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PubMed1994

Long-term outcome in children with opsoclonus-myoclonus and ataxia and coincident neuroblastoma.

We reviewed the neurologic and developmental courses in 10 children with opsoclonus-myoclonus ("dancing eyes syndrome") and neuroblastoma. All patients are alive without evidence of neoplastic disease after 8+ to 111+ months of follow-up. All had localized disease and 50% had extraabdominal tumors. Neuroblastomas of nine children had favorable Shimada histologic characteristics, and all tumors had single copies of the N-myc oncogene. After neuroblastoma resection, all patients had persistent opsoclonus-myoclonus or ataxia that responded to therapy with adrenocorticotropic hormone. Nine children had relapses of neurologic symptoms. Three years after resection, six of seven patients with sufficient follow-up were free of symptoms and had discontinued therapy. However, nine children had chronic neurologic deficits, including cognitive and motor delays, language deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. All six patients in educational programs required special assistance. Five children required physical, occupational, or speech therapy. Long-term developmental and cognitive problems should be anticipated in patients with neuroblastoma who have opsoclonus-myoclonus or ataxia or both, and early intervention should be instituted to try to minimize these deficits.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

Bone mineralization, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and sex steroid therapy in female adolescents and young adults.

1. The vast majority of bone mineralization in girls occurs by the middle of the second decade. 2. Premature bone demineralization occurs in women with hypothalamic dysfunction manifest as amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, associated with athletics, dancing, and eating disorders. 3. In young women with amenorrhea associated with weight loss, BMD loss will be occurring soon after the amenorrhea develops. Treatment to prevent BMD loss or promote BMD accretion should begin soon, probably within 6 months after amenorrhea occurs. 4. Women who recover from anorexia nervosa at a young age (< 15 years of age) can have normal total body BMD, but regional (lumbar spine and femoral neck) BMD may remain low. The longer the anorexia nervosa persists, the less likely it is that the BMD will return to normal. Girls and women with anorexia nervosa need to be rehabilitated early in the disease to maximize BMD accretion. 5. Conjugated estrogen, in doses that improve bone mineralization in postmenopausal women and in combination with medroxyprogesterone, has not been shown to improve BMD in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. The role of orally administered medroxyprogesterone at a dose of 10 mg per day, 10 days per month, in improving BMD in teenage girls with hypothalamic amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea remains to be established. 6. Treatment with OCP may have a beneficial effect on BMD in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, but this has not been established in a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. Doing a double-masked trial using OCP will be difficult because estrogen-deficient subjects treated with OCP will be likely to have menstrual bleeding, whereas those treated with placebo will not. In addition, the risk of pregnancy in a sexually active subject, who does not know whether she is receiving OCP, is too great for some subjects. 7. Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity and death. Peak bone mass is a major determinant of the risk of osteoporosis, and the second decade is the critical period of peak bone mass acquisition; thus providers of health care for adolescents need to understand the factors that affect bone mineralization during this period, and advise patients accordingly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Partial nectar loads as a cause of multiple nectar transfer in the honey bee (Apis mellifera): a simulation model.

Honey bee foragers transfer their nectar loads to receiver bees within the nest. Surprisingly, they often transfer to more than one receiver (published values range from 1.9 to 2.7). Several adaptive hypotheses have been proposed to explain why multiple transfer occurs. One hypothesis, information improvement, states that multiple transfer arises as an adaptive forager-driven process. Foragers use the delay in finding a receiver to assess the relative work capacities of foragers and receivers, performing recruitment dances when appropriate. Multiple transferring improves their delay information. We used a stochastic simulation model to investigate the non-adaptive partial loads hypothesis. We determined the extent to which partial crop loads and receiver filling and emptying rules (i.e. how much nectar to accept before leaving the transfer area) can cause multiple transfer. As many as 1.9 nectar transfers per returning forager were generated within biologically realistic parameter space. We suggest that much multiple transfer arises as a non-adaptive consequence of partitioning nectar foraging between foragers and receivers, but that this will also result in foragers having better information about the relative work capacities of foragers and receivers as a useful consequence. We suggest that the number of transfers caused by partial loads could also be increased by an adaptive forager-driven effort to improve their information concerning the balance of foragers and receivers and we outline a framework wherein the information improvement hypothesis can be directly tested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

A lineal equation for the classification of progressive and hyperactive spermatozoa.

Capacitation of spermatozoa, a complex sequence of events that render them able to fertilize the egg, is generally associated with a switch from lineal, progressive movement to a vigorous, non-progressive pattern characterized by starlike tracks, a process known as hyperactivation. Development of a method for the analysis of progressive and hyperactive tracks is thus important for the assessment of capacitation in biochemical, physiological and clinical studies. In this study, we have applied a two-step heuristic model to deduce a lineal equation that discriminates hyperactive from progressive spermatozoa. The kinetic parameters (curvilinear velocity (VCL), linearity (LIN), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), mean 'dance' (DAN) and velocity of the average path (VAP)) of ram spermatozoa were evaluated with a computerized motility analyzer, and classified one by one as progressive or hyperactive by the appearance of their tracks. In a first step, a discriminating plane was defined by minimizing the number of misclassified spermatozoa ('conflicting points'); then, the plane was adjusted by an iterative process to minimize the distance from conflicting points to it. The resulting plane showed a discriminating capacity of over 95% for both classes, higher than that achieved by setting a threshold value for the parameters taken separately or in group. When included in a standard semen analysis, application of the equation allowed a rapid assessment of the percentage of hyperactive spermatozoa. The method described, developed in ram spermatozoa, can be applied to different species for a variety of purposes.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Chest pain in a young woman.

Chest pain in a young person is often caused by chest wall tenderness, associated with mitral valve prolapse, or attributed to psychologic factors. Ischemic cardiac pain may be overlooked because of its rare occurrence in this age group. A 35-year-old woman complained of substernal chest pressure precipitated by exertion and relieved by rest. The symptom had been noted for 15 years. Worsening of the symptom during dancing prompted her to seek medical advice. She had no other illnesses, was taking no medications, was a nonsmoker, and had no family history of coronary disease. Physical examination disclosed a grade 1 (on the basis of 1 to 6) systolic ejection murmur, an ejection click, and a grade 2 diastolic murmur. An exercise test produced symptoms at 4 minutes. Coronary arteriography showed the absence of a left coronary ostium and filling of the entire coronary system from the right ostial injection through collateral vessels from the right coronary artery. Surgical repair was recommended. Operative intervention showed a dysplastic bicuspid aortic valve with a membrane that covered the left coronary ostium. Excision of the membrane reestablished antegrade blood flow to the left coronary system. A follow-up exercise test revealed normal findings. Because chest pain in