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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Evaluation of sport injuries in children and adolescents].

During 1992, 541 sport injuries (6.3% of the 8641 surgical emergencies) were recorded at Lenval's hospital pediatric emergency ward in Nice. There were a majority of boys (62%), and the mean age was 11.2 years. Thirty one sports were represented, mainly soccer (18.5%), bicycle (12.2%), basketball (9.4%), gymnastics (9.4%), ski (9.2%) and equitation (7.8%). Injuries occurred during competition in 12.7% of the cases, school practice in 36.3%, and free practice in 51%. Lesions concerned head and face in 15.5% of cases, the trunk in 9.2%, and limbs in 75.3% with a majority of twists and benign contusions. The hospitalisation's rate was 14.4%, and a surgical intervention with anesthesia was performed in 7.6% of cases to treat one shoulder dislocation and 42 limb fractures. Thirty percent of children were confirmed sportsmen/women, 40% of them were involved in competitive sports, the most frequently concerned sports being soccer (24.6%), basketball (18%), fighting sports (11.4%; 7.2% = judo), gymnastic (10.1%), tennis (7.9%) and equitation (6.7%). From this study most sports injuries in children appears benign even if some fractures led to hospitalisation and orthopedic surgery; this is possibly related to the quality of education and coaching, particularly during physical training at school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Cardiac arrhythmias and other complications in patients after myocardial infarction during a long term training program].

In 85 patients with myocardial infarction undergoing a physical training on a bicycle ergometer 3 times a week over a period of 18 months beginning 5 weeks after the acute infarction, telemetric and haemodynamic investigations were made. The telemetry was done during ergometer training, dynamic and isometric gymnastics and during work at home. The diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure under exercise was registered in 43 patients before the beginning of the training program; in 16 of these patients a control heart catheterization was made after a training period of 4 months. During the ergometer training program 32% of all patients had ventricular premature beats more than 1:10, 6% had paroxysmal ventricular tachycardias, 1 patient had supraventricular tachycardias and 1 patient died at home after having a tachycardia of unknown origin. During dynamic or isometric gymnastics or under work at home the patients had not more arrhythmias than in the telemetric controls during the ergometer training. Arrhythmias and other complications are very often found in patients with high diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure in the exercise test.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The epidemiology of sports injuries in school-aged children.

In the 5-year-period 1988-1992, 6096 children aged 6-17 (54.5% boys and 45.5% girls) were treated at the Emergency Department at Esbjerg Central Hospital after having sustained a sports injury. The data were registered according to the European Home- and Leisure-Accident Surveillance System (EHLASS) protocol. We found a total incidence rate in the municipality of Esbjerg of 73.3 per 1000 per year. Boys were most often injured in soccer, skateboard, handball, gymnastics and basketball, and girls in handball, horse-riding, gymnastics, basketball and roller-skating. The types of injuries were contusions 37.1%, fractures 22.0%, sprains 24.8%, wounds 9.5%, strains 5.0% and luxations 1.4%. The hospitalization rate was 3.8%. Compared to other studies the total incidence rate was high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Physiologic and hygienic evaluation of work and health status of women workers employed at institutions of the Culture Ministry].

The authors revealed substantial occupational hazards that are: unfavorable sanitary and hygienic environment (musicians, librarians, workers taking care of animals, and others), physical and psychoemotional stress (gymnasts, acrobats, and their assistants, actors, workers taking care of animals), unnatural and uncomfortable working posture (gymnasts, conjurers). Matching physiologic and hygienic results with evaluation of the workers' health state, the authors managed to disclose correlation between the occupational characteristics and functional state. The studies helped to form methodic recommendation on better health state for the occupations observed, on rational placement of pregnant women employed by Russian Culture Ministry.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Bone mass during growth: the effects of exercise. Exercise and mineral accrual.

Intense exercise during childhood and adolescence may result in primary amenorrhea and low peak bone mineral density (BMD). After puberty, exercise may result in secondary amenorrhea and bone loss. Higher BMD in amenorrheic athletes than amenorrheic sedentary persons suggests that exercise may partly offsets the effects of amenorrhea. To examine this possibility, we measured BMD (g/cm2) by dual x-ray absorptiometry in 32 ballet dancer and 23 healthy controls of comparable age with regular menstrual cycles, 34 pre-pubertal female gymnasts bone age 8.9 +/- 0.2 years and 37 girls matched by bone age. Dancers had normal BMD at the weight bearing sites, not low, despite having oligomenorrhea, not high despite 32 hours of week dancing. BMD was lower by 4-6 percent at the non-weight bearing sites. BMD diminished in the dancers at the weight bearing femoral neck (r = -0.29, P = 0.1) and trochanter (r = -0.31, P = 0.09), and at the non-weight bearing arms (r = -0.29, P = 0.09) with increasing duration of amenorrhea. Dancers with less than 40 months amenorrhea had 5 to 7% higher BMD at the weight bearing, but not non-weight bearing sites. Dancers with more than 40 months amenorrhea had normal, not higher BMD at weight bearing sites and deficits of about 5 percent at non-weight bearing sites. In gymnasts, BMD was 10-15 percent (or 1 SD) higher than the bone age-predicted mean. Exercise may not offset the effects of amenorrhea. Bone loss may continue but from a higher level, perhaps attained prior puberty.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Lean tissue mass is a better predictor of bone mineral content and density than body weight in prepubertal girls.

