5% RSD of a pressured-balanced injection system operated under similar conditions. Programmed for partial loop injections using injection times of 300-700 ms (injection volumes in the range of 1-2.5 microL) and operated at pressures close to 30,000 psi (2070 bar), the reproducibility in peak area for the amounts injected was approximately 1.5% RSD or lower, while an injection time of 100 ms resulted in a reproducibility of 3-4% RSD. The new injection system did not show any significant carryover, and after thousands of injections, the system has not shown sign of wear, loss of pressure during injection, or loss in chromatographic performance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

The differential effect of injecting estradiol-17beta, testosterone, and hydrocortisone during the immune adaptive period on the fertility of female mice.

PROBLEM: Female mice injected with estradiol-17beta (E2) and testosterone during the immune adaptive period are infertile as adults. Study 1 examined the effect of the day of injection of E2 and testosterone on the incidence of infertility in two strains of mice. Study 2 examined the effect of hydrocortisone on E2-induced infertility. METHOD OF STUDY: Study 1: Neonatal (C57BL/6J x A/J)F1 B6A and (C3H/HeJ x 129J)F1 C31 female mice were injected from 0 to 3 and from 3 to 6 days of age with either 20 microg E2 or 20 microg testosterone. Animals were tested for fertility by mating with fertile males. Study 2: Neonatal B6A females were injected with 20 microg E2 with/without 1000 microg hydrocortisone on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. At adulthood, ovaries were examined for the presence of corpora lutea (CLs). RESULTS: Study 1: The incidence of E2-induced infertility in adult B6A and C31 females decreased over three consecutive matings. In contrast, the incidence of testosterone-induced infertility in adult B6A and C31 females increased. E2 caused the highest incidence of infertility in C31 females when injected prior to 3 days of age. In B6A mice, E2 caused the highest incidence of infertility when injected after 3 days of age. Study 2: When hydrocortisone was injected with E2, 90% of the B6A females had ovaries with CLs at 100 days of age. Without hydrocortisone, only 16% of the B6A females injected with E2 had ovaries with CLs. CONCLUSION: Study 1: The incidence of infertility caused by injections of E2 is dependent on the strain of mice and the day(s) injected. The incidence of infertility caused by injections of testosterone is independent of the strain of mice. Study 2: Hydrocortisone prevents E2-induced infertility. It is proposed that injections of E2 during the immune adaptive period alter T-cell maturation, which contributes to E2-induced infertility.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of intraparenchymal and intradermal injection for identification of the sentinel node in patients with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping with radioisotope and blue dye has been advocated for the staging of clinically negative axillae in patients with breast cancer. The optimal radiotracer injection technique is still being defined. This study compares the results of intraparenchymal and intradermal injection of technetium 99m (Tc 99m) sulfur colloid to establish an optimal method for SLN localization. METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 435) with clinically T0-2N0 breast cancer had SLN biopsy performed by a single surgeon. All patients but one received injections of both blue dye and Tc 99m sulfur colloid; one patient had injection of blue dye only and was excluded from analysis. Blue dye injections were intraparenchymal in all patients. The results of intraparenchymal (n = 107) and intradermal (n = 327) injections of radioisotope were compared for the following endpoints: 1) successful SLN identification, 2) false-negative rate, and 3) ratio of SLN/axillary background isotope counts. RESULTS: Intradermal radioisotope injection was as effective as intraparenchymal radioisotope injection, identifying the SLN in 99.4% and 92.5% of cases, respectively. False-negative rates for both radioisotope injection techniques were < or = 5%. Ratios of SLN/axillary background isotope counts were higher with intradermal than with intraparenchymal injection (193/1 vs 41/1). Patient follow-up has revealed no axillary recurrence of tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Intradermal radioisotope injection for SLN identification appears to be a highly accurate technique with acceptable false-negative and SLN identification rates. Compared with intraparenchymal isotope injection, the intradermal technique is associated with higher levels of isotope uptake by the SLN, facilitating SLN identification.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Sperm-associated oocyte-activating factor is released from the spermatozoon within 30 minutes after injection as a result of the sperm-oocyte interaction.

