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PubMed2004

Managing early ejaculation: what does the future hold?

Recent attention in the field of male sexual dysfunction has focused on erectile dysfunction. However, premature ejaculation (PE) is an extremely common condition that warrants clinical study and exploration of pharmacologic treatments. Until recently, PE was thought to be a behavioral problem for which the best remedy was a learned control technique. However, some drugs currently on the market, including sildenafil and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, appear to have efficacy in the treatment of PE. More research is needed before FDA approval of such agents for this indication, but more and better options for men with PE are anticipated as attention to ejaculatory disorders grows and, hopefully, the associated stigma decreases.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

[Molecular identification of Ca2+ channels in human ejaculated sperm].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the types of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) in human ejaculated sperm using molecular technology. METHODS: Based on the WHO criteria, the donated semen was screened by computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA), the sperm optimized by swim-up method, and the VDCCs' alpha1 subunits examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Such mRNA messages as alpha1H, alpha1G, alpha1E, alpha1B and alpha1C were detected, but alpha1A and alpha1D were not. CONCLUSION: Human motile sperms express multiple VDCC RNAs, among which T-type and non-L-type channel messages are likely to be predominantly expressed. Not only T-type but also non-L-type calcium channels may be major gates for the external calcium influx, which helps regulate sperm motility and acrosome reaction.

Calcium↗
PubMed1991

Effect of calcium salts & related substances on the motility & viability of ejaculated human spermatozoa in vitro.

Effect of four calcium salts, three calcium antagonists, calcium ionophore (A 23187) and calmodulin was studied in vitro on the motility and viability of ejaculated normal human spermatozoa at different time intervals. Effect of calcium salts was also studied on the oligoasthenospermic samples with an original motility of 10 to 30 per cent. Calcium salts were found to improve the sperm motility by 6 to 16 per cent and this may be due to a direct excitatory influence and a protective action of calcium on the spermatozoa since the viability was also improved by 4 to 11 per cent in these cases. A similar improvement in motility (8 to 11%) and viability (5 to 9%) was observed in hypokinetic samples also, Calcium antagonists inhibited the sperm motility and viability significantly. Diltiazem was the most potent drug in this respect, the reduction in motility being by 11 to 22 per cent and in viability by 6 to 14 per cent, after 30 sec of incubation. Calcium ionophore and calmodulin were found to be more potent than calcium antagonists to produce a dose-dependent decrease in sperm motility and viability. The results confirm that ionized calcium plays an important role in the regulation of sperm motility. Although intracellular concentration of calcium may be a better determinant physiologically, the manipulation of extracellular levels in a critical range may promote the sperm motility, viability and other vital functions. This has a potential use in situations like artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization and semen banking. Calcium ionophores and calmodulin need further investigation for a possible use as vaginal spermicides.

Calcium↗
PubMed1989

Adenylate kinase activity in ejaculated bovine sperm flagella.

Adenylate kinase (ATP:AMP phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.3) activity was detected in the flagella of ejaculated bovine spermatozoa. This activity provided sufficient ATP to produce normal motility in cells permeabilized with digitonin and treated with 0.5 mM MgADP. In the presence of ADP, adenylate kinase activity was inhibited by P1,P5-di(adenosine 5')-pentaphosphate (Ap5A), an adenylate kinase-specific inhibitor, and motility was stopped. ATP-supported motility was not affected by Ap5A. Mitochondrial adenylate kinase activity allowed AMP to stimulate respiration in permeabilized sperm. Adenylate kinase activity in tail fragments was most active in a pH range from 7.6 to 8.4, and a similar pH sensitivity was observed for this enzyme activity in a hypotonic extract of whole sperm. The apparent km of adenylate kinase activity in permeabilized tail fragments was about 1.0 mM ADP in the direction of ATP synthesis. The fluctuation of nucleotide concentrations in normal and metabolically stimulated sperm suggested that adenylate kinase was most active when the cell was highly motile, although adenylate kinase activity did not appear to be coupled strictly with motility.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Movement characteristics of ejaculated sperm from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) analyzed by manual and automated computerized image analysis.