PURPOSE AND METHODS: Body weight is the most extensively studied correlate of bone mass and is widely used as a covariate in statistical evaluations of bone mineral parameters. Lean tissue mass (LTM) also correlates with bone mass. We evaluated the correlations linking each of these two parameters with bone mineral content and bone mineral density in 41 prepubertal girls, including ten swimmers, 18 gymnasts and 13 nonathletes. Lean tissue mass, bone mineral content and bone mineral density were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR-1000/W; Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Forward stepwise multiple regression was used to evaluate correlations linking bone mineral content or density (the dependent variables) to body weight or lean tissue mass (the independent variables). RESULTS: Body weight and lean tissue mass showed strong correlations with all bone mineral content and density measurements in the simple linear regression analysis, with lean tissue mass yielding the highest Pearson's correlation coefficients. In the multiple regression model, lean tissue mass consistently explained the largest proportion of the variance, whereas body weight had little influence or was eliminated from the model. The slopes of the regression lines of bone mineral content or density on body weight were significantly steeper in the subgroup of gymnasts (P < 0.001), whereas the slopes of the regression lines of bone mineral content or density on lean tissue mass were significantly less steep in the swimmers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that lean tissue mass is a significant predictor of bone mass in prepubertal girls and explains a larger part of the variance of bone mineral content and density than body weight. Use of body weight as a covariate in studies of bone mineral density may lead to erroneous results in prepubertal girls.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

Physical activity and sports in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease in comparison with healthy seniors.

Physical activity during lifetime was investigated among 32 Parkinson patients (age 65.6 +/- 8.1 yrs, mean +/- SD) retrospectively by means of a structured interview. Data were compared with 31 healthy controls (age 61.7 +/- 5.8 yrs). An objective score was obtained by presenting a list of all kinds of sports, subjective estimation of physical activity was done by visual analogous scales. Until the occurrence of the first symptoms (mean = 58.5 yrs) the patients did not differ from controls. During the course of disease a striking reduction in physical activity but no complete abandonment of sports was found. Swimming, hiking and gymnastics were the favoured sports in both groups. Learning of new sports seemed to be impossible for the patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

A young athlete with myositis ossificans of the neck presenting as a soft-tissue tumour.

Myositis ossificans is usually the result of direct injury to a muscle and is a self-limiting disease. It may present as a soft-tissue mass with a broad differential diagnosis, including highly malignant tumours, such as soft-tissue sarcomas. Many theories can be found concerning the aetiology of myositis ossificans, but minor or major traumas are considered to be the most common cause. A unique case of myositis ossificans of the neck in a 17-year-old professional, female, ground gymnast, who presented initially with a soft-tissue tumour, was treated successfully. The main differential diagnosis is presented along with typical radiographic features on conventional radiography, computerised tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and typical pathological appearance, such as the pathognomonic "zoning phenomenon". Myositis ossificans should be added to the differential diagnosis of every young patient who engages in sport presents with a soft-tissue mass. Careful padding of the area and teaching the rolling technique to avoid repeated injuries to the neck can prevent recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Back extensor and psoas muscle cross-sectional area, prior physical training, and trunk muscle strength--a longitudinal study in adolescent girls.

The association between physical training, low back extensor (erector spinae plus multifidus muscles) and psoas muscle cross-sectional areas (CSA) and strength characteristics of trunk extension and flexion were studied in adolescent girls. A group of athletes (n = 49) (age range 13.7-16.3 years) consisting of gymnasts, figure skaters and ballet dancers was age-matched with non-athletes (n = 17) who acted as a sedentary control group. The CSA of psoas muscles and multifidus plus erector spinae muscles were measured from lumbar axial images by magnetic resonance imaging. Maximal trunk extension and flexion forces were measured in a standing position using a dynamometer and trunk musculature endurance was evaluated using static holding tests. When CSA were adjusted with body mass, the athletes showed significantly greater CSA in both muscles studied (psoas P < 0.001; erector spinae plus multifidus P < 0.05) than the non-athletes. The athletes also had a greater absolute psoas muscle CSA (P < 0.01) and trunk flexion force (P < 0.01) compared to the controls. When the forces were expressed relative to body mass, the athletes were superior both in trunk flexion (P < 0.001) and extension (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between muscle CSA and strength parameters, but the force per muscle CSA did not differ significantly between the athletes and the non-athletes. In addition, the athletes showed a better body mass adjusted muscle endurance in trunk flexion (P < 0.05) than the non-athletes. Our study indicated that regular physical training enhances trunk musculature hypertrophy, force and endurance in adolescent girls, and that there is an association between muscle CSA and strength parameters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Modification of landing conditions at contact via flight.

