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PubMed1977

Effect of graded amounts of acid instilled into the duodenum on pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and plasma secretin in duodenal ulcer patients and normal subjects.

Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and plasma secretin were measured in response to graded amounts of hydrochloric acid (0.94, 1.88, 3.75, and 7.5 mEq per 5 min) instilled directly into the duodenum in duodenal ulcer patients and in normal subjects. These graded amounts of acid produced graded increases in pancreatic bicarbonate in both groups. Mean bicarbonate secretion was significantly greater in the duodenal ulcer patients than in the normal subjects basally and after the lowest dose of hydrochloric acid. Mean (+/- SE) peak 30-min bicarbonate output (in milliequivalents) after duodenal acidification was 3.0 +/- 1.0 in the duodenal ulcer patients and 2.1 +/- 0.6 in the normal subjects (P less than 0.5). A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in plasma secretin occurred after duodenal acidification, but the increase in the duodenal ulcer and normal subjects was not significantly different (P less than 0.2). These results indicate that pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and increase in plasma secretin in response to graded amounts of duodenal acid are at least as great in patients with duodenal ulcer as in normal subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Effect of acid aspiration on right lymph duct lymph flow and prostaglandin metabolites in dogs].

Aspiration of acid gastric contents into the airways is a major cause of pulmonary injury. The author investigated the effects of intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid in the anesthetized dogs on pulmonary hemodynamics, pulmonary lymph flow and protein content, and stable metabolites of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). The author measured the concentrations of 15-keto-13, 14-H2-PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 in blood and pulmonary (right duct) lymph by specific radioimmunoassay. After intratracheal instillation of 0.1 N HCL, 3 ml.kg-1, the right duct lymph flow increased significantly from 1.3 to 4.5 ml.h-1, and pulmonary lymph-to-plasma protein ratio increased significantly from 0.63 to 0.70. There was no significant change in hemodynamics after acid instillation. There was no significant change in arterial or mixed-venous blood levels of any of the three metabolites. After acid instillation, the right duct lymph concentrations increased 2-fold for PGI2 metabolite, 3-fold for TXB2, and 7-fold for PGF2 alpha metabolite. The flow of metabolites (concentration x flow) increased 13-fold for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, 14-fold for TXB2, and 40-fold for PGF1 alpha metabolite. The author concludes that intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid in anesthetized dogs: 1) increases pulmonary microvascular permeability, and 2) stimulates the pulmonary generation of PGF2 alpha, prostacyclin and thromboxane, and that 3) the analysis of pulmonary lymph flow and its constituents is a useful means for the study of lung injuries.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗

PubMed1975

Adaptations in urea ammonium excretion in metabolic acidosis in the rat: a reinterpretation.

1. The effects of oral hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate on urea and ammonium excretion in rats on a constant diet were studied. 2. Hydrochloric acid acidosis significantly reduced urea excretion in the rat, with an equimolar increase in NH+4 excretion and no change in their sum. In ammonium chloride acidosis, most of the additional nitrogen intake is excreted as NH+4 and a small percentage as urea. The converse holds true after administration of ammonium bicarbonate. The physiological significance of this is discussed. 3. The shift in nitrogen excretion from urea to NH+4 in acidosis is interpreted on the basis of bicarbonate production and utilization. Urea formation utilizes HCO-3. For amino acid sources, this utilization is offset by the metabolism of the carbon skeleton, which gives rise to HCO-3. When waste nitrogen is excreted as NH+4, no bicarbonate is utilized and the new HCO-3, generated by the carbon skeleton, hels to maintain hydrogen ion homeostasis.

Acidosis↗

PubMed1992

Determination of diaminopimelic acid in biological materials using high-performance liquid chromatography.

