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PubMed2005

Nursing distance education at the dawn of digital broadcasting: a case study in collaboration.

For separate reasons, schools of nursing and public television stations are finding it a matter of mutual interest to work together in the production of distance education content for college nursing students in their communities. The advent of digital television (DTV) broadcasting has given these distance education partnerships new capabilities for reaching more potential students. In this article, I review one innovative collaboration between several nursing education programs and a public broadcasting service member station in South Texas. In this pilot project, nursing faculty were trained in television production techniques and became producers of DTV instructional video material. This case study demonstrates a number of ways in which nursing distance education programs can benefit by designing and delivering course material via digital broadcasting. It also highlights several difficulties that should be considered by distance educators prior to embarking on DTV curriculum development projects.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

A comparison of the acceptability and effectiveness of two methods of distance education: CD-ROM and audio teleconferencing.

OBJECTIVES: To fulfill a need for convenient and effective continuing education for pharmacists throughout Wisconsin by developing a pharmacy continuing education program using 2 different methods for distance education: audio teleconferencing and CD-ROM. METHODS: Eighty pharmacists were recruited from a 2003 University of Wisconsin distance education program, 47 of whom participated in the course using the traditional audio teleconference method, and 33 of whom participated using a home study CD-ROM containing the same material presented in the teleconference. Volunteers were required to complete a pretest, a first posttest immediately following completion of the continuing education course, a second posttest 1 month following the conclusion of the course, and an evaluation. RESULTS: The CD-ROMs were a more acceptable method for distance education than audio teleconferencing and resulted in better retention of the course information. CONCLUSION: These study results can help coordinators of continuing pharmaceutical education programs to determine the most effective and acceptable method for future distance-education opportunities.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed2005

Lessons learned: a successful distance learning collaborative between the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense.

Academic, business, and government organizations are increasingly looking to distance education to meet workforce learning needs. This modality differs from classroom education, however, and simply transferring content from a traditional classroom to a distance learning application can result in poor outcomes. The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Graduate School of Nursing implemented a program preparing adult nurse practitioners solely through the medium of distance education, with no university "in-residence" requirement. Lessons learned from this success can prove useful to organizations that are planning distance education initiatives.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distance learning for post-registered nursing: the facts.

AIM: To explore nurses' perceptions and evaluate the potential of distance learning as a method of teaching for post-registered nurses working in the community. METHOD: The study used open-ended questions in focus groups. Each group consisted of nine students each with an interest in post-registration learning. The interviews were taped and transcribed (n = 18). RESULTS: The respondents saw distance learning as a necessary way of updating their knowledge, as long as the education provided was relevant to their practice. They also saw this method of learning as an opportunity to take responsibility for their own learning. There was a conflict of opinion, however, as some respondents felt the courses to be a flexible way to teach and learn, while others found the courses to be too focussed and not necessarily relevant. CONCLUSION: The study provides an insight into distance learning and what some post-registered nurses perceive to be important factors associated with it as a method of teaching. It suggests that post-registered nurses working in the community will benefit from distance learning as a method of teaching.

Education, Distance↗
PubMed1998

Problem oriented project work in a distance education program in health informatics.

At Aalborg University, an important part of the distance education program within Health Informatics is problem oriented project work. Traditionally, distance education has been characterized by one-way communication and self study whereas the problem oriented project study form is based on cooperation and dialogue. In this paper, we describe the way in which we have implemented the problem oriented study form in a program within Health Informatics which is based on distance learning. First, we describe the program with regard to student, structure, aim, and activities. Second, we introduce the problem oriented project study form and present the basic principles behind this approach. Third, we explain important concepts and distinctions within the area of distance education. Finally, we describe the way in which we try to put the ideals of the problem oriented project work into practice. The use of a computer conferencing system is essential but in our experience, it is not in itself sufficient to provide the necessary support for the student project work.

Denmark↗
PubMed2002

It feels like yesterday: self-esteem, valence of personal past experiences, and judgments of subjective distance.

Supporting predictions from temporal self-appraisal theory, participants in 3 studies reported feeling farther from former selves and experiences with unfavorable implications for their current self-view than from equally distant selves and experiences with flattering implications. This distancing bias occurred when assignment to negative and positive pasts was random, for both achievement and social outcomes and for single episodes as well as longer term experiences. Consistent with a motivational interpretation, the distancing bias was stronger among high than low self-esteem participants and occurred for personal but not for acquaintances' past events. Frequency of rehearsal and ease of recall of past episodes also predicted feelings of distance, but these variables did not account for the Self-Esteem x Valence interaction on subjective distancing of personal events.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

Distance patterns of rural to urban migration in India: a comparative overview of Kerala and West Bengal.

