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PubMed1977

Attitudes, opinions, and sexual development of 205 homosexual women.

Two hundred and five homosexual women, aged 15 to 50, were surveyed as to their attitudes and experiences in the areas of education, religion, family experiences, marriage, friendship, personal happiness, sexual development and satisfaction, psychological adjustment, and occupational status. The investigation discovered a high rate of only-child status among lesbian women, a tendency toward ambivalence of opinion on many issues, and a general lack of insight into self and others. Comparisons with other research on female homosexuality were made.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Marriages of bisexual men.

This study examined the marriages of 26 couples in which the husband was bisexual. The subjects were a non-clinical sample married for at least two years and intending to continue their marriages. The sample was, overall, highly educated and earned concomitantly high incomes. Subjects were administered the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and a research questionnaire to determine successful or problematic aspects of their marriages. Subjects were, for the most part, satisfied with the quality of their marriages, sexually active within the marriages, and open about the husband's homosexual behavior. A high-level of sexual activity within the marriage, open and direct communication, a valued friendship, previous counseling or psychotherapy, cognitive flexibility, and financial independence contributed to the success of these marriages. The husbands reported a great deal of ambiguity about their homosexual behavior, and the couples reported intense conflict dealing with their open marriage styles.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho.

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

My gay Antonia: the politics of Willa Cather's lesbianism.

Although Willa Cather's lesbianism has recently been publicly acknowledged, her personal and artistic political decisions about the revelation of her sexual preference have not been explored. Most critics who acknowledge Cather's homosexuality see no traces in her fiction of what Lillian Faderman calls "same-sex love." Because of the political consequences of writing openly about lesbianism in the time that Cather came of age, according to Faderman, "perhaps she felt the need to be more reticent about love between women than even some of her patently heterosexual contemporaries because she bore a burden of guilt for what came to be labeled perversion." While it would certainly have been possible for Cather to live a discreet lesbian life without showing traces of her sexuality in her writing, it is more likely that her sexual preferences are present in her works, particularly in her most autobiographical book, My Antonia, in the character who represents Cather, Jim Burden. The "emptiness where the strongest emotion might have been expected," the relationship between Antonia and Jim, is more understandable when we realize that both Jim Burden and Antonia Shimerda were imagined by Cather as homosexuals whose deep friendship was based on mutual understanding of their oddness in the heterosexual world of 1918.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed1992

Lesbian erotics: the utopian trope of Donne's "Sapho to Philaenis".

Famous for its self-assertive masculinity, John Donne's love poetry nonetheless includes a verse elegy which stands alone not only in his work but also in the entire literary production of the Renaissance for its celebration and defense of a passionate lesbian relation binding the two women of its title. No editorial grounds exist for denying Donne's authorship of "Sapho to Philaenis"; rather the interpretive task is to reconstitute the poem's significance in period terms. The task is complicated by Donne's penchant for flouting literary and social convention as he successively overturns Ovid's influential portrayal of Sappho as an aging voluptuary reclaimed for heterosexuality, the virulent homophobia of Renaissance humanists, and the coy idealizations and transient evocation given to lesbian affectivity by the very few Renaissance writers (including Shakespeare) who touched on the subject at all. When "Sapho to Philaenis" is set in the context of Donne's other love elegies in verse as productions by a young intellectual moving in sophisticated London circles and writing for a coterie audience, lesbianism looks like a master trope for positively resolving a dilemma that confounded Montaigne and many other authors of the age. Could the perfections of love and friendship be united in a relation of equality between two persons? Gender hierarchy and separate socialization precluded a heterosexual construction of any such equality in the Renaissance, and the greater opprobrium cast on male homosexuality in this era must have influenced Donne's decision to figure his equal lovers and friends as a lesbian couple. Yet the disclosive power of "Sapho to Philaenis" goes far beyond the entailments of a specific choice of poetic representation. Donne really undertakes to imagine the pleasures, sustenance, and ideological implications by which lesbianism, as a mode of loving and being, resists patriarchal disposition and diminution of women. Donne anticipates the advances of twentieth-century feminists (Colette, Kofman, Irigaray) as he poetically articulates possibilities and knowledge that were otherwise denied expression by Renaissance culture and its exponents.

