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PubMed1994

Evaluation of exposure to water aerosol or air by nose-only or whole-body inhalation procedures for CD-1 mice in developmental toxicity studies.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of nose-only restraint versus whole-body exposure procedures in the absence of test chemical, and to determine the appropriate control environment (water aerosol or air) for subsequent developmental toxicity studies of test materials administered as aerosols. Timed-pregnant CD-1 mice, 30/group, were exposed to high concentrations of water aerosol or to air by whole-body or nose-only inhalation procedures on Gestational Days (GD) 6 through 15 for 6 hr per day. The group exposed to air by whole-body procedures was designated as the control group. Clinical observations and maternal body weights were recorded throughout gestation. At scheduled necropsy on GD 18, maternal animals were evaluated for body weight, gravid uterine weight, liver weight, number of ovarian corpora lutea, and status of uterine implantation sites. Fetuses were counted, weighed, and sexed and were examined for external, visceral (including craniofacial), and skeletal alterations. Indices of maternal toxicity were affected in both nose-only groups. Maternal body weights were reduced during and after the exposure period; maternal weight gain was reduced during the exposure period. Clinical signs observed, from animals struggling during restraint, were resolved by GD 18. At sacrifice on GD 18, maternal body weights and maternal gestational weight gains (both corrected for gravid uterine weights) and absolute liver weights were reduced in both nose-only groups. Four females died (13.3%, all pregnant) in the air nose-only group, and maternal liver weight (relative to body weight) was reduced in the aerosol nose-only group. Gestational parameters were unaffected by any of the treatments. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of any individual malformations or malformations by category (external, visceral, or skeletal) or of total malformations. However, exencephaly, low set ears, cleft palate and ventricular septal defect were observed only in both aerosol-exposed groups (whole-body and nose-only exposed). The incidences of individual external or visceral variations or of variations by category or of total variations were unaffected. The incidence of one skeletal variation, poorly ossified supraoccipital skull bone, was significantly increased in the aerosol nose-only group relative to the air whole-body controls. There were also increased incidences (not statistically significant) of extra (14th) ribs in both aerosol groups. Therefore, maternal restraint (in both nose-only groups) during organogenesis produced indications of maternal toxicity, but restraint did not appear to affect normal embryo/fetal morphologic development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of ethylene glycol aerosol in the CD rat and CD-1 mouse by whole-body exposure.

Ethylene glycol (EG) is a major industrial chemical, shown to be teratogenic at high doses by gavage in rodents. Since one route of industrial exposure is to the aerosol at high concentrations, timed-pregnant CD rats and CD-1 mice were exposed, whole-body, to a respirable aerosol of EG (mass median aerodynamic diameter, 2.3 microns) on Gestational Days (GD) 6 through 15 for 6 hr per day at target exposure concentrations of 0, 150, 1000, or 2500 mg/m3 (analytical concentrations of 0, 119 +/- 13, 888 +/- 149, and 2090 +/- 244 mg/m3, respectively), with 25 plug-positive animals per species per group. Clinical observations and maternal body weights were documented throughout gestation for both species. Maternal food and water consumption was measured in rats only throughout gestation. At scheduled necropsy (GD 21 for rats, GD 18 for mice), maternal animals were evaluated for body weight, liver weight, kidney weight, gravid uterine weight, number of ovarian corpora lutea, and status of implantation sites, i.e., resorptions, dead fetuses, live fetuses. Fetuses were dissected from the uterus, counted, weighed, sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations and variations. All rat dams survived to scheduled termination. Minimal maternal toxicity was indicated by a significant increase in absolute and relative liver weight at 2500 mg/m3. Food and water consumption, maternal body weights and weight gain, and maternal organ weights (other than liver) were unaffected by exposure. Gestational parameters were unaffected by exposure, including pre- and post-implantation loss, live fetuses/litter, sex ratio, and fetal body weight/litter. There was no treatment-related increase in the incidence of any individual malformation, in the incidence of pooled external, visceral, or skeletal malformations, or in the incidence of total malformations by fetus or by litter. There were no increases in the incidence of external or visceral variations. Evidence of fetotoxicity, expressed as reduced ossification in the humerus, the zygomatic arch, and the metatarsals and proximal phalanges of the hind-limb, was observed at 1000 and 2500 mg/m3. All mouse dams survived to scheduled termination. One dam at 2500 mg/m3 was carrying a totally resorbed litter at termination. Maternal toxicity was observed at 1000 and 2500 mg/m3, expressed as reduced body weight and weight gain during and after the exposure period, and reduced gravid uterine weight. (Maternal effects may have been due, in part or whole, to effects on the conceptuses; see below.)(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1995