Sperm motility is an important indicator of male reproductive function. An automated computerized system was used to measure the movement characteristics of cynomolgus monkey sperm. Swimming velocities were in good agreement with data derived from tracking sperm heads manually with a digitizer, but sperm counting by the system was erroneous. In some ejaculates, there were two subpopulations of sperm with different curvilinear velocities, linearities of swim-paths, and lateral movements of the heads.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Distribution of heavy metals in human ejaculate--a histochemical study].

With the help of a modified dithizone method, heavy metals could be demonstrated in the sperms, the ejaculate fluid, and the spermatogenic cells of men. The heavy metals were localized in the sperms in form of small red granules particularly in the mid piece with a distribution like a "string of pearls". The sperms with a lower motility index often did not show any heavy metal granules in the mid pieces. The absence of essential heavy metals like zinc, iron or manganese may lead to the inhibition of enzyme systems in the mid pieces of the sperms, which are essential for the motility.

Dithizone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of selected metal ions on the motility and carbohydrate metabolism of ejaculated human spermatozoa.

Zinc, lead and cadmium in the form of chloride salts when added to a standard assay system containing 80 X 10(-6) ejaculated washed human spermatozoa caused a dose and duration-dependent inhibition of their motility. The activity of certain key enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism, viz, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, amylase, Mg2+- dependent ATPase and lactic and succinic acid dehydrogenases were also found to be inhibited. The order of inhibitory effects of the heavy metals were zinc less than lead less than cadmium. The metal chelating agent, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA, disodium salt) also interfered with the spermatozoal motility and inhibited the enzyme activities.

Cadmium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transformed spermatocytes constituting the ejaculate of an infertile man.

In the ejaculate of an infertile man exclusively free immature germ cells were found. Electron microscopic examination of their cytology revealed some characteristics of primary spermatocytes. After having been released from the germinal epithelium, these cells, however, have developed into totally new cell forms, which finally degenerate and disintegrate.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Increased desquamation of immature germ cells in the ejaculate of infertile men].

In order to find indications of underlying disorders, clinical, hormonal and spermatological examinations were conducted on 21 infertile male patients, who had shown increased exfoliation of immature germ cells in the ejaculate. However, no significant anamnestic, clinical or hormonal data were obtained. The differential spermiogram, on the other hand, revealed more or less uniform oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia, which was also characterized by frequent alteration of the middle and end pieces of the spermatozoa. In 11 of 21 patients, Ureaplasma urealyticum was demonstrated in the seminal plasma. Examination of the cellular fraction in the seminal fluid by impulse cytophotometry revealed a slight rise in the hyperhaploid peaks, a definite increase in the diploid peaks, and pronounced increase in the hypohaploid peaks. It remains debatable whether the hypohaploid peaks represent a karyolysis of exfoliated immature germ cells, an idiopathic decrease in the DNA content of sperm cells, an artificial fragmentation, or increased disintegration of spermatozoa. The frequency of seminal infections with U. urealyticum raises the question of whether or not the increased exfoliation of immature germ cells represents a specific alteration of the sperm cell precoursers.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Separation of human spermatozoa from a single ejaculate into various age-groups.

Ejaculated human spermatozoa were separated into various age-groups on the basis of their different specific gravity. Salt-poor 25% human serum albumin was used as a separation medium. The separation process had no detectable harmful effect on the spermatozoa. The motility and penetration abilities of the separated cell fractions were tested by means of a new method using a fragiligraph. The younger group of spermatozoa demonstrated better motility and penetration ability in comparison with the older age-groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Penetration of human ejaculated spermatozoa into human and bovine cervical mucus. II. Pattern and velocity of penetration.

The pattern of penetration of human ejaculated spermatozoa into human cervical mucus (HCM) and bovine cervical mucus (BCM) was studied in an in vitro penetration system by means of plate capillary tubes. Sperm penetrate the HCM in a unique pattern making their way progressively forwards in a one-way direction in between the filaments. In contrast, sperm move preferably forward in BCM. The different patterns are probably due to different organizations of the glycoproteins. The penetration values (PV) were also different in the two systems when studied after short periods of incubation (15 and 30 min), but incubation for 1 h brought both systems to the same rate of PV. Thus, this period is enough to overcome the differences between the patterns of penetration. Sperm velocity in semen, in HCM, and in BCM were the same. Cervical mucus (CM) did not affect sperm velocity. A strong correlation (r = 0.8) was found between sperm velocity in the semen and its PV rate either in HCM or in BCM. The results of this study recommend the use of BCM as a reference CM in cross penetration tests and suggest its establishment as a routine method for assessment of sperm quality.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Microbiological analysis of the ejaculate in andrology].