England↗
PubMed1992

Sodomy and kingcraft in Urania and Antony and Cleopatra.

Despite his description of sodomy as a horrible crime that a king is "bound in conscience neuer to forgiue," James I pursued the affections of a string of young and handsome "favourites" on whom he lavished gifts, titles, and power. Relying on the evidence of the King's own letters and frank comments from his Puritan critics, most historians assume that his relations with some of these men were sexual. The King's friendship with Robert Carr (who was later made Earl of Somerset), coupled with his estrangement from Queen Anne, may have been an inspiration for at least two literary accounts of kingship confounded by sex: Lady Mary Wroth's Urania (1621) and Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra (1608). Wroth describes a duke who is made politically vulnerable by his love for a young man that leaves him "issue-les." The rise and fall of this disloyal companion closely resembles that of Somerset and would seem to indicate Wroth's belief that the King's relationship with the Earl was sexual. Antony and Cleopatra is in many ways a reflection of Jacobean court extravagance and decadence. Cleopatra, despite her sex, seems to fill the same role in political and sexual scandal as did Somerset; and Antony's vacillation between pleasure and duty recalls a certain Renaissance discourse on sodomy and "kingcraft".

Drama↗
PubMed1992

"Man's words" and manly comradeship: language, politics, and homosexuality in Walt Whitman's works.

Critical assessments of Walt Whitman's works either emphasize his sexual themes while ignoring his political ideas or they focus on the poet's politics but ignore his poetics of corporeality. Recent studies that do discuss both politics and sexuality in Whitman's works do not devote much attention if any to the poet's theory of language as it appears in his An American Primer. This essay explores the complex intersections among sexuality, politics, and language in Whitman's works, illustrating how the poet consistently correlated his linguistic, sexual, and political metaphors, constantly relating the health and the sexual potency of the male body with the power of language, the efficacy of literature, and the strength of the states in the United States. Underlying these multiple metaphors and poetic intentions is the poet's homosexual vision. It constitutes the basis of his linguistic theory, his hope of an ideal democratic union, and his plea for sexual equality. To Whitman, America needed male-to-male friendships to free it from materialistic vulgarities and to ensure its perpetuation.

Gender Identity↗
PubMed1996

Marketing to the Homosexual (gay) market: a profile and strategy implications.

This article describes a significant market to which marketers must devote greater attention. The gay market is well-educated, has high discretionary income, is informed socially and politically, is dedicated to career and home ownership, and places greater importance on friendship networks than do most Americans. Although a potentially lucrative market segment, gays represent a difficult segment to reach since alienation by other segments could be an explosive factor for many businesses.

Homosexuality, Male↗
PubMed1997

The relationship of homophobia to intimacy in heterosexual men.

Interpersonal intimacy is more difficult to achieve for American men than women. Research has shown that men disclose less, have fewer close friendships, and are viewed by their wives as low in intimacy. Among the barriers to intimacy among men, Tognoli (1980) suggested that homophobia is the most powerful. The present study tested this idea by asking men to disclose a personal secret to either a male confidant, a female confidante, or by writing the secret. It was expected that the presence of a male confidant would stimulate homophobic feelings and inhibit disclosure, while the other two conditions would result in more personal disclosure. A correlation between intimacy of disclosure and level of homophobia was also expected. Subjects were 75 heterosexual men, 31 to 50 years of age, randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. They also completed the Miller Social Intimacy Scale, the Jourard Self-Disclosure Questionnaire, the Index of Homophobia, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results showed that homophobia was inversely related to level of social intimacy. There was some indication that homophobia does relate to less intimate disclosure to other males. Thus this study found some support for the idea that homophobia is an obstacle to intimacy for men.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Community in gay male experience and moral discourse.

The three sociological conceptions of community are outlined: the imagined community, community as friendship, and community as local organizations or groups. The extent to which gay men in New York City experience a gay community in each of these ways is investigated by means of in-depth interviews. The type of moral discourse utilized by the gay men interviewed is also discussed. Finally, gay men in New York City are compared to the new Russian Jewish community in Brooklyn as to which is more "postmodern."