The evaluation of the developmental toxicity of hydrochlorothiazide in mice and rats.

Timed-pregnant CD-1 outbred albino Swiss mice and CD Sprague-Dawley rats were administered hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, USP) in corn oil by gavage during major organogenesis, Gestational Days (GD) 6 through 15. The doses administered were 0, 300, 1000, or 3000 mg/kg/day for mice and 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg/day for rats. Maternal clinical status was monitored daily during treatment. At termination (GD 17, mice; GD 20, rats), confirmed pregnant females (20-27 per group, mice; 36-39 per group, rats) were evaluated for clinical status and gestational outcome; each live fetus was examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. In mice, no maternal mortality was observed. However, clinical signs including dehydration, piloerection, lethargy, and single-day weight loss appeared to be dose-related. HCTZ had no effect on maternal weight gain or water consumption, gravid uterine weight, relative maternal liver weight, or relative maternal kidney weight. There was no definitive evidence of embryotoxicity or fetal toxicity for mice on GD 17. Thus, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for both maternal and developmental toxicity was 3000 mg/kg/day. In rats, HCTZ had no effect on maternal survival, clinical signs, or water consumption. Clinical signs were not dose-related. Maternal weight gain during treatment was depressed at 1000 mg/kg/day. Gravid uterine weight and relative maternal liver weight were unaffected. Relative maternal kidney weight was slightly (7-8%) increased at all dose levels, but there was no evidence of a dose response. Thus, the maternal NOAEL for rats was 300 mg/kg/day, based on decreased maternal weight gain during treatment at 1000 mg/kg/day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration during the reproductive cycle of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is involved in the growth, reproduction, and development of vertebrates. In this study, we report plasma IGF-I concentrations throughout the reproductive cycle of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and consider these concentrations with respect to several reproductive steroid hormones and ions involved in reptilian reproduction. Mean plasma IGF-I concentrations were significantly different among reproductive stages. Maximal plasma concentrations of IGF-I were observed throughout gravidity. Plasma IGF-I concentration was not correlated with plasma concentrations of estradiol-17 beta, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, total protein, or body size, but was correlated with plasma progesterone concentration. We hypothesize that the elevated concentrations of IGF-I in gravid female alligators are due to the synthesis of this hormone for incorporation into eggs as well as residual IGF-I that could function in the stimulation of uterine secretory products.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed1996

Effects of CO2 pneumoperitoneum in pregnant ewes.

Laparoscopy has been considered a relative contraindication in pregnant patients because the CO2 pneumoperitoneum may cause maternal and/or fetal hypotension, acidosis, hypercarbia, hypoxia, changes in cardiac output, or uterine artery blood flow. These potential changes were studied in an established animal pregnancy model. Twelve gravid ewes (116-120 days gestation) underwent catheterization of maternal femoral artery and vein, fetal hindlimb artery and vein, insertion of a uterine artery flow probe, and pulmonary artery catheter. Six animals underwent creation of a CO2 pneumoperitoneum (10 mm Hg for 30 min; 15 mm Hg for 30 min). Six control animals were studied without a pneumoperitoneum. The following parameters were recorded at baseline and at preset time points: cardiac output (CO), uterine blood flow (UtBF), amniotic cavity pressure (ACP), end-tidal CO, (Et CO2), maternal and fetal heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and lactate, glucose, and arterial blood gasses. Percent change at each time point compared to baseline was determined for each variable. Statistical significance was determined by repeated measures analysis of variance. No changes were found between study and control animals in maternal BP; CO; lactate, glucose, oxygenation, or fetal HR; oxygenation, lactate, or glucose. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) between study and control animals were noted in ACP, Et CO2, MHR, UtBF, FBP, and Maternal/fetal pH, PCO2. All ewes delivered healthy lambs at full gestation. A CO2 pneumoperitoneum up to 15 mm Hg pressure in gravid ewes causes increased intrauterine pressure, decreased UtBF, and induces maternal and fetal acidosis. Despite these intraoperative deleterious effects, long-term fetal well being was not effected.

