Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FOWLS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

The ultrastructure of the epithelium of the ducts of the Harderian and lacrimal glands of the turkey, fowl and duck.

The ultrastructure of the epithelium in the Harderian and lacrimal gland ducts of the turkey, fowl and duck has been investigated. The findings establish that the ducts are fundamentally similar in morphology, although species differences occur. The duct epithelia are composed of cuboidal, columnar or pseudostratisfied columnar cells with many secretory vesicles as well as goblet cells. PAS-positive fibrillary rods and crystalline inclusions occupied the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the epithelial cells of turkeys. The crystals, which were thought to evolve from the rods, had a mean periodicity of 7.0 nm. In chicks between 1 and 3 days of age, but not in poults and ducklings, the duct epithelia displayed large intracytoplasmic deposits of glycogen which disappeared by the seventh day.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of zeitgeber shifts on gonadal function in male domestic fowls.

Effects of shifting light dark (LD) schedule of 8 hr/week on comb height and gonadal development were investigated in male domestic fowls. Three-day-old birds were exposed to repeated delay (westward shift) or repeated advancement (eastward shift) of the LD schedule at weekly intervals till they attained the age of 20 weeks. Control birds were held in fixed LD 12:12 hr light/dark schedule. Comb height was monitored at weekly intervals beginning at the age of 7 weeks. At 12th, 16th and 20th week 5 birds from each schedule were sacrificed and gonadal volume was recorded. Results indicate that comb and gonadal growth were significantly higher in advance-schedule birds when compared with control and delay-schedule birds. Histologically, testes of advance-schedule birds were more active when compared with those of control and delay-schedule birds. It appears that the eastward shifts of the synchronizer schedule may exert stimulatory influence on gonads.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fowl cholera in California multiplier breeder turkeys: 1985-86.

One hundred twenty-nine multiplier breeder turkey flocks on 45 premises in California were monitored for outbreaks of fowl cholera (FC) (Pasteurella multocida) for 1 year (Aug. 1, 1985, through July 31, 1986). Fourteen (11%) flocks on 10 (22%) premises experienced outbreaks. Nine (64%) outbreaks occurred in the fall or winter. FC-outbreak flocks had significantly shorter lay cycles (24.6 weeks vs. 27.9 weeks) and correspondingly lower total egg production per hen (84 eggs vs. 103 eggs) than non-outbreak flocks. A case-control investigation was performed on 11 FC-outbreak (case) flocks, and nine non-outbreak (control) flocks. Case flocks were located statistically closer to other livestock species than were control flocks (0.28 miles vs. 0.68 miles) and were more likely to utilize on-farm disposal of dead birds.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

The development of pneumatisation in the skull of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

The development of pneumatisation in the skull of the domestic fowl has been studied in a series of chick embryos from 7-20 days incubation (Hamburger & Hamilton Stages 29-46) and in birds from hatching to 126 days posthatching. During the embryonic period primary pneumatisation developed by 3 routes. (i) The tympanic cavity directly invaded surrounding bones-squamosal, parietal, supraoccipital and prootic. (ii) Extensions of the tympanic cavity invaded the bones in which these occurred-the caudal pneumatic antrum in the exoccipital and the rostral pneumatic antrum in the parasphenoid/basisphenoid. (iii) A tubular diverticulum from the tympanic cavity grew rostrally and invaded the quadrate and pterygoid. A similar diverticulum grew rostrally towards the cartilaginous mandible but was only found to invade it in one case after the time of hatching. In most instances onset of pneumatisation occurred three stages subsequent to the onset of ossification. In bones in which ossification is intramembranous bone tissue often formed around small air sac outgrowths, resulting in multiple sites of invasion while, in bones ossifying perichondrally, cartilage resorption was a necessary prerequisite and air sac invasion frequently occurred in common with a vascular bud resulting in a single pneumatic foramen. After hatching secondary pneumatisation spread from the already pneumatised bones to involve the whole cranium. Spread throughout the parietal and frontal was preceded by the establishment of dipole within these bones and the final extent of pneumatisation was variable. Spread to the most distal parts of the cranium was only accomplished after the intervening sychondroses had fused.