"This paper examines two hypotheses formulated by Ravenstein relating to migration and distance: namely, that the volume of migration tends to decrease with the increase in distance and that at shorter distances females are more migratory than males, but at longer distances males are more migratory than females. Based on [Indian] census data, the author seeks to discuss these two issues with regard to rural to city migration in Kerala and West Bengal in a comparative manner. In the main, it is suggested that Ravenstein's formulations hold good in the present case."

Asia↗
PubMed1986

Marital distance and its geographical orientation in England and Wales, 1979.

"A representative sample of just over one thousand marriages solemnized in England and Wales in 1979 is used to analyse the distribution of the distances between the partners' addresses at marriage....according to various social and demographic variables also derived from the same source. Comparison with other surveys suggests that marriages in which both partners give the same address are likely to be those of couples who cohabit before marriage. Partners who work in unskilled manual occupations, or who marry with a civil ceremony, or who have been married before, appear more likely than the average to cohabit. Of the marriages where different addresses are given, about one-half bring together partners living within 5 km of each other." It is found that "there is a strong relationship between high social class and increased marital distance, and also between greater marital distance and older ages up to about age 40. Longer-range marriages show clear evidence of geographical orientation, the effect being more pronounced at longer distances. This is attributed to variations in population density over the country and geographical constraints on settlement patterns."

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of distance education instructional methods in occupational therapy.

The progression of technology is rapidly bringing new opportunities to students and academic institutions, resulting in a need for additional information to determine the most effective strategies for teaching distance learners. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three instructional strategies (two-way interactive video and audio, chat rooms, and independent learning) and student preferences regarding instructional methods in a mental health programming distance learning course. Precourse and postcourse surveys were completed by 22 occupational therapy students enrolled in the course. Effectiveness of the teaching methods was determined based on the results of students' examinations. The findings indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in student performance on multiple-choice examinations using the three instructional methods. Of students, 77% indicated a preference for two-way interactive video and audio instruction. To provide effective education via distance learning methods, faculty members need to structure assignments that facilitate interaction and communication among learners. As distance education becomes more commonplace, it is important to identify the methods of instruction that are the most effective in delivering essential course content and the methods that provide the atmosphere most conducive to learning.

Education, Distance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The synchronization of behavior and individual distances in groups of wild boars (Sus scrofa L.)].

Some ways of synchronization are identified in the wild pig behaviour, which are parallel body orientation, group getting together and away, individual approaching and moving away, sound signals. Parallel synchronization is characteristic for various compact groups, males and females exposing some differences in the synchronization duration and distances. The synchronization is mainly a property of individuals united by common motivation and interests. Each family union, each offspring group have their own peculiarities of synchronization depending on their structure. Synchronization duration and distances vary by season, while within- and between-group distances are different in ages and sexes. Two ways of appearance of special distances are recognized. The synchronization works as a trigger system regulation spatial distribution of individuals and various social functions.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acceptance of distance learning by radiologic technologists.

OBJECTIVE: A national survey of 1300 registered radiologic technologists was conducted to determine acceptance of distance learning for continuing education, advanced certification and higher academic degree requirements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences between the demographic data and reported acceptance levels were compared using the chi2 (chi-square) test of significance. RESULTS: None of the demographic variables indicated statistically significant differences in acceptance levels. T tests were performed for continuous variables with no significant differences. A rank-order analysis was performed to determine the most preferred method of distance learning. Internet, correspondence and video tape courses were reported to be the most preferred methods for distance learning. CONCLUSION: Study results suggest a high level of acceptance of distance learning for continuing education (95%), advanced certification (93%) and higher academic degree requirements (87%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Providing advanced degrees in dental hygiene via computer mediated distance learning: a model program.

A chief concern regarding distance education for the health professions is quality of the experience. Distance education has the potential for expanding student access, providing individualized instruction, and promoting active learning among geographically separated members of learning groups. Students and professors who have participated in distance learning platforms have expressed concerns about technical problems, inability to interact in real time with each other, and other frustrations related to this type of delivery. The Dental Hygiene program at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) has addressed these issues and enhanced an already successful program by putting the professor, a technologist, and the student in the same space, at the same time, in real time. This enhancement has substantiated the ability of distance education to provide instruction among geographically separated members of learning groups, making it a plausible solution to the shortage of educators in healthcare professions.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1989

Effect of differences in binocularity on perceived absolute distance.

1. Using a 0.9 x 4.0 m visual alley, perceived absolute distance was studied in four groups of subjects: binocular, cross-eyed, monocular, and induced-monocular individuals. 2. A power function between the different physical and perceived distances was adjusted and the relative and absolute errors made by the observers were calculated. Despite a tendency to overestimate distance in the monocular group, no significant differences were detected among groups. 3. The data suggest that, under natural-cue conditions, binocularity is not a determining factor for the perception of absolute distance.

Distance Perception↗
PubMed1982

[The effects of familiar-size cue on children's judgments of size and distance].