Amnion↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of methacrylamide and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide in Swiss mice.

Timed-pregnant CD-1 outbred albino Swiss mice received either methacrylamide (MAC; 0, 60, 120, or 180 mg/kg/day) or N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BAC; 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg/day) p.o. in distilled water on gestational days (GD) 6 through 17. Maternal clinical status was monitored daily. At termination (GD 17), confirmed-pregnant females (27-30 per group, MAC; 24-25 per group, BAC) were evaluated for clinical status and gestational outcome; live fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. For MAC, no treatment-related maternal mortality was observed. Maternal body weight on GD 17, maternal weight gain during treatment and gestation, and corrected maternal weight gain were reduced at the high dose. Relative maternal food and water intake was not adversely affected; neurotoxicity was not observed. Relative maternal liver weight was increased at > or = 120 mg/kg/day; gravid uterine weight was decreased at 180 mg/kg/day. The maternal no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 60 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity was also 60 mg/kg/day. At > or = 120 mg/kg/day, mean fetal body weight was reduced. At 180 mg/kg/day, increased postimplantation death per litter was observed. Morphological development was not affected. The maternal NOAEL for BAC was 10 mg/kg/day. At 30 mg/kg/day, decreased maternal body weight on GD 17, maternal body weight change during treatment and gestation, corrected maternal body weight, and gravid uterine weight were observed. Relative maternal liver weight increased at 30 mg/kg/day. The developmental NOAEL was 3 mg/kg/day BAC. Mean fetal body weight was reduced at 30 mg/kg/day. At > or = 10 mg/kg/day, an increased incidence of fetal variations (extra rib) was observed, although fetal malformation rate was unaffected. MAC and BAC were not teratogenic to Swiss mice at the doses tested. BAC was more potent than MAC in causing adverse maternal and developmental effects.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1990

Female green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) do not selectively respond to signals with a harmonic structure in noise.

1. Females of the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea, communicate in noisy environments, with spectrally complicated signals. A previous study (Megela Simmons 1988), using the reflex modification technique, found that the masked threshold of green treefrogs to two-tone signals differed by about 10 dB depending on whether or not the two components were harmonically-related. The present study used the same two-component stimuli to test the prediction that gravid females would better detect harmonic sounds in noise than inharmonic ones. 2. We offered gravid treefrogs simultaneous choices between alternative two-component synthetic sounds: (1) an inharmonic sound of 831 + 3100 Hz, and a harmonic sound of 828 + 2760 Hz. We varied the sound pressure level (SPL in decibels [dB]) to which we equalized these alternatives at the female's release point (75 and 80 dB SPL), and we tested females in quiet conditions and in the presence of broadband background noise (52 dB/Hz at the female's release point). 3. At a signal playback level of 75 dB SPL, one-third of the females responded in the presence of background noise. Subtracting the spectrum level yields a critical ratio estimate of 23 dB, a value that is very similar to estimates for single pure tones in noise reported in other studies of this species (Ehret and Gerhardt 1980; Moss and Megela Simmons 1986). Females did not, however, choose the harmonic sound over the inharmonic sound in this condition, at the higher signal-to-noise ratio, or in either of the unmasked situations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1990

The thermoregulation of pregnant women during aerobic exercise in the water: a longitudinal approach.