A method for the determination of diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) concentrations in feeds and rumen digesta by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using precolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde and fluorimetric detection was developed. Samples were oxidized and hydrolysed prior to analyses by HPLC. Hydrogen peroxide and formic acid were used for oxidation; hydrolyses were performed using 3 M hydrochloric acid under vacuum at 120 degrees C for 17 h. Oxidation allowed more space for DAPA-OPA peak elution and hydrochloric acid hydrolysis reduced sample clean-up and extended the column life. Hydrolysates were diluted, adjusted to pH 7 and filtered. A Beckman Model 507 autosampler with a precolumn derivatization cassette was used for the derivatization process and fluorimetric detection was used to measure the OPA derivatives. Samples were prepared in order to have on-column DAPA concentrations in the range 10-100 pmol. The relative recovery of the standard solutions added to the feed samples ranged from 98.4 to 102.8 %. The reproducibility of the method was evaluated by the analysis of eight alfalfa hay samples and eight alfalfa hay samples incubated in the rumen for 48 h and they yielded relative standard deviations of 2.04 % and 2.02%, respectively.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

[Inhibition of extracts from 17 Chinese herbs on periodontal pathogenic microbes].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficiency of 17 Chinese herbs on periodontal pathogenic microbes. METHODS: 17 efficient substances from Chinese herbs were purchased from Chinese Drug Identification Bureau, including magnesium lithospermate B, magnolol, tetramethyl pyrazine, matrine, dycyrrhizin, gentiopicrin, aloperin, baicalin, oleanolic acid, ginkgo seed, total glucosides of paeony capsules, anisldehyde, archin, cablin patchouli, hydrochloric acid Berberine, forsythin, and kakonein. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests of broth microdilution methods on 96-microwell plate were carried out for identification of the antimicrobial activity of extracts against six species of microorganisms: Actinobacillus actinomycete mitans(Aa) Y4, Actinomycetes viscosus(Av) 19246, Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) 33277, Fusobacterium necrophorum(Fn) 25286, Actinomyces naeslundii(An) wvl 45 and Prevotella nigrescens(Pn). RESULTS: It was found that magnesium lithospermate B and magnolol showed the most efficient inhibition on microorganism of Pn and Fn, with the MIC being 0.053 and 0.313 mg/ml for Pn and Fn, respectively. Tetramethyl pyrazine, matrine, dycyrrhizin, gentiopicrin, aloperin, baicalin, and oleanolic acid had better inhibition than total glucosides of paeony capsules, anisldehyde, archin, cablin patchouli, hydrochloric acid berberine, forsythin, and kakonein. CONCLUSION: The Chinese herbs, magnesium lithospermate B and magnolol are efficient agents for inhibition against periodontal pathogenic microbes.

Actinomyces↗

PubMed1982

Complexation of procainamide with dextrose.

The percent of procainamide complexed with dextrose was determined to be directly related to the concentration per mole fraction of dextrose in the solution. The complexation process was reversible and did not proceed at lower pH (approximately 1.5). The rate of formation of complex was dependent on the initial pH value of the solution and the pH decreased as the concentration of the complex increased. The increase in the concentration of procainamide did not change the equilibrium concentration of the complex. The addition of sodium chloride or edetate disodium did not alter the rate of formation of the complex or its equilibrium concentration. The addition of hydrochloric acid prevented the formation of the complex and on adding hydrochloric acid after the formation of the complex, procainamide was completely freed.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed1975

The determination of paraquat using thin-layer chromatography.

A thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection and determination of Paraquat in biological materials is presented. Paraquat was concentrated efficiently with the ion-exchange resin Dowex 50W-4 using a batch operation. Of the 16 solvent systems used the best results were obtained on silica gel G plates with methanol : 6N hydrochloric acid (20 : 30) or methanol : 6N sulfuric acid (20 : 30); and on cellulose plates with methanol : 6N hydrochloric acid (35 : 15) or methanol : 6N sulfuric acid (40 : 10). Also described is a microplate method for the thin-layer chromatography of Paraquat.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[An improved method to determine chloride concentration in the air].

A reaction of chlorides with trivalent iron and mercuric rhodanide was suggested to be conducted in nonaqueous solvents so as to increase its sensitivity. After some trials the following medium was suggested: 60-70 vol.% acetic acid and 7-15 vol.% hydrochloric acid. Measurements limit -2.5 mg/m, measurements range -2.5-25.0 mg/m.

Acetates↗

PubMed1976

[Gaschromatographic determination of pramiverine in body fluids (author's transl)].