Weight-bearing tasks performed by humans consist of a series of phases with multiple objectives. Analysis of the relationship between control and dynamics during successive phases of the tasks is essential for improving performance without sustaining injury. Experimental evidence regarding foot landings suggests that the distribution of momentum among segments at contact influences stability during interaction with the landing surface. In this study, we hypothesized that modification of control in one subsystem, in our case shoulder torque, during the flight phase of an aerial task would enable the performer to maintain behavior of other subsystems (e.g.lower extremity kinematics) and initiate contact with momentum conditions consistent with successful task performance. To test this hypothesis, an experimentally validated multilink dynamic model that incorporated modifications in shoulder torque was used to simulate the flight phase dynamics of overrotated landings. The simulation results indicate that modification in shoulder torque during the flight phase enables gymnasts to maintain lower extremity kinematics and initiate contact with trunk angular velocities consistent with those observed during successful landings. These results suggest that modifications in the control logic of one subsystem may be sufficient for achieving both global and local task objectives of landing.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

The control of non-twisting somersaults using configuration changes.

Theoretical analyses have shown that rotations of a rigid body about the principal axis corresponding to the intermediate principal moment of inertia are unstable. This poses a potential problem for gymnasts who perform double somersaults without twist in a layout configuration. A computer simulation model is used to investigate configurational strategies for controlling such movements. It is shown that the build up of twist is not reduced by abduction of the arms but can be controlled by adopting a configuration with sufficient body flexion. For somersaults with a straight body, control in the form of asymmetrical arm abduction accelerations, based upon twist angular velocity and angular acceleration, is capable of preventing a build up of twist providing that the feedback time delay is less than a quarter somersault.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2005

Osteochondral autograft transplantation for osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum in nonthrowing athletes.

In this report, we present the cases of 3 nonthrowing athletes with osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Preoperatively, they complained of elbow pain during rhythmic gymnastics, table tennis, and basketball, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a completely separated osteochondral fragment or a full-thickness cartilage defect. All 3 patients were treated with transplantation of an osteochondral autograft harvested from the lateral femoral condyle. They returned fully to their sports activities within 6 months of surgery. The continuity of the cartilage layer between the osteochondral graft and the capitellum was shown on magnetic resonance images taken at 12 months postoperatively. We believe that osteochondral autograft transplantation provides successful results for nonthrowing athletes with end-stage osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Factors influencing performance in the Hecht vault and implications for modelling.

This paper investigated the factors that influence Hecht vault performance and assessed the level of model complexity required to give an adequate representation of vaulting. A five-segment planar simulation model with a visco-elastic shoulder joint and a torque generator at the shoulder joint was used to simulate the contact phase in vaulting. The model was customized to an elite gymnast by determining subject-specific segmental inertia and joint torque parameters. The simulation model was matched to a performance of the Hecht vault by varying the visco-elastic characteristics of the shoulders and the arm-horse interface and the activation time history of the shoulder torque generator until the best match was found. Perturbing the matching simulation demonstrated that appropriate initial kinematics are necessary for a successful performance. Fixing the hip and knee angles at their initial values had a small effect with 3 degrees less rotation. Applying shoulder torque during the contact phase also had a small effect with only a 7 degrees range in landing angles. Excluding the hand segment from the model was found to have a moderate effect with 15 degrees less rotation and the time of contact reduced by 38%. Removing shoulder elasticity resulted in 50 degrees less rotation. The use of a five-segment simulation model confirmed that the use of shoulder torque plays a minor role in vaulting performance and that having appropriate initial kinematics at touchdown is essential. However, factors such as shoulder elasticity and the hands which have previously been ignored also have a substantial influence on performance.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Low muscle mass--tall and obese children a special genre of obesity.