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Memories pierce the heart: homoeroticism, Bollywood-style.

In this essay, I enjoy using Amitabh Bachchan, perennial idol of the Bollywood screen, as a point of departure for ruminations on the construction of male friendship and male love within both Indian cinema and its primarily male audience (which, in a sense, represents in turn Hindi culture at large). Using translations of songs from Amitabh's films interlaced with my own personal experiences, we see how homosexuality thrives in covert yet recognized places in Indian culture, and how subtler forms of homosexuality are actually engendered under the auspices of normative patriarchal culture. Songs were translated by the author in collaboration with Jia Das.

Art↗
PubMed2002

Selected characteristics of research on lesbian women: 1995-1997.

This study examined characteristics of social science research that specifically included lesbians in their sample and was published from 1995-1997. A search of the PsycINFO data base identified 59 articles for analysis. Characteristics of the research that were examined included sampling issues, topics studied, and funding sources. Findings revealed: (1) snowball sampling and friendship networks were the most frequently used method of obtaining respondents; (2) lesbians were the only group studied in 22 (37.3%) of the studies; (3) family and relationships were the most frequently studied topics; and (4) 18 (30.5%) of the studies indicated receipt of at least one external funding source. Findings suggest that while lesbians are a population increasingly worthy of study. challenges remain in identifying respondents for participation in research.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Interpersonal contact experiences with gay men: a qualitative investigation of "fag hags" and gay-supportive heterosexual men.

The purpose of this investigation was to understand how "fag hags" and gay-supportive heterosexual men (GSHM) describe the nature and quality of their interpersonal contact experiences with gay men. Eight archival interviews were analyzed using the methodologies outlined in Hill, Thompson, and Williams (1997); i.e., consensual qualitative research. The results yielded suggest that the nature of contact experiences relates to direct contact with gay men in institutional or social settings or via indirect, formative experiences. The possible roles that contact plays in attitudes formation include: (1) normalizing homosexuality, (2) challenging previously held myths and stereotypes, and (3) increasing a person's likelihood of having contact experiences with gay men and developing gay-supportive attitudes. Participants described the quality of the contact as taking place in the context of a friendship that developed between them and a gay male that strengthened after the gay friend came out. Furthermore, the impact of these contact experiences did not change fag hags' sense of morality, but "improved" their attitudes toward gay men. The results from this study have broader social implications in that they contribute to the much-needed discourse, from a qualitative perspective, on the ways in which people form gay-supportive attitudes. Future research should focus on describing the transformational nature of contact between gay men and heterosexuals in order to uncover any processes or stages that heterosexuals go through in developing gay-supportive attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The Greek mirror: the Uranians and their use of Greece.

The Uranians comprised a loosely knit group of British and American homosexual poets writing between approximately 1880 and 1930, sharing a number of basic cultural and literary assumptions derived on one hand from Walter Pater, and on the other from Walt Whitman. Although they used Oriental, Christian and other motifs, one of the major elements many shared was a use of various allusions and themes from ancient Greece, including paganism, male companionship or intimate friendship (which was not defined in terms of sameness), and democracy and a natural aristocracy of virtue, which they applied to the concerns of their own society and era. The model of male relationships which they advocated (and in at least some cases practiced) was almost uniformly asymmetrical, either by age or class, or both. In addition to their poetry, various theoretical writings by members of the group are also involved in the discussion, and this article argues that these historical/ literary allusions and themes should not be understood as means of evasion which allowed them to write of tabooed subjects safely, but as part of a consciously adopted artistic/cultural strategy for homosexual emancipation. It also suggests that their arguments should be reexamined as a corrective to the present egalitarian model of homosexuality.