A method for the quantitative determination of 4,4-diphenyl-N-isopropyl-cyclohexylamine-hydrochloride (pramiverine, Sistalgin) in serum and urine was developed. After the addition of a known amount of a pramiverine homolog as an internal standard the basic pramiverine and standard are separated from acidic and neutral constituents of the sample by the following extraction sequence: Extraction from the alkalized sample into n-hexane/ethyl acetate; reextraction into 0.1 N hydrochloric acid; alkalisation of the hydrochloric acid phase and reextraction into n-hexane/ethyl acetate. The constituents of this final extract are concentrated and separated on an OV 17 silicon oil phase. A thermoionic nitrogen-selective flame ionisation detector was used. The determination limit for 5-ml serum samples is about 0.5-1 ng pramiverine/ml. For samples in the concentration range of 4 ng/ml a relative standard deviation of 12% was found.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗

PubMed1980

The influence of various secretory inhibitors on peptic activity.

The effects of pirenzepine and the H2-blocker ranitidine on pepsin secretion were studied in patients with duodenal ulcer. Pirenzepine and ranitidine in doses of 0.3 mg/kg-h inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated pepsin secretion by 63% and 82% respectively. The highest doses used of pirenzepine (0.6 mg/kg-h) and ranitidine (0.9 mg/kg-h) inhibited pepsin secretion by 69 and 93% respectively, whereas acid output was inhibited by 57 and 98%. Pirenzepine inhibited pepsin output more than hydrochloric acid output. However, pepsin output was less inhibited than hydrochloric acid output by ranitidine. These results suggest that pirenzepine might be especially useful in the treatment of those patients with peptic ulcer who have high proteolytic activity of their gastric juice.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

An electron microscopic study on the process of acid demineralization of cortical bone.

Demineralization has been shown to foster osteoinductive properties of cortical bone grafts, yet little is known about the process of demineralization and how to control it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of cortical bone demineralization by using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate how hydrochloric acid demineralizes cortical bone. Results showed that in the demineralization of diaphyseal cortical bone specimens using hydrochloric acid, a uniformly thick circumferential band of demineralized bone matrix surrounds an inner undecalcified bone core as the process of demineralization occurs. The interface between the demineralized and mineralized section of the bone specimens was extremely sharp. This interface between demineralized and undemineralized bone was noted to advance as a reaction front with increasing demineralization which resulted in continuous shrinkage of the inner cortical bone core. This study suggests that cortical bone demineralization can be best described using an advancing reaction front theory, and this explanation can be used for implementation of the concept of controlled demineralization.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Fluorescence assay for small peptides and amino acids: high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of selected substrates using activated S-flunoxaprofen as a chiral derivatizing agent.

The applicability of the fluorescent S-flunoxaprofen, activated to the corresponding acyl chloride, as a chiral derivatizing agent for amino acids and small peptides was evaluated. The amino acid or peptide solution was evaporated to dryness. The carboxylic moieties were esterified with 3 M hydrochloric acid in 2-propanol. The solvent and hydrochloric acid were evaporated, and the residue was dissolved in aqueous sodium heptanesulphonate and extracted with benzene-butanol (85:15, v/v). The organic phase was evaporated and S-flunoxaprofen chloride reagent solution (in dichloromethane) added, together with 20 mg of anhydrous sodium carbonate. After 60 min at 40 degrees C the solvent was evaporated and the residue reconstituted in mobile phase (n-hexane-dichloromethane-ethanol). Resolution of the diastereomeric derivatives was accomplished on a Zorbax Sil high-performance liquid chromatography column. The eluate was monitored either fluorimetrically at 305/355 nm or by measuring the UV absorption at 305 nm. The procedure leads to highly fluorescent derivatives of amino acids or small peptides, which are resolvable on silica gel stationary phases.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1993

Primary taste discrimination in alloxan diabetic rats with restricted access to testant and water.

This study was conducted to assess the primary taste discrimination in 18 h water deprived control and alloxan diabetic rats for a period of 60 min duration by using two bottle choice paradigm. Different concentrations of sodium chloride, sucrose, urea and hydrochloric acid were used for salty, sweet, bitter and sour taste sensations respectively. Alloxan diabetic rats showed loss of discrimination for sucrose and urea solutions, increased sensitivity for low concentration of hydrochloric acid and no change in sodium chloride taste sensitivity.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Etching patterns of Co-Cr alloys for bonded cast restorations.