The prevalence of over-weight and obesity has increased markedly in the last two decades and vast international resources have been directed toward researching these issues. Obesity would appear to be a problem that is easy to resolve: just eat less and move more. However, this very common condition has turned out to be extremely troublesome, and in some cases even insolvable. A perspective is presented here suggesting that some of the insoluble cases of obesity are the result of an inborn condition of a very low muscle mass. The interplay between less muscle and more fat tissue is discussed from physiological and environmental perspectives with an emphasis on the early years of childhood. It is proposed that these interactions lead to bodily economic decisions sliding between thrift or prodigal strategies. The thrift strategy results not only in obesity and less physical activity but also in other maladies which the body is unable to manage. What leads to obesity (less muscle, more fat) in the medial population will result in morbid obesity when the children are short of muscle tissue from the start. Attempts to lessen the consequences of low muscle mass, which might be very difficult at adulthood, can be more fruitful if initiated at childhood. Early recognition of the ailment is thus crucial. Based on studies demonstrating a 'rivalry' between muscle build-up and height growth at childhood, it is postulated that among the both taller and more obese children the percentage of children with lower muscle mass will be significant. A survey of the height and BMI (Body Mass Index) of Israeli fifth graders supports this postulation. A special, body/muscle-building gymnastics program for children is suggested as a potential early intervention to partially prevent this type of almost irreversible ill progress of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

A method for synchronising digitised video data.

This paper presents a general method for synchronising digitised video data using a mathematical approach based upon the direct linear transformation reconstruction technique. The method was tested using digitised data from genlocked video recordings of gymnastic vaulting, tumbling, high bar and rings. The mean synchronisation error was less than 0.002 s for vaulting and less than 0.001 s for the other activities.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Does prolonged high-impact activity contribute to later urinary incontinence? A retrospective cohort study of female Olympians.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether women engaged in strenuous, provocative exercise are more likely to be incontinent in future life than similarly fit women who participated in less provocative exercise. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, female American Olympians who competed in swimming (low-impact group) and in gymnastics and track and field (high-impact group) between 1960 and 1976 completed a structured questionnaire. Primary outcome measures included the prevalence of the symptoms of stress and urge incontinence. Statistical analyses of results included chi2, Fisher exact test, two-tailed t tests, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and stepwise multiple logistic regression. P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: One hundred four women responded (response rate 51.2%). High-impact athletes were older (46.2 compared with 42.4 years) and were more likely to report incontinence when they were doing their sport as Olympians (35.8% compared with 4.5%) than low-impact athletes; low-impact athletes were more likely to be parous (83.3% compared with 60.7%). There was no difference in the prevalence of the symptom of stress incontinence between the high- versus low-impact groups: any incontinence, 41.1% compared with 50%; daily or weekly incontinence, 10.7% compared with 8.3%; and incontinence that bothered them moderately or greatly, 10.7% compared with 4.2%. With our sample size, this study had 80% power to detect a fourfold difference in daily or weekly incontinence between groups, but only a 30% power to detect a twofold difference, given a baseline prevalence of 10%. When age, body mass index (BMI), parity, Olympic sport group, and incontinence during Olympic sport were entered into stepwise logistic regression analyses, only BMI was significantly associated with regular stress or urge incontinence symptoms. CONCLUSION: Participation in regular, strenuous, high-impact activity when younger did not predispose women to a markedly higher rate of clinically significant urinary incontinence in later life.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Motor performance and disability in Dutch children with haemophilia: a comparison with their healthy peers.

We investigated whether haemophilic children who are on prophylactic therapy differ from their healthy peers in terms of motor performance and disability. Thirty-nine children, aged 4-12 years, with moderate (eight) and severe (31) haemophilia were included. Patients with severe haemophilia received primary prophylactic therapy that was individually tailored. The number of target joints, amount of swelling, range of motion, muscular strength and pain were measured, as well as motor skills and disability. The scores were compared to the normal population. No patients had target joints. Normal range of motion in all joints was seen in 97% (38/39) of the patients. Strength of elbow, knee, and ankle muscles were within the normal ranges. Ninety-five percent (37/39) of the patients had normal motor performance. Although 90% of our patients (35/39) had no disabilities in activities of daily living (ADL), 79% (31/39) of them reported that the disease impacted on their lives. Seventy-two percent (28/39) of the patients had pain, and in 21% (6/28) of them this was mainly caused by injections. Restrictions in sports or gymnastics were seen in 56% (22/39) of the patients. Those who indicated that they experienced pain and those who indicated restrictions in sports had a higher chance of experiencing disease impact compared to those who did not have these limitations. There were no significant differences between patients with moderate and severe haemophilia. In general, Dutch children with moderate or severe haemophilia are comparable with their healthy peers with regard to motor performance and ADL. However, a majority of the patients perceive an impact of their disease associated with pain and restrictions in sports.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Premenarchal athletic injury to the breast bud as the cause for asymmetry: prevention and treatment.

Some variation in breast size is normal and is common in most women. When this variation becomes large and appreciable asymmetry develops--greater than a one-cup size difference--the asymmetry often disrupts the patient's life. The etiology of most breast asymmetries is unknown; however, current theories on causes include endocrine, iatrogenic, and traumatic injury. The Tulane University Plastic Surgery Service recently evaluated two cases of breast asymmetries that developed after traumatic injury to the breast bud while the body was under increased physical stress. Both girls sustained injuries at approximately 10 to 11 years old (Tanner Stages I-II) while participating in gymnastics.

Adolescent↗