The present study is concerned with the effects of familiar-size cue on the judgments of size and distance for the children of an elementary school. Thirty-two 1 st-, 3rd-, and 6 th-grade children served as subjects. The experiment consisted of repeating alternations of the two steps: A judgmental step in which the subject judged the size and distance of transparencies of familiar objects, and an informational step in which the subject was acquainted visually or haptically with the real sizes of a toy car and a toy dog from which the transparencies were made. The results revealed that: (1) The younger children tended to make judgments resulted from the normal sizes of the familiar objects that they encounter in their daily life, while the older children based their judgments on the size information given by looking on or touching the real toys. (2) Visual size information was superior to haptic size information both in size and distance judgments. (3) Familiar-size cue may be effective in relative rather than absolute size and distance judgments.

Child↗
PubMed1996

The effect of pupil and observation distance on the contrast sensitivity function.

Measuring the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) is becoming more frequent in the analyses that are routinely done in optometric practice. This measurement is generally done in far vision, and the observation distance and its effects are not considered to significantly alter this function. Among these effects we should point out the accommodation of the visual optical system to the stimulus and the errors in accommodation associated with this, changes in pupil diameter and therefore in retinal illumination when the observation distance changes, the different level of aberrations (spherical aberration, astigmatism) for different cases, and so on. All of these factors contribute to the fact that the contrast sensitivity of a visual system varies according to the accommodative stimulus. In this study we attempt to clarify the influence of these different parameters by evaluating the CSF for three observation distances. The study was done in monocular vision, with a natural pupil and with a 3 mm artificial pupil that made it possible to maintain the same level of retinal illumination for all distances.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1996

[Social distance of the population toward psychiatric patients].

The focus of the present study centers on the attitude of the German public's attitude towards mentally ill individuals during the early 1990s, using the extent of social distance as its indicator. The study is based on a number of representative surveys carried out between 1990 and 1993. We found that alcohol dependents met with the highest level of rejection, even more so than those suffering from schizophrenia. Furthermore, personal experience with mental illness is associated with a lower level of desired social distance, which may be attributed to an increase of positive emotional reactions and reduced feelings of anxiety. There is a clear association between the social distance maintained by certain persons towards the mentally ill and the desired social distance displayed by the same persons to other "aliens", strangers or outsiders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Distance and near visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual fields of 10-year-old children.

OBJECTIVE: To measure monocular distance visual acuity, near visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field extent in full-term, 10-year-old children tested according to the protocol used to test 10-year-old preterm children in the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects were 106 healthy, full-term children, 9.8 to 10.9 years of age, who had no ocular abnormalities other than ametropia. All were tested monocularly using Early Treatment and Diabetic Retinopathy Study distance and near visual acuity charts and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity charts, with refractive error corrected according to Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity study criteria. Goldmann perimetry was tested without correction using the V-4-e and III-4-e stimuli along 8 meridia. A standard pediatric eye examination was performed on each subject. RESULTS: Mean (SD) distance visual acuity was 20/19.6 OD (0.082 log unit [lu]) and mean near visual acuity was 20/19.5 OD (0.100 lu). Mean (SD) contrast sensitivity was 1.69 OD (0.12 lu), with a mean (SD) of 36.4 (2.2) letters read. Visual field extent was larger for the V-4-e stimulus than for the III-4-e stimulus. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide the first monocular normative data from a large sample of 10-year-old children tested with Early Treatment and Diabetic Retinopathy Study distance and near visual acuity charts and the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity charts, and add to the literature on Goldmann perimetry in children.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Mechanical properties of medical grade expanded polytetrafluoroethylene: the effects of internodal distance, density, and displacement rate.

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) is used successfully in a multitude of biomedical and clinical applications. The success of this biomaterial is due to its microporous structure that allows biointegration for fixation, as well as overall mechanical integrity. The mechanical properties and degree of tissue ingrowth depend on the microstructure of the expanded polymer foam, yet little is known about the correlation of the internodal distance and other microstructural features with the monotonic tensile properties. Complete structure-property correlation can be used to provide invaluable knowledge for the design of biomedical devices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the monotonic tensile properties of e-PTFE over a range of medically relevant microstructural features and manufacturing parameters. The microstructural and manufacturing parameters considered were internodal distance, linear density, volumetric density, and reduction ratio. Additionally, the effect of displacement rate on mechanical properties was studied. We found that the ultimate stress and strain increased linearly with linear density (R2 = 0.88 and 0.67, respectively). Surprisingly, elastic modulus did not correlate with any parameter measured and only weak correlations were found between all properties and internodal distance. The yield and ultimate stresses increased with increasing displacement rate (R2 = 0.88 and 0.57, respectively). The findings from this study indicate that linear density is a better predictor of mechanical properties than internodal distance and may be the preferred parameter to control when specifying a material for implantation in load bearing situations.

Biocompatible Materials↗