Twelve women early in their pregnancies were recruited to examine thermoregulation during immersion and exercise in the water (30 degrees C). Their responses were compared at 15, 25 and 35 weeks of pregnancy as well as 10-12 weeks post pregnancy to determine whether the responses differ between the gravid and non-gravid woman or were modified during pregnancy. Rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heat storage, and evaporation were similar during immersion or exercise during the 15th, 25th and 35th weeks of pregnancy. Compared to 10 weeks post partum, pregnancy reduced heat storage, lowered skin temperature and increased evaporative heat loss during immersion and exercise (P less than 0.05). The results suggest that pregnancy causes subtle changes in the mechanism of thermoregulation which tend to increase heat production and improve heat conservation.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Qualitative distribution of neutral lipids and phospholipids in Hymenolepis microstoma from the cysticercoid to the egg producing adult.

The distribution of neutral lipids and phospholipids in Hymenolepis microstoma has been studied using Fettrot, Sudan Black B, Sudan IV and copper phthalocyanin staining techniques. In the cysticercoid, neutral lipids are found in the outer membrane, the lining of the cysticercoid cavity, the tegument of the larval worm and the calcareous corpuscles. A decreasing gradient of phospholipids is found starting from the acellular layer, through the circular fibrous layer, the longitudinal fibrous layer, the adjacent dense zone and ending with the lining of the cysticercoid cavity. Phospholipids are also found in the calcareous corpuscles and the tegument of the larval worm. In the young adult (3 days p.i.) fat globules are first seen to accumulate in the last 2-3 proglottids. Until the 6th day p.i. they are found in the posterior third of the worm, surrounding developing gonads, but mostly concentrated along the transverse line. The mature proglottids contain fat, (a) in both granular and globular forms: in the folds of the uterus, sperm ducts, cirrus pouch and tegument (proximal cytoplasm), (b) in a diffuse form: in the vitellaria, ovary, testes and the tegument (distal cytoplasm). Pre-gravid and gravid proglottids show the largest fat globules. From the cleaving embryo to the fully developed oncosphere the concentrations of neutral lipids and phospholipids vary in form, intensity and location. In all strobilar forms of the parasite neutral lipids and phospholipids are found in the tegument and calcareous corpuscles. Although in H. microstoma lipid droplets are found in the excretory canals, all lipids in the proglottids are not absolutely waste products. From the results it would appear that they play a role in the maturation of gonads and transformation of the fertilized ovum to the oncosphere.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Ultrastructural studies on Diphyllobothrium ditremum and D. dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea), with emphasis on the scolex tegument and the tegument in the area around the genital atrium.

The scolices of D. ditremum and D. dendriticum are similar in regard to general morphology and ultrastructure of the tegument. At the scolex apex and along the upper bothrial edges sensory endings are numerous. The inner bothrium surface of D. ditremum appears to be plain or smooth, the distal cytoplasm is only about 0.6 mum thick and covered with long and slender microtriches. When D. ditremum is attached to the host gut an adhesive layer of secreted substance exists between the inner bothrium surface and the host intestinal villi. In D. dendriticum, however, no secreted layer exists between the inner bothrium surface and the host intestinal villi and the inner bothrium surface of this species appears to be lobed or lappet formed. The lobes are protrusions of the distal cytoplasm and are covered with long and slender microtriches. Large conglomerations of secretion globules appearing to be enclosed by a double membrane, are observed in the scolices of D. dendriticum and D. ditremum, although more frequent in the latter. Differences existing between the distal cytoplasm of the scolex and the gravid proglottid are described. The papillae around the genital atrium in mature and gravid segments were studied. Each papilla appears as a thickening of the distal cytoplasm, which in this region is 10-12 mum thick, when studied with transmission electron microscope. From the area between the papillae sensory endings appearing in sections to be either single, double or triple are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Megalomastia: histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