Christianity↗
PubMed2006

Understanding the experiences of lesbian, bisexual and trans survivors of domestic violence: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: Using a participatory approach, our objectives were to understand community perspectives on domestic violence (DV) in lesbian, bisexual and trans (LBT) communities, and to assess access to and cultural appropriateness ofDVservices for LBT survivors. METHODS: We used qualitative methods and conducted focus groups and semi-structured interviews with LBT survivors of DV. RESULTS: Nearly all participants reported that the level of awareness regarding DV in their communities was limited. Survivors reported difficulty identifying their partners' behavior as abusive. Isolation was described as central to experiences of abuse, and respondents discussed a variety of isolation tactics specific to LBT communities. Isolation also contributed to difficulty seeking help. Respondents reported that they often did not access mainstream DV services due to concerns about homophobia and transphobia. To address DV in LBT communities respondents pointed to the importance of friendship and community networks, sharing information about queer DV, and holding batterers accountable for their behavior. CONCLUSIONS: LBT people face challenges identifying and responding to DV that are specific to their cultural context. Services for LBT DV survivors must be culturally appropriate and accessible. Community based solutions for addressing and preventing DV should be encouraged.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Teaching computer literacy: helping patrons to help themselves.

Teaching computer literacy to library patrons is an entirely appropriate activity for librarians in their role as liaisons between information and those who are seeking it. At the Norris Medical Library of the University of Southern California there are four main computer activities: information management workshops, provision of a microcomputer laboratory and classroom, formation of user groups, and installation of a campus-wide electronic bulletin board. Benefits to the library include: increased computer knowledge for librarians, better understanding of the information needs of the campus community, mutual respect and friendship between librarians and patrons, and introduction to the library of patrons who may otherwise never have come.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed2004

Profiles of non-victims, escaped victims, continuing victims and new victims of school bullying.

BACKGROUND: Victims of school bullying are known to be at risk in peer relationships and to sometimes use ineffective coping strategies, but little previous research has examined differences among escaped victims, continuing victims and new victims. AIM: A follow-up design compared friendships, behavioural characteristics, victimization experiences and coping strategies of pupils who had 2 years previously answered a questionnaire identifying themselves as victims (V) or non-victims (NV) of school bullying and whose current victim status could be identified. SAMPLE: 406 pupils aged 13-16 years (190 boys, 216 girls): 175 non-victims (NV-NV), 146 escaped victims (V-NV), 27 new victims (NV-V) and 58 continuing victims (V-V). METHOD: Structured interviews were given to pupils, together with the SDQ. Teachers also filled in the SDQ. School records of attendance were obtained. RESULTS: Escaped victims did not differ greatly from non-victims, but had some self-perception of continuing peer relationship difficulties. Continuing victims, irrespective of gender, liked other pupils and breaktime less (but did not dislike other aspects of school), had fewer friends in school (but not outside school), more often missed school (sometimes because of bullying), scored high on problem scales of the SDQ, and were more likely to be involved in bullying others as well as being bullied. New victims tended to resemble continuing victims. Continuing victims did not differ from escaped victims on type of bullying, but new and continuing victims less often reported talking to someone about a specific incident of bullying. Most victims gave mainly victim-related reasons for the bullying having taken place. CONCLUSION: The results are discussed in relation to why some pupils become or continue to be victims in secondary school, and recommendations for anti-bullying procedures in schools designed to help such victims.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Negative correlates of computer game play in adolescents.

There is some concern that playing computer games may be associated with social isolation, lowered self-esteem, and aggression among adolescents. Measures of these variables were included in a questionnaire completed by 204 year eight students at a North London comprehensive school. Principal components analysis of a scale to assess needs fulfilled by game play provided some support for the notion of 'electronic friendship' among boys, but there was no evidence that game play leads to social isolation. Play was not linked to self-esteem in girls, but a negative relationship was obtained between self-esteem and frequency of play in boys. However, self-esteem was not associated with total exposure to game play. Aggression scores were not related to the number of games with aggressive content named among three favourite games, but they were positively correlated with total exposure to game play. A multiple regression analysis revealed that sex and total game play exposure each accounted for a significant but small amount of the variance in aggression scores. The positive correlation between playing computer games and aggression provides some justification for further investigation of the causal hypothesis, and possible methodologies are discussed.

Adolescent↗