Air↗
PubMed1987

Nuclear events from fertilisation to the early cleavage stages in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)

The changes in nuclear morphology from fertilisation to the 16-blastomere stage of development in the domestic fowl were examined in sections of the germinal disc stained with DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) or with the Feulgen technique. By one hour after the estimated time of ovulation, the second meiotic division of the ovum was completed and the spermatozoal heads (3-9) in the germinal disc had transformed into pronuclei. During the following two hours all the pronuclei enlarged, and two of them became juxtaposed. Mitotic figures and large pronuclei were observed at 4 hours. The zygote nucleus went through 3-4 division cycles in synchrony. The supernumerary male nuclei divided once, at most, and all showed evidence of degeneration by the 4-blastomere stage, at about five hours. Therefore, the nuclei destined to form the future chick embryo follow a pattern of behaviour during fertilisation and early cleavage similar to that of animals in general.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Tissue glycogen and lactate levels in starved and in protein-fed domestic fowl chicks (Gallus domesticus).

The levels of glycogen, protein and lactate in the tissues of 3- and 5-day-old domestic fowl chicks either starved or fed a protein diet (hard-boiled egg white) have been studied. The patterns of change in the parameters studied were much similar in both experimental groups compared to fed controls. Tissue and circulating levels of lactate were very low in protein-fed chicks, they are lowest in the starved ones. Plasma glucose levels were diminished in starved and protein-fed groups vs. controls, as were their tissue glycogen levels, the latter being lowest in starved chicks. The availability of dietary amino acids could not prevent the effects of the lack of dietary carbohydrate observed in starved chicks, as the weight of liver, circulating glucose and lactate levels were significantly lowered in these animals compared with controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Use of cyproterone acetate to lower circulating corticosterone and its effects on lymphocytes in domestic fowl.

Chickens were given daily injections of cyproterone acetate (CA) and the effects on plasma corticosterone, bodyweight, weights of the adrenals and lymphoid organs, numbers of circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes and their proliferation in the presence of lectins, concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), were investigated. Five daily doses of 10 or 30 mg CA kg-1 bodyweight each week over a three-week period caused a decrease in weight gain and a reduction in the relative weights of the bursa and thymus but not the spleen. There was a small decrease in the adrenals after treatment with 10 mg CA kg-1. When daily injections of CA were given over a seven-day period doses of 6 and 10 mg CA kg-1 bodyweight caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma corticosterone concentration after four days. However, after eight daily injections of CA a single injection of corticotrophin (10 iu ACTH kg-1) increased circulating corticosterone indicating CA had not completely blocked adrenal synthesis. CA had no effect on numbers of circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes or their ability to proliferate in the presence of Con A or PHA. The results indicate that CA is effective in lowering circulating corticosterone in the fowl but this did not affect the numbers or responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adenoviral pancreatitis in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).

Necrotizing pancreatitis was observed in 2-week-old Guinea fowl submitted for necropsy and histopathology. Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen histologically in acinar epithelium were examined by electron microscopy and found to contain viruses resembling adenovirus. Adenovirus was isolated in embryonated eggs from the pancreata of affected birds. The adenovirus isolated was not neutralized by chicken antisera developed against 10 known serotypes of group 1 avian adenoviruses.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1989

Total haemolytic complement profile in chicks following fowl pox vaccination or infection.

Total haemolytic complement levels were assessed in normal, fowl pox-vaccinated or infected chicks using radial immune haemolysis up to 28 days post-treatment. Significantly lower values of total haemolytic complement were recorded 7-21 days post-vaccination or 21 days post-infection as compared to controls (p less than 0.05). The differences between intervals, the influence of the period of treatment were also significant, but the vaccinated chicks did not differ significantly from the infected ones (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that lower circulating levels of total haemolytic complement may be due to deposition of complement at the sites of virus replication.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fowl cholera in broilers.