Megalomastia is a rare entity characterized by an uncommon enlargement of both breasts. Unilateral megalomastia is extremely rare. The purpose of this study was to collect information concerning the history of patients with this condition and to investigate its histology in order to outline the profile of this peculiar entity. Fifty cases of megalomastia were studied. In 41 data concerning the history of the patients was complete; there were 32 juvenile, 7 gravid and 2 adult type cases. All three unilateral megalomastias were in the juvenile group. A family history of megalomastia was frequently present; gravid megalomastia was more closely connected with a maternal familial history. A case of simultaneous megalomastia in monozygotic twins is included. The final size achieved by the breasts was independent of the type of megalomastia, the rapidity of breast development and the body weight of the patients. It was greater in breasts containing abundant adipose tissue and less in fibrous breasts. In all cases of megalomastia associated with pregnancy the breasts had lost the ability to produce milk. The main histological feature in all cases was severe damage and destruction of the lobular units associated with extensive fibrosis. In some breasts of all three types of megalomastia ramified new ducts named "juvenile units" had developed and had proceeded to atrophy. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the epithelium of these units was negative for oestrogen and positive to progesterone receptors. A biphasic pathological appearance, consisting of atrophic lobular units and "juvenile units", is diagnostic of megalomastia.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Serum PAPP-A in normal pregnancy: relationship to fetal and maternal characteristics.

Pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was measured in maternal serum by electroimmunoassay in 414 women (with subsequent normal pregnancy outcome) during the 38th week of pregnancy. PAPP-A levels were examined in relation to maternal and fetal characteristics, revealing a statistically significant relationship with maternal weight, placental weight, fetal sex and gravidity. The correlation of PAPP-A levels to fetal sex and gravidity could not be explained by differences in placental or maternal weight. Mean levels of PAPP-A were also not significantly different in relation to fetal sex.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1981

Involvement of smooth muscle cells in collagen degradation in the postpartum uterus.

Ultrastructural study of gravid and postpartum involuting human uteri revealed a number of cells containing collagen fibrils in their cytoplasm. In gravid uteri these cells could be identified as macrophages and fibroblasts; in the postpartum uteri smooth muscle cells (SMC) were also found, containing cytoplasmic collagenous vacuoles. The morphology of intracellular collagen in SMC was similar to that observed in macrophages: fragments of banded collagen fibrils with a diameter corresponding to that of extracellular collagen were located within structures considered to be phagosomes. Limiting membranes were always smooth, most often in apposition to the fibrils that were single or packed in small groups; some cytoplasmic vacuoles contained banded elongated profiles barely discernable as collagen. The collagen fibrils within SMC of the involuting human uterus are regarded as a morphological manifestation of heterogenic enclosure of collagen fibrils and their intracellular degradation. It seems that in the postpartum uterus, where a substantial amount of collagen needs to be removed rapidly, both macrophages and SMC are involved in the process of collagen phagocytosis and degradation. These data suggest that SMC may be involved in the cellular mechanism for collagen breakdown in remodelling SMC-containing tissues like the uterus and the vascular wall.

Collagen↗
PubMed1997

Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor of the Extra-genital Coelomic Epithelium: Report of Two Cases.

Malignant mixed mullerian tumors of the extra-genital coelomic epithelium (female peritoneum) are rare. Since the first case report in 1955, only nineteen have been described. In our Case 1 a 58 year-old G3P3 (gravidity = 3; parity = 3) white female with mixed mullerian tumor, homologous type, involving the abdominal peritoneum was treated with surgery and chemotherapy (doxorubicin hydrochloride and cis-platinum). She died of the disease 20 months after initial surgery. Case 2 is a 75 year-old G0P0 (gravidity = 0; parity = 0) white female with mixed mullerian tumor containing heterologous elements involving the pelvic peritoneum who was treated with surgery and chemotherapy (ifosfamide with mesna). She relapsed 6 months after surgery and refused any further treatment. She died 2 weeks later. These cases support the fact that malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the female peritoneum is rare and usually affects elderly females. It has poor prognosis and among the 15 reported cases with follow-up indicating after initial surgery.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Classical caesarean section through the posterior uterine wall.

We report a case of myomectomy and classical caesarean section through the posterior uterine wall necessitated by 180 degrees dextro-rotation of a gravid uterus with large fibroids. The non-specific clinical course and rarity of pathological torsion of the gravid uterus makes the preoperative diagnosis difficult. Ultrasound recognition antenatally of a fibroid changing its position should help with the prediction preoperatively of uterine rotation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Case-control study of etiologic factors in the development of severe pelvic organ prolapse.