We have previously shown that sperm plasma membrane damage makes the sperm plasma membrane permeable and the sperm nucleus accessible for low molecular weight molecules such as eosin and dithiothreitol. In the present study, we investigated whether this damage is associated with a passive release of the sperm-associated oocyte activating factor (SAOAF) from the spermatozoon and, if so, its time sequence. In a first study, human oocytes remaining unfertilized after conventional in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and freshly ovulated mouse oocytes were injected with a whole spermatozoon or a sperm head respectively. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: oocytes in group 1 were injected with a spermatozoon immobilized or sperm head detached immediately prior to the injection; oocytes in group 2 were injected with a spermatozoon immobilized or sperm head detached 2-4 h before injection; oocytes in group 3 were injected with a spermatozoon or sperm head that had been subjected to heat treatment. The activation rate of oocytes injected with a spermatozoon or sperm head was the same for groups 1 and 2, and significantly higher than in group 3 (P < 0.001). In a second series of experiments, human oocytes remaining unfertilized after IVF or ICSI were injected with a sperm head that was subsequently removed from the ooplasm 20-30 min after injection. The activation rates were compared to that of oocytes injected with heat-treated spermatozoa which subsequently were removed from the ooplasm. We found that the removal of the spermatozoon 30 min after injection did not prevent oocyte activation. Our data indicate that the initial damage to the sperm plasma membrane induced at immobilization, although essential for the onset of sperm nuclear swelling after ICSI, does not by itself lead to the release of SAOAF from the spermatozoon. We postulate, however, that SAOAF is released during the sperm nuclear swelling phase, which is induced by the so-called sperm nucleus decondensing factor (SNDF) of the oocyte.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Temporary anestrus induced by injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in hamsters.

The photoperiod-induced anovulatory state of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is characterized by a daily rhythm of circulating LH and FSH with a surge in blood levels occurring each afternoon. The association between anestrus and the presence of daily gonadotropin surges suggests that initiation of the characteristic daily rhythm of LH and/or FSH after transfer to short days results in blockade of ovulation. We tested whether daily injection of LHRH affects the 4-day rhythm of vaginal estrous cycles, induces daily surges of LH and FSH, blocks ovulation, and induces regression of the ovaries. LHRH (1 microgram/animal) was injected (s.c.) at 1630 h each day into females with regular 4-day estrous cycles. Injections began on the afternoon of estrus and continued for 12 days (experiment 1) or 8 days (experiments 2 and 3). In saline-injected controls, vaginal discharges occurred regularly at 4-day intervals during the injection period in all experiments. In contrast, vaginal estrus was not observed during the period of LHRH injection in any animals. Ova were found in oviducts of all saline-injected controls (8.9 +/- 0.8; n = 8) on the morning of estrus (after 8 injections), but no ova were found in oviducts of LHRH-injected females. Levels of plasma LH but not FSH increased after injection of LHRH each day, whereas the 4-day estrous cycle rhythm of gonadotropins was not disturbed in saline-injected controls. Vaginal estrous cycles and a 4-day rhythm of LH release resumed within 7 days after LHRH injections were stopped.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Biomechanical evaluation of an injectable calcium phosphate cement for vertebroplasty.