Pasteurella multocida, the etiologic agent of fowl cholera, was isolated from six broiler flocks in Georgia during summer 1988. The flocks ranged in age from 20 to 46 days, represented four companies, and spanned a distance of 50 miles. Increased mortality and lameness were the clinical signs present in all affected flocks. Bacterial isolation and agar gel precipitation for somatic antigen serotyping revealed that three of the cases were caused by serotype 1,3, two by serotype 3,4, and one by serotype 3. To prove the virulence of these organisms, two isolates were selected to challenge 5-week-old broilers. Mortality and lameness resulted from this challenge, and P. multocida was reisolated.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of repeated eastward and westward synchronizer phase-shifts on growth, blood morphology and biochemical variables in male domestic fowls.

The effects of repeated synchronizer phase-shifts on growth (increment in body weight), blood morphology and growth related biochemical variables in 3-day-old juvenile male chicks were evaluated till they become 20 weeks old. The control birds were kept under a fixed LD 12:12 light schedule throughout, while the LD 12:12 regimen of experimental birds was shifted weekly either by delaying (westward shift) or by advancing (eastward shift) the time of light onset by 8 hr. The rate of growth was more in fowls which were exposed to repeated advancement of synchronizer schedule than the controls and those exposed to westward shifts of the synchronizer schedule. Hematological indices, viz., hemoglobin concentration, number of circulating erythrocytes, hematocrit and biochemical variables, such as concentration of glucose and protein in plasma; glycogen, protein and lipid in liver; and muscle tissues were significantly more in chicks exposed to repeated eastward shifts, when compared with the control birds (LD 12:12). It is suggested that the eastward shift of the synchronizer may be beneficial for the poultry birds.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

[A case of swollen head syndrome in a flock of guinea fowl].

A case of swollen head syndrome in guinea-fowl is reported. In addition to the isolation of E. coli and staphylococci during the course of the disease, antibodies to rhinotracheitis were shown to be present in the blood. Treatment with Baytril produced satisfactory results.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys in Georgia in 1986.

Information was gathered from 64 cases of fowl cholera (FC) in turkey flocks through diagnostic case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys. Forty-five cases came from flocks of commercial turkeys, of which 15 were presented twice, and four came from mature breeder flocks. The prevalence of FC was 18.0% of commercial flocks and 14.7% of breeder flocks at risk. The average age at first diagnosis of FC was 90 days in commercial turkey flocks and 32 weeks 5 days in breeder flocks. Acute mortality was the most common presenting complaint, with a 0.37% average mortality in commercial flocks on the day of first presentation, 0.80% in commercial flocks presented a second time, and 0.43% in breeder flocks. Pasteurella multocida was cultured from 69.8% of the 361 tissue samples submitted from these cases. Novobiocin, penicillin, and chlortetracycline (CTC) had the greatest in vitro activity against isolates. Serotype 3-cross-4 was found in all 18 commercial flocks from which isolates were typed. All breeder flocks and 88.6% of commercial flocks were vaccinated before disease onset. Flocks were treated for an average of 14.3 days, most commonly with high levels of sulfadimethoxine and/or CTC. Body weights of affected birds were comparable to those of birds in unaffected flocks, but mortality and feed efficiency were worse.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenesis of fowl cholera: influence of encapsulation on the fate of Pasteurella multocida after intravenous inoculation into turkeys.

The role of the capsule in the pathogenesis of fowl cholera was studied in turkeys. Avian Pasteurella multocida P-1059 was used in an encapsulated form, an enzymatically decapsulated form, and a mutant form lacking capsule-productivity (strain T-325). These forms were inoculated intravenously into normal or immune turkeys, and the numbers of viable bacteria in the blood, liver, and spleen were enumerated over a 120-minute period. Both normal and immune birds rapidly removed all three forms of organisms from the blood-stream at similar rates and trapped in the liver and spleen. In the liver of normal birds, the non-encapsulated mutant T-325 was readily inactivated, but the encapsulated P-1059 strain was not. When the decapsulated form of P-1059 was used, the bacterial counts in the liver temporarily decreased at 60 minutes PI. In immune birds, all three forms of organisms were equally inactivated in the liver. In the spleen, however, the bacterial numbers did not change throughout 120 minutes PI with all three forms of organisms in both normal and immune turkeys. The results indicated that the blood-borne P. multocida were readily trapped by reticuloendothelial phagocytes. The trapping process was not affected by encapsulation of the organism or by the immune status of turkey. Both factors, however, appeared to greatly influence the subsequent killing of P. multocida by hepatic, but not splenic, phagocytes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Features of hybridization of domestic hen and guinea fowl and structuro-functional organization of hybrid chromosomes in comparison with original species].