The aim of this case-control study was to identify etiologic factors predictive for the development of severe pelvic organ prolapse. Three hundred and sixty-eight controls from a database describing pelvic organ support in the general population were identified as having known good pelvic organ support. Eighty-seven cases were identified from a urogynecology clinic with severe pelvic organ prolapse. The risk of severe prolapse was modeled using stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis. Additional analyses using chi2 and two-sample t-tests were conducted to determine differences in means for individual variables. Variables examined included age, gravidity, parity, number of vaginal deliveries, weight of largest infant delivered vaginally, menopause status, race, body mass index prior to pelvic surgery, and medical illnesses. The following four variables were selected in the regression analysis as predicting severe prolapse: age, weight of largest vaginal delivery, hysterectomy and previous prolapse surgery. Other variables that demonstrated statistically significant differences between groups by chi2 and two-sample t-tests were gravidity, parity, number of vaginal deliveries, menopausal status, race, history of incontinence surgery and the presence of hypertension. Variables that did not demonstrate any significant differences were body mass index, the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonous disease and diabetes mellitus. Advancing age, increasing weight of infants delivered vaginally, a history of hysterectomy and a history of previous prolapse surgery were found to be the strongest etiologic predictors of severe pelvic organ prolapse in our population.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Population-S benzimidazole- and tetrahydropyrimidine-resistant small strongyles in a pony herd in Kentucky (1977-1999): effects of anthelmintic treatment on the parasites as determined in critical tests.

Population-S small strongyles have been studied since 1974 in central Kentucky in a closed Shetland pony breeding herd. The ponies were treated approximately every 8 weeks with cambendazole (1974-1978), oxibendazole (OBZ) (1978-1992), or pyrantel pamoate (PRT) (1992-1999). Small strongyles in the ponies have shown resistance to these compounds in field and critical tests. One purpose of this presentation was to compare different parameters for determination of effects on the small strongyle species in ponies after treatment, mainly with OBZ or PRT, from data in critical tests (n=112). Also, the objective was to report on relative changes in the composition of species of small strongyles during the period 1977 through 1999. The following entities were compared to evaluate the effect of OBZ- or PRT-treatment on the small strongyles: (1) numbers of specimens with eggs in utero--there were less gravid worms passed in the feces than recovered at necropsy for OBZ but the numbers of gravid worms were similar in both categories for PRT, (2) pre- and posttreatment counts of eggs per gram of feces (EPGs) and larvae per gram of feces (LPGs)--the reductions were greater for the counts of EPGs than LPGs for OBZ but not for PRT, and (3) pre- and posttreatment counts of EPGs versus % of worms removed--reductions of the former were greater than the latter for both compounds. As shown from data in this study, reduction of EPG counts post treatment indicated much greater drug activity than was actually demonstrated by removal of worms. One evident factor was the value of doing critical tests to verify posttreatment counts of EPGs as indicators of anthelmintic activity. Twenty-eight species of small strongyles were found. For the 20 most prevalent species in the study, two decreased, five remained unchanged, three increased and then became stationary, five increased but then decreased, and five increased progressively. Numbers of small strongyles were highest in 1987 and 1999.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Metabolic transition in the development of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda).

Cysticercoids as well as 6-, 10-, and 14-day Hymenolepis diminuta were evaluated in terms of enzymatic activities related to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) utilization and mitochondrial succinate accumulation. The data obtained support a transition toward anaerobic electron-transport-dependent succinate accumulation, characteristic of adult H. diminuta, with development from cysticercoid to adult. This transition was reflected most prominently in the increasing activities of PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK), malate dehydrogenase, NADPH-->NAD+ transhydrogenase, and fumarate reductase. Developmental increases in PEPCK/pyruvate kinase (PK), fumarate reductase (FR)/NADH oxidase (NO), and FR/succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity ratios were also apparent. Evaluations of "egg-free" immature, mature, and pregravid-gravid segments of adult H. diminuta revealed that in general the greater levels of activity were associated with the immature and mature segments. Whereas FR/NO and FR/SDH ratios remained relatively constant in segment comparisons, the greatest PEPCK/PK ratio was associated with the pregravid-gravid segment.

Anaerobiosis↗