STUDY DESIGN: Destructive biomechanical tests using fresh cadaveric thoracolumbar vertebral bodies. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the compression strength of human vertebral bodies injected with a new calcium phosphate (CaP) cement with improved infiltration properties for augmentation of the vertebral bodies before compression fracture and also for vertebroplasty in comparison with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) injection. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Vertebroplasty is the percutaneous injection of PMMA cement into the vertebral body. While PMMA has high mechanical strength, it cures fast and thus allows only a short handling time. Other potential problems of using PMMA injection may include damage to surrounding tissues by a high polymerization temperature or by the unreacted toxic monomer, and the lack of long-term biocompatibility. Bone mineral cements, such as calcium carbonate and CaP cements, have longer working time and low thermal effect. They are also biodegradable while having a good mechanical strength. However, the viscosity of injectable mineral cements is high, and the infiltration of these cements into vertebral body has been questioned. Recently, the infiltration properties of a CaP cement have been significantly improved, which is ideal for the transpedicular injection to the vertebral bodies for vertebroplasty or augmentation of osteoporotic vertebral body strength. METHODS: The bone mineral densities of 30 vertebral bodies (T2-L1) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Ten control specimens were compressed at a loading rate of 15 mm/min to 50% of their original height. The other specimens had 6 mL of PMMA (n = 10) or the new CaP (n = 10) cement injected through the bilateral pedicle approach before being loaded in compression. Additionally, after the control specimens had been compressed, they were injected with either CaP (n = 5) or PMMA (n = 5) cement using the same technique, to simulate vertebroplasty. Loading experiments were repeated with the displacement control of 50% vertebral height. Load to failure was compared among groups and analyzed using analysis of variance. RESULTS: Mean bone mineral densities of all five groups were similar and ranged from 0.56 to 0.89 g/cm2. The size of the vertebral body and the amount of cement injected were similar in all groups. Load to failure values for PMMA, the new CaP, and vertebroplasty PMMA were significantly greater than that of control. Load to failure of the vertebroplasty CaP group was higher than control but not statistically significant. The mean stiffness of the vertebroplasty CaP group was significantly smaller than control, PMMA, and the new CaP groups. The mean height gains after injection of the new CaP and PMMA cements for vertebroplasty were minimal (3.56% and 2.01%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Results of this study demonstrated that the new CaP cement can be injected and infiltrates easily into the vertebral body. It was also found that injection of the new CaP cement can improve the strength of a fractured vertebral body to at least the level of its intact strength. Thus, the new CaP cement may be a good alternative to PMMA cement for vertebroplasty, although further in vivo animal and clinical studies should be done. Furthermore, the new CaP may be more effective in augmenting the strength of osteoporotic vertebral bodies for preventing compression fractures considering our biomechanical testing data and the known potential for biodegradability of the new CaP cement.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Incarceration and risk for HIV infection among injection drug users in Bangkok.

OBJECTIVE: To assess potential multiple relationships between incarceration and HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Bangkok. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown strong relationships between incarceration and HIV infection but have not been able to assess potential causal pathways. METHODS: Injection drug users seen at methadone treatment programs in Bangkok were screened during 1995 to 1996 for enrollment into the study. With informed consent, 1,209 seronegative IDUs were enrolled in a cohort study to determine HIV incidence and identify factors associated with incident infections. Follow-up visits were conducted every 4 months, with HIV testing and assessment of risk behaviors. RESULTS: Overall incidence rate was 5.8 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8-6.8) of follow-up. A four-step "injection risk" scale was constructed that included less frequent than daily injection, daily injection, daily injection with reported sharing of injection equipment, and injection while incarcerated. This scale was strongly related to HIV incidence, with incidence approximately doubling for each step in the scale. Incidence rate for follow-up periods that contained drug injection while incarcerated was 35/100 person-years at risk. In multivariate analyses, incarceration was related to incident HIV infection in multiple ways: previous incarceration and recent incarceration without drug injection, and the injection risk scale were all independently predictors of incident HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Incarceration is related to incident HIV infection through multiple pathways. Previous incarcerations are likely to serve as markers for unmeasured high-risk behaviors, and it is also highly likely that HIV is transmitted during periods of incarceration. Programs to reduce HIV transmission in jails and prisons, including drug abuse treatment of inmates and programs to reduce the likelihood of incarceration of IDUs, are needed urgently. Given the current diffusion of injecting drug use, of HIV infection among drug injectors, and of the common policy of incarcerating drug users, it is very likely that the problem of HIV transmission in jails and prisons is increasing in many countries throughout the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Preliminary study of percutaneous alcohol injection into the lung.

Although percutaneous ethanol injection is widely used to treat hepatic tumors, this technique has not been applied to lung tumors. We performed a preliminary experiment with percutaneous ethanol injection into the rabbit lung, and evaluated the local and systemic effects of absolute ethanol injection on pulmonary structures in order to assess the feasibility and safety of this technique as a local treatment for human lung tumors. Percutaneous injection of absolute ethanol into the rabbit lung was performed under CT guidance. The volume of ethanol injected ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 ml (approximately 0.2-0.5 ml/kg). Follow-up CT scans were performed 1, 2, 7 and 30 days after the injection. The animals were killed at intervals (range: 3 h-30 days), and the lung was examined histologically. The ethanol was well tolerated and did not induce significant systemic side-effects. All doses induced necrosis in the injected lung, but none was lethal. Although ethanol spilling into the thoracic cavity induced effusion and pleuritis, these reactions were manageable. Alcohol injection produced an area of necrosis surrounded by pulmonary edema associated with polymorphonuclear cells invasion within 24 h; moreover, granulation change, epithelial regeneration, and alveolar septal fibrosis had appeared by one week. The necrosis was sometimes multifocal, probably due to transbronchial spread of the injected ethanol. In conclusion, the feasibility and safety of absolute ethanol injection were confirmed. Neither severe systemic side effects nor lethal extensive necrosis were observed with injected ethanol; however, an unexpected side effect, multifocal necrosis, was seen. The latter reaction suggests that careful observation and care would be essential after alcohol injection into the lung.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Buprenorphine diversion and injection in Melbourne, Australia: an emerging issue?