Hybridization of the domestic hen and the guinea fowl is accompanied by low fertility of eggs, high embryonic mortality of hybrid embryos and feti at various development stages and absolute sterility of the hybrid progeny. Cytological analysis of the hybrids obtained reveals heteromorphity of the 6th pair of their chromosomes although the character of the DNA synthesis in this pair is unchanged and is inherited from the initial species. A program of the DNA synthesis in the sexual chromosomes of hybrids differs from that in parents and seems to be one of the main causes of their sterility.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Relationship between the saccus endolymphaticus and the fourth ventricle of the brain of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica).

The fine structure of the wall of the SE was determined exactly and its relationship to the cisternae (the evaginations of the roof of the fourth ventricle extending to the SE) was defined. The way in which the cisterna is formed was defined and the development of its fine structure was described by comparing serial sections from 19-day embryos and adult fowls. Like the SE, the cisternae are lodged in the angle between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata, in the subarachnoid space. The terminal segment of the cisterna lies in the immediate vicinity of the mesenchymal epithelium bordering the basal labyrinth of the SE cells. Collagen trabeculae keep the SE and the cisternae suspended in the subarachnoid space. The cisternae and trabeculae are wrapped in mesenchymal epithelium. The cisterna is avascular and does not communicate with the SE. The cisterna is lined internally with simple squamous epithelium (modified neural epithelium of the roof of the fourth ventricle). The bodies of the cells bulge into the lumen of the cisterna in the region of localization of their nucleus. The epithelium is seated on a pronounced basal lamina. The surface turned towards the subarachnoid space is lined continuously with mesenchymal epithelium without a basal lamina. The cells of the cisternal epithelium are connected by tight junctions of the type of zonulae occludentes and desmosomes. The basal lamina is continuous and distinct. The mesenchymal epithelium of the subarachnoid space has no basal lamina, as on the subarachnoid surface of the SE, the cisternae, the trabeculae, the pia mater and the arachnoidea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Feasibility of using proteins from Salmonella gallinarum vs. 9R live vaccine for the prevention of fowl typhoid in chickens.

Proteins from a field strain of Salmonella gallinarum MSG1 were compared with 9R live vaccine strain for their protection against experimental fowl typhoid in chickens. Proteins from S. gallinarum gave better protection than the 9R live vaccine as measured by clearance of challenge organism from internal organs. Proteins given twice with an adjuvant at 200 micrograms/100 g body weight resulted in 95% protection, compared with 60% protection with 9R given orally. The 9R live vaccine produced more hepatic and splenic lesions and, when administered orally as a single dose, was the least protective (60%). In the group vaccinated subcutaneously with a single dose of 9R without an adjuvant, both the challenge strain and the 9R vaccine strain were isolated from the ovaries of some birds. All chickens vaccinated with 9R strain or with proteins developed antibodies detectable by microagglutination test, and in some vaccinated groups as many as 100% of the birds developed antibody levels detected by seroagglutination.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1987

Intranuclear inclusions in Schwann cells of aged fowl ciliary ganglia.

Schwann cells in ciliary ganglia of fowls aged five to seven years were found to contain numerous intranuclear inclusions and pseudo-inclusions. Similar inclusions were usually absent from both neurons and non-neuronal cells, including connective tissue cells, and were rare in Schwann cells of chickens aged less than five years. Inclusions were of two different types: filamentous bundles and granulofibrillar bodies. Individual nuclei contained one to three inclusions. Pseudo-inclusions, i.e. cytoplasmic pockets invaginated into the nuclei, were found more rarely and accompanied one or both types of 'true' inclusions. The possible significance of these findings in relation to ageing phenomena is discussed. It is concluded that intranuclear inclusions appear to be a consequence of nuclear/cellular activation and may be regarded as aggregates of previously dispersed intranuclear proteins.

Aging↗