Resin-bonded bridges may replace missing teeth and act as splints in periodontal treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the etch pattern after electrolytic etching of selected Co-Cr alloys in hydrochloric acid and to assess the changes in alloy composition after different etching times. The alloys investigated were Vitallium, Wironit, Wironium, Nobilium Hard, and Niranium NN. Alloy specimens were electrolytically etched in a hydrochloric acid solution for 1, 2, 5, and 10 min. The etched specimens were examined in a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Different etching patterns were revealed in the various alloys. Microprobe analyses after the etching of Vitallium showed generally that Co was released and that Cr content increased at the surface.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Electrochemical therapy--comparison with other local treatment methods on rat model.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Electrochemical therapy is an alternative to treat hepatoma. We compare this method with the other local injection methods on rat liver. METHODOLOGY: Five groups of Wister rats (24 in each) were anaesthetized. Electrochemical therapy was set under direct current, 6 volts, electrodes were 0.5 cm apart, 0.5 cm deep into exposed parenchyma for 10 min. Local injection was done with 50 microL of 95% alcohol, 30 microL of 20% acetic acid, 30 microL of 35% hydrochloric acid, and 30 microL of 20% sodium hydroxide via a 27-gauge needle under direct vision into each rat. Rats and their livers were examined postmortem on day 1, 3, 7 and 14. RESULTS: In electrochemical therapy, the treated area showed coagulation necrosis and without blood cells on day 1; then the margin became blurred. Mononuclear cell infiltration, reperfusion and fibrous band formation were prominent from day 3 through day 14. In local injection groups, the necrosis is quite irregular and unpredictable. The regeneration went under similar process. CONCLUSIONS: To destroy tissue locally, electrochemical therapy is unique for its predictability in destructive area and the recovery process and is as effective as the other injection methods. Therefore, it has great potential for hepatoma treatment.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed1959

Electrophysiology of the elasmobranch stomach.

A consequence of the recent study of the mechanism of gastric secretion has been the presumption, implicit (1) if not explicit (2), that the distinctive gastric transmucosal potential has a fundamental role in the formation of hydrochloric acid. The following report indicates that the isolated surviving elasmobranch gastric mucosa does secrete acid but, unlike that of other vertebrates, does so without developing a significant epithelial potential difference. The gastric transmembrane potential is neither necessary for hydrogen ion secretion nor is its generation a fundamental feature of the mechanism that leads to the formation of hydrochloric acid.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Fate of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and vibrio vulnificus in raw oysters treated with chitosan.

The fate of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Vibrio vulnificus in oysters treated with chitosan was investigated. Three concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%) of chitosan in 0.5% hydrochloric acid were prepared and coated onto raw oysters, which were then stored at 4 degrees C for 12 days. Untreated oysters and oysters coated with 0.5% hydrochloric acid without chitosan were used as controls. S. aureus cells were most sensitive to 2.0% chitosan followed by 0.5 and 1.0%. In general, chitosan treatment of oysters produced a decline in the population of S. aureus by 1 to 4 log CFU/ml compared with the untreated control. Chitosan treatment had no influence on the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium over the 12-day storage period; inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium growth was similar in both the control samples and the chitosan-treated samples. However, time of storage had a major effect on the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium on oysters. Neither time nor chitosan concentration had a significant effect on the growth of V. vulnificus during storage. All treatments were similar in inhibiting V. vulnificus growth.

Animals↗

PubMed1969

Completion of the amino acid sequence of papain.

Papain was inhibited with bromo[2-(14)C]acetic acid, the tertiary structure of the inhibited enzyme was unfolded and the disulphide bridges were reduced with mercaptoethanol and aminoethylated. Digestion with trypsin gave a radioactive peptide consisting of residues 18-58 inclusive and containing therefore the sequence of the thirteen unknown residues 29-41 in the primary sequence of papain. This peptide was digested with pepsin to give a radioactive peptide consisting of residues 18-47, which after digestion with 0.4m-hydrochloric acid gave a radioactive peptide consisting of residues 24-43 inclusive. Further digestion with 6m-hydrochloric acid gave peptides that were used to determine the sequence: Ser-Ala-Val-Val-Thr-Ile-Glx-Gly-Ile-Ile-Lys-Ile-Arg for the residues 29-41, so completing the amino acid sequence of papain.

Acetates↗