Microbiological analysis of semen in andrology is mainly performed in cases of infertility and artificial insemination. In order to localize the suggested infection and to detect urethral (asymptomatic) colonization, we recommend to analyse additional specimens of the patient, i.e. urethral swabs and first portion of urine. As a rule, quantitative microbiological analysis is necessary in cases of bacteria belonging to the group of potentially pathogenic flora. In isolating pathogenic ("specific") bacteria, the detection of a few microorganisms indicates an infectious process. We recommend the careful microscopical examination of the ejaculate to detect phagocytes, abnormal spermatozoa, trichomonads, yeasts and other cells. As a rapid microscopical examination we employ the DAPI-fluorochrome-technique. Microbiological cultures should take into consideration the isolation and identification of ureaplasmas and chlamydia trachomatis. In order to achieve a comparison of microbiological results with those of other laboratories, it is essential to define the terms "significant bacteriospermia" and "significant leukocytospermia". In other words, it is necessary to introduce a borderline between contamination and infection concerning the "nonspecific" potentially pathogenic flora.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1984

[Relation between aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in the seminal fluid and indicators of boar ejaculate quality].

In a set of 154, and/or 260 ejaculates, collected from 72 boars, a relationship was studied between the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in seminal plasma and sperm concentration, and/or percent occurrence of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa. We failed to demonstrate any relation between the AST activity and sperm concentration (r = 0.023; P greater than 0.05). However, a statistically significant relation (P less than or equal to 0.05) was demonstrated between the AST activity and percent occurrence of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa (r = 0.343). Applying the above results and in agreement with literary data, determination of AST activity in the seminal plasma of boars can be considered as an important indicator of the cellular damage of sperms.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Demonstration of bacteria in the ejaculate of subfertile men, with special reference to Chlamydiae].

Bacterial cultures were obtained from ejaculates of 87 infertile males with pathologic spermiogram (according to the classification of Elliason), and the presence of chlamydia was also examined. In no case chlamydia could be proved. In only 8% bacteria could be found in a pathogenic number (greater than 10(4)). The importance of asymptomatic bacteriospermia in infertility is discussed.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1983

A rapid, routinely applicable method for the determination of the amino acid content of the ejaculate.

Examination of the amino acid content of the ejaculate was carried out from the point of view of fertility. Following a brief survey of the known examination techniques, the authors report on the experiences gained by the Van Pielsum-Sakagutchi and a thin-layer ion exchange chromatographic methods. The chromatographic videodensitometry is proposed as a suitable routine andrologic examination since it is rapid, simple and requires small sample size.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Selected physical and chemical characteristics of prostatic fluid collected by ejaculation from healthy dogs and from dogs with bacterial prostatitis.

Forty specimens of prostatic fluid, collected by ejaculation from 36 dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and 43 specimens of prostatic fluid collected by the same method from 42 healthy dogs were analyzed with respect to pH, specific gravity, cholesterol concentration, and zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Values from prostatic fluid of infected dogs were compared with values from prostatic fluid of healthy dogs, using a variety of statistical methods. In striking contrast to data obtained from human beings, prostatic fluid pH, specific gravity, or cholesterol zinc concentrations were not altered in dogs with bacterial prostatitis. Seemingly, these tests are not reliable in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from bull ejaculate].

During the repeated serological examination (RVK) in five breeding bulls the positive levels of antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci in titre 1 : 128 were found. In the isolation experiments the pelleted ejaculates deposited in liquid nitrogen were used. The isolation of Chlamydia psittaci on yolk sacs of chicken embryos was positive in two breeding bulls. The isolated strains are labelled GN-33 and OK-107. The serological examination of blood samples was in all five breeding bulls negative on brucellosis (BAB), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and coxiellosis and positive on PI-3. Bacteriological examination of spermatic fluid proved only sporadic contamination with moulds and saprophytic bacteria.

Animals↗