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PubMed1969

Control of the African trypanosomiases with special reference to land use.

There is a need to reassess the role of the trypanosomiases, both human and animal, in African ecology and economy. Withdrawal of control services from the Congo basin was followed by a resurgence of infection from ancient foci, many of them thought to have been extinguished. Successful elimination of Glossina in savanna habitats has sometimes been followed by reinvasion causing massive epizootics. Elsewhere continued recession of the tsetse fly has been followed by cattle population growth which is periodically interrupted by catastrophic pasture famines.Efficiency of control rather than large-scale eradication should be the immediate aim. Efficient control keeps trypanosomiasis at a tolerable level in relation to the competence of medical and veterinary services and ensures that the beneficial effects of disease in maintaining a balance between natural resource potential of the continent and the energy output of its inhabitants, are retained until they can be replaced by new social and economic controls integrated in local cultures.Many ideas about control planning formulated before 1960 are now irrelevant. To provide foundations for a new policy 3 requirements must be fulfilled. The first is to understand the nature of natural foci of infection of trypanosomiasis; the second is to collate knowledge of land-use potentials of the fly-belts; the third is to find a means of integrating information to achieve balanced control programmes. To do this a formal mathematical study of the epidemiology and epizootiology of the trypanosomiases should be initiated.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1981

Issues in filariasis--a century of enquiry and a century of failure.

A great deal is known about the biology of the filarial parasites infecting man and of their transmission, their clinical manifestations, their treatment and their control but many more people are infected with Bancroftian filariasis and onchocerciasis today than more than 100 years ago when Manson discovered the first live cycle. There has been some success in the control of the Simulium vectors of onchocerciasis in parts of Africa and mass chemotherapy has helped to reduce Bancroftian filariasis in a few Pacific Islands but the main endemic areas have seen no benefit from all the advance in the techniques for controlling these diseases. There is an obvious need for more research to find better tools that are less hazardous to the environment and more acceptable to the affected communities. Fortunately the combined resources of the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank for Development and the World Health Organization in the setting up of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases has stimulated a renewed interest in these problems. An obvious area for further research is on the epidemiology of the disease with special emphasis on transmission of the parasites to help with the development of predictive models which might assist in the design and evaluation of control programmes. There is a need for novel approaches to kill the vectors and for the development of more effective and less hazardous drugs. There is a need for immunologists to try to produce vaccines which will help to consolidate other methods of control but of more immediate values will be the production of more specific immunological diagnostic tests and methods for modifying the immunopathology processes caused by the disease and accentuated by treatment. But whatever new tools are produced it is still true to say that control measures will be effective only if there is active cooperation by the affected communities. It is therefore essential that laboratory research is supplemented with research on human behaviour in relation to the transmission of the diseases and also on the acceptability of control measures if we are to avoid the disappointments of many other antiparasitic control campaigns.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Principles of area-wide integrated tsetse fly control using the sterile insect technique.

The tsetse fly and the disease trypanosomosis it transmits, is one of the most severe medical and veterinary problems in Africa, infecting around 50,000 people every year and preventing the development of sustainable and productive agricultural systems. The most efficient way to contain the disease is by the management of entire populations of the vector (area-wide approach) using a combination of several control methods in an integrated pest management campaign. A very powerful method for integration in these programmes as a final eradication component is the sterile insect technique (SIT). The technique relies on the rearing of the target insect in large numbers in specialised production centres, the sterilisation with ionising radiation of one of the sexes and the sustained sequential release of the sterilised insects over the target area. Contrary to conventional control methods, the sterile insect technique becomes more efficient with decreasing density of the target population. Hence, the technique fits well within the concept of integrated pest management, as its complementary use in a phased approach with other suppression techniques, results in maximum efficiency. The five main prerequisites required to use the sterile insect technique against a target insect have been achieved for tsetse flies: 1. adequate information on the ecology of the insect is available, 2. the mass-production of the target insect is economically feasible, 3. efficient suppression techniques are available to reduce the population density of the target insect, 4. sufficient sterile males are available for release and their competitiveness is optimal, 5. the gamma treated sperm is competitive with the wild sperm. This paper gives a detailed review of the five implementation phases of the sterile insect technique based area-wide integrated pest management campaign against Glossina austeni on the island of Unguja, Zanzibar. The potential future prospects and requirements of using the sterile insect technique against tsetse populations are likewise presented.

Africa↗