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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The possible involvement of GABAA systems in the antinarcotic effect of majonoside-R2, a major constituent of Vietnamese ginseng, in mice.

The effect of majonoside-R2 on morphine- and U-50,488H-induced antinociception was examined by the tail-pinch test in mice and compared with that of diazepam. Majonoside-R2 and diazepam inhibited the morphine- and U-50,488H-induced antinociception, and the actions were antagonized by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil and the GABA-gated CI- channel blocker picrotoxin. Diazepam but not majonoside-R2 exhibited a protective activity against convulsion caused by the GABAA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin. These results indicate that GABAA systems are involved in the effect of majonoside-R2 on the opioid-induced antinociception and suggest that the mechanisms of action of majonoside-R2 may differ from those of diazepam.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed2004

Proof of the mysterious efficacy of ginseng: basic and clinical trials: metabolic activation of ginsenoside: deglycosylation by intestinal bacteria and esterification with fatty acid.

Orally ingested ginsenoside passes through the stomach and small intestine without decomposition by either gastric juice or liver enzymes into the large intestine, where ginsenoside is deglycosylated by colonic bacteria followed by transit to the circulation. Colonic bacteria cleave the oligosaccharide connected to the aglycone stepwise from the terminal sugar to afford the major metabolites, 20S-protopanaxadiol 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (M1) and 20S-protopanaxatriol (M4). These metabolites are further esterified with fatty acids. The resultant fatty-acid conjugates are still active molecules that are sustained longer in the body than parental metabolites. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that ginsenoside is a prodrug that is activated in the body by intestinal bacterial deglycosylation and fatty acid esterification.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Transglycosylation to ginseng saponins by cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases.

Ten new alpha-glucosylginsenosides were found to be synthesized from dextrin and four ginsenosides, -Rb1, -Rc, -Re, and -Rg1, by the successive actions of B. stearothermophilus cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase and Rhizopus glucoamylase. Seven of them were isolated in the pure state by extraction with n-butanol saturated with water, silica gel column chromatography, and high pressure liquid chromatography, and identified as 3-O-[alpha-D-glcp-(1-->4)-beta-D-glcp-(1-->2)-beta-D-glcp]-20-O-[beta-D-glcp-(1-->6)-beta-D-glcp]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, 3-O-[beta-D-glcp-(1-->2)-beta-D-glcp]-20-O-[alpha-D-glcp-(1-->4)-beta-D-glcp-(1-->6)-beta-D-glcp]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, 3-O-[alpha-D-glcp-(1-->4)-beta-D-glcp-(1-->2)-beta-D-glcp]-20-O-[alpha-L-araf-(1-->6)-beta-D-glcp]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, 3-O-[beta-D-glcp-(1-->2)-beta-D-glcp]-20-O-[(4G-alpha-D-glcp)-alpha-L-araf-(1-->6)-beta-D-glcp]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, 6-O-[alpha-L-rhap-(1-->2)-beta-D-glcp]-20-O-[alpha-D-glcp-(1-->4)-beta-D-glcp]-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, 6-O-[alpha-D-glcp-(1-->4)-beta-D-glcp]-20-O-(beta-D-glcp)-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, and 6-O-[alpha-D-glcp-(1-->3)-beta-D-glcp]-20-O-(beta-D-glcp)-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, by spectroscopy (FAB-MS, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) and hydrolysis products in 50% acetic acid. The bitterness of these alpha-glucosyl-ginsenosides was less than that of ginsenosides.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