AIMS: To examine indicators of buprenorphine diversion and injection among injecting drug users in Melbourne, Australia and to determine the factors associated with buprenorphine injection. DESIGN: Melbourne arm of the 2002 Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) cross-sectional study. SETTING: Five Needle and Syringe Programme sites in Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 156 current injecting drug users (IDU). Study eligibility criteria were at least monthly injection during the previous 6 months, and Melbourne residence for at least the preceding 12 months. MEASUREMENTS: Structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, drug use history, the price, purity and availability of drugs, criminal activity, risk-taking behaviours, health-related issues and general drug use trends. FINDINGS: Over one-third (37%) of the study sample reported injecting buprenorphine in their life-time and 33% reported injecting the drug in the last 6 months. Recent buprenorphine injection was associated with the injection of other drug types (i.e. polydrug injectors), opioid substitution treatment, injection-related health problems and involvement in crime. Almost half (47%) of those who reported recent buprenorphine injection reported obtaining the drug illicitly at least once during that time. CONCLUSIONS: Given the significant health harms associated with intravenous buprenorphine use (e.g. vein damage, abscesses and infections, precipitated withdrawal, blood-borne virus transmission, hospitalization and death), routine monitoring of the misuse of buprenorphine in Melbourne is warranted. These results suggest the need for development of effective countermeasures to address diversion and injection of buprenorphine in this setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The importance of testicular interstitial fluid in the transport of injected hCG to the Leydig cells.

High levels of hCG occur in testicular interstitial fluid (IF) following injection of the hormone, and the proportion that is taken up by the testis has been assessed by comparing the concentrations in IF of [125I]hCG and [125I]BSA (i.e. an inert protein) in rats treated with the same total dose of hCG. Adult male rats were injected with a total dose of either 0.5 or 45.5 IU hCG and which included either [125I]hCG or [125I]BSA, and were killed between 2 and 40 h later when the concentrations of the labelled proteins in plasma IF and testicular tissue were assessed. Treatment with either dose of hCG increased IF levels in the testis at 4-24 h after injection although this increase was much greater (350% v 61%) with the higher dose of hCG. In rats injected with [125I]hCG, the ratio of radioactivity in testicular tissue to that in IF (T/IF) varied between 0.3 and 2.1 depending on the total injected dose of hCG and the time after injection, whilst in rats injected with the same amounts of unlabelled hCG together with [125I]BSA, the T/IF ratio never exceeded 0.09 and remained constant with time. In the latter group, the IF/plasma ratio of [125I]BSA was always significantly higher than in rats injected with [125I]hCG, irrespective of the total dose of hCG injected. The difference between the IF/plasma ratios for [125I]BSA and [125I]hCG gives a measure of how much of the hCG has been removed by testicular uptake. The results show that following injection of either 0.5 or 45.5 IU hCG, the temporal pattern of testicular hCG-uptake from IF is similar, although proportionately more (50-59%) of the hCG in IF has been taken up within 24 h of injection of the low dose of hCG than with the high dose (32-52%). It is concluded that testicular IF is an important medium for the transport of injected hCG from the blood to the Leydig cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Replication, integration and expression of exogenous DNA injected into fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis.

We have analyzed the fate of circular and linear DNA molecules following microinjection into the cytoplasm of fertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis. Recombinant plasmids containing sea urchin histone genes (pSp 102), Drosophila ADH genes (sAC-1), and SV40 (SV2 CAT) replicate during the development of the injected frog embryo. In contrast, pBR322 either as monomers or multimers does not appear to replicate as efficiently. Generally, injected circular DNAs were not detectable by the gastrula stage of development, although there were several examples in which these molecules persisted until larval stages. In 90% of the cases, injected linear DNAs persisted as discrete molecules into early embryonic stages. A portion of the DNA sequences complementary to injected linear and circular molecules was detected comigrating with the high-molecular-weight cellular frog DNA (48 kb or larger) from mid-cleavage stages onward. Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA from injected embryos suggested some copies of the injected DNAs were integrated into the frog genome. This occurred in about 10%-30% of the cases of injected circular DNA and approximately 60%-70% of the cases of injected linear DNA. We were able to rescue circular plasmids from the injected blastulae by retransforming Escherichia coli. Restriction enzyme analysis of this DNA suggested that the majority of injected circular DNAs were not modified following replication in the frog embryo. The DNA of Xenopus embryos was highly methylated. On the other hand, injected DNA sequences were not methylated de novo even after many replication cycles in the frog embryo. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts from the injected DNAs were detectable by the late blastula stage of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pain, hyperalgesia and activity in nociceptive C units in humans after intradermal injection of capsaicin.

1. Capsaicin, the potent algesic substance in chilli peppers, was applied topically to, or injected intradermally into or outside, the receptive fields of 14 C mechanoheat (polymodal) nociceptor units in awake humans. The nociceptor discharges were recorded using microelectrodes inserted into the peroneal nerve. Simultaneously, the subjects estimated the magnitude of pain as a function of time during the first 1.5-3 min after injection. Magnitude estimates of pain produced by heat and/or mechanical stimuli were also obtained before and after capsaicin in order to assess the magnitude of cutaneous hyperalgesia. 2. An injection within or adjacent to, but not greater than 4 mm outside, the receptive fields of C nociceptor units evoked discharges. The magnitude of pain and the mean discharge rate of the units were both maximal on injection, declining rapidly over the next 1-3 min, which indicates that these nociceptors contribute to the magnitude and duration of pain evoked by capsaicin injection. 3. Reduced or abolished excitability in C nociceptors after capsaicin injection within the receptive fields correlated with analgesia at the injection site. 4. Capsaicin injection produced a wide surround area of mechanical hyperalgesia, i.e. pain on gently stroking the skin or abnormally intense pain on punctate stimulation. Nevertheless, the injections did not lower the thresholds or enhance the responses to such mechanical stimuli of C nociceptor units with their receptive fields in this hyperalgesic area. 5. Topical application of capsaicin evoked on-going discharges in four units tested. Both nociceptor response thresholds and pain thresholds were lowered for heat from 45 to 35 degrees C. A newly developed weak response to stroking the skin in two units after capsaicin was accompanied by faint pain. 6. On-going activity in sensitized C nociceptors and concomitant pain were effectively reduced by cooling the skin in the receptive area. 7. It is concluded that activity in C mechanoheat (polymodal) nociceptors contributes to the magnitude and duration of pain evoked by intradermal injection of capsaicin. The after-effects of capsaicin on C nociceptor excitability depend on concentration: high concentration (by injection) leads to desensitization, whereas low concentration (by topical application) leads to sensitization. On-going discharges and lowered response thresholds to heat in these units after topical application of capsaicin correlates with background pain as well as lowered pain thresholds to heat of the affected skin (primary hyperalgesia). The unchanged responsiveness of C nociceptors in the skin well outside the injection area indicates that central rather than peripheral sensitization accounts for the observed mechanical hyperalgesia in this region (secondary hyperalgesia).

Capsaicin↗
PubMed1999

Wada difference a day makes: interpretive cautions regarding same-day injections.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether memory scores after second intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) injections are affected by the time between the first and second injections. METHODS: Sixty-two patients received their second IAP injection on the day after the first injection. Forty-three other patients received the second injection on the same day as the first injection. Both groups underwent similar IAP protocols and memory assessments, except for the timing of the second injection. RESULTS: The second IAP memory scores in the two-day group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the one-day group. Timing of second injection was a significant correlate of second memory scores, but amobarbital dosage, first IAP memory score, and pre-IAP measures of memory and intelligence were not significant correlates. CONCLUSION: One-day and two-day IAP protocols do not result in similar memory scores after the second injection. Nineteen percent of a subset of patients in the one-day protocol were misclassified, in terms of IAP memory ratings, because of the deleterious effect of having both injections on the same day. It is recommended that correction scores be considered, for some patients who receive two IAP injections on one day, to approximate what the second IAP memory score would have been had the second injection occurred on a second day.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Topical delivery system of ophthalmic drugs by periocular injection with viscous solution.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate periocular injections with viscous solution as a topical delivery system of ophthalmic drugs. Tilisolol and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were used as a model beta-blocker and a viscous polymer, respectively. After intracapsular, retrobulbar and palpebral conjunctival injections (50 microl) of tilisolol with 3% CMC into rabbits, drug concentrations in the tear fluid, blood, aqueous humor and vitreous body were determined by HPLC. Periocular injection (50 microl) of tilisolol with 3% CMC showed slight leakage of the drug in the tear fluid from the injection site. The viscous vehicle decreased the absorption rate constant of the drug from the injection site to systemic circulation compared with the buffer solution. It suggests that the viscous solution improved the retention of drug at both the injection site and in periocular tissues. Although the periocular injections with viscous vehicle (3% CMC) showed lower AUC in the aqueous humor than that observed in instillation, they showed comparable AUC in the vitreous humor. Compared to the results after the periocular injections with buffer solution, CMC increased the AUCs in the vitreous body 3.1-fold with retrobulbar injection and 1.4-fold with palpebral conjunctival injection, respectively. As a result, periocular injections with 3% CMC showed higher delivery of tilisolol to the vitreous body against the aqueous humor than the instillation and periocular injections with buffer solution.

Absorption↗
PubMed1999

Induction of parturition in bitches with minimal side effects by two injections of a low dose of fenprostalene, a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue, and pretreatment with prifinium bromide.

An experiment using 16 Beagle bitches (aged 11 months to 6 years and 2 months) in their 56th to 58th day of pregnancy was carried out to investigate the effects of two injections of a low dose of fenprostalene, a long-acting prostaglandin F2alpha analogue, and pretreatment with prifinium bromide, a parasympathetic nerve blocking agent, on the induction of parturition and severity of side effects. The bitches were divided into three treatment groups: one injection of 5 microg/kg of fenprostalene (group I, n=5); one injection of 7.5 mg/head of prifinium bromide followed by one injection of 5 microg/kg of fenprostalene at 5 min after prifinium bromide injection (group II, n=6); and one injection of 7.5 mg/head of prifinium bromide followed by two injections of 2.5 microg/kg of fenprostalene, one injection at 5 min after prifinium bromide injection and the next at 1 hr after the fenprostalene first injection (group III, n=5). Following the injection of fenprostalene, side effects such as salivation, vomiting, colic symptoms, and watery diarrhea occurred most frequently (80-100% of cases) in group I bitches. Apart from colic symptoms, no side effects were observed in group III bitches. Group III bitches also showed the smallest increase in plasma cortisol concentration. No significant difference in the time to initiation of parturition was found between the three groups. The one-week survival rate of newborn puppies was highest in group III. The results showed that pretreatment with prifinium bromide and two injections of 2.5 microg/kg of fenprostalene can alleviate side effects following fenprostalene administration and have no adverse effect on the survival of newborn puppies, indicating that this method is a reliable and safe way of inducing parturition in bitches.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed2006

The influence of injection rate on the hypnotic effect of propofol during anesthesia: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies suggested that slow injection of propofol may increase the hypnotic effect during induction of anesthesia. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate whether injection rate of propofol has an influence on its maximum effect. DESIGN: Randomized, single-blind trial. SETTING: This study has been carried out in the operating rooms of a university hospital. An anesthesiologist and a resident performed the study with the aid of changing nursing staff. PARTICIPANTS: We investigated 99 unpremedicated patients aged 18 to 60 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1-3. INTERVENTIONS: Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of propofol (2 mg/kg). Propofol was manually injected in group 1 over a period of 5 s; in group 2 (120-s injection interval), and in group 3 (240-s injection interval), propofol was administered by an injection pump. After loss of consciousness, mask ventilation was performed with 100% oxygen. Bispectral index (BIS) was used to measure the hypnotic effect of propofol. After the decrease of BIS to the minimum value (i.e., maximum hypnotic effect) and the following increase of BIS to 60, the study period was finished and anesthesia was performed according to clinical criteria. OUTCOME MEASURES: We analyzed whether injection speed has an influence on the maximum hypnotic effect of a given dose of propofol (2 mg/kg). RESULTS: BIS(min) marks the maximum electroencephalogram (EEG) effect of the propofol bolus as measured by the BIS. The lowest mean BIS(min) was measured in group 1 (28.7 +/- 10.3). In group 2, BIS(min) was 33.0 (+/-13.9), and in group 3, BIS(min) was 36.4 (+/-11.0). There were no significant differences between group 2 and groups 1 or 3, but there were significant differences between groups 1 and 3. In group 1, BIS(min) was reached after 102.91 s (+/-44.20), in group 2 after 172.33 s (+/-29.76), and in group 3 after 274.21 s (+/-45.40). These differences were statistically significant for all comparisons. In summary, the lowest value for BIS(min) was achieved in the group with the fastest rate of propofol injection (group1, 5 s). The highest BIS(min) was obtained in the group with the slowest rate of injection (group 3, 240 s). The hemodynamic parameters were not significantly different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: The hypnotic peak effect of propofol is lower with extremely slow injection (240 s versus 5 s). For clinically usual injection rates (5 s and 120 s), there was no significant difference in propofol peak effect.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Redistribution of slurry components as influenced by injection method, soil, and slurry properties.

The distribution of moisture, degradable C, and N after direct injection of slurry can affect the turnover and plant availability of slurry N. This study examined effects of injection method, soil conditions, and slurry properties on the infiltration of several slurry components under practical conditions. The water retention capacity of 22 pig and cattle slurries was quantified by dialysis at -0.016, -0.047, and -0.100 MPa. All slurries followed the relationship: relative water loss = 1/(1 + aVS[volatile solids]), indicating that retention of liquids in the slurry injection zone can be predicted from slurry VS and soil water potential. Two-disc injection and harrow tine injection were simulated (no slurry applied) in five trials. Two trials indicated that disc injection resulted in higher permeability compared with harrow tine injection. In a separate experiment, soil moisture and dissolved ions were monitored in and around injection slits amended with pig or cattle slurry. Moisture gradients, which were recorded with small printed-circuit-board (PCB) time-domain-reflectometry (TDR) probes, were temporally stable and reestablished following rainfall. Slit sections with pig and cattle slurry containing 13C-acetate and 15N-ammonium showed a shift in the 13C to 15N ratio of the injection zone within 24 h, which was explained by removal of dissolved C and/or retention of NH4+. Cattle slurry was more concentrated around the injection slit than pig slurry, and greater contact between slurry and soil was obtained with harrow tine injection. The heterogeneity of slurry C and N distribution after direct injection should be accounted for in models describing slurry N turnover.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

Pitfalls of repeat subureteral bovine collagen injections for the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.

PURPOSE: Collagen has been used for the endoscopic subureteral treatment of vesicoureteral reflux since the late 1980s. We evaluated the long-term efficacy of repeat subureteral glutaraldehyde bovine cross-linked collagen injections for the endoscopic management of vesicoureteral reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 14 girls and 2 boys (21 ureteral units) 6 months to 16 years old (median age 6 years). In all patients initial treatment failed or reflux recurred after a single subureteral collagen injection and injection was repeated. Patients were followed with voiding cystography. Reflux-free periods after each injection and reflux grade were documented. RESULTS: All patients were treated twice with subureteral bovine collagen injection. Mean injected collagen volume of injections 1 and 2 was 1. 5 ml. (range 0.7 to 3.0) and 1.6 ml. (range 1.0 to 2.3), respectively, at a concentration of 35 mg./ml. In all but 4 cases reflux disappeared after injection 2. Mean followup was 11 months (range 1 to 41) after treatment 2. However in 10 patients (13 ureteral units) treatment failed or reflux recurred a mean of 10 months after injection 2. The reflux-free period after injection 2 was prolonged compared to that after injection 1 (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that repeat endoscopic subureteral bovine collagen injections prolong the reflux-free period but remain ineffective at long-term followup for correcting vesicoureteral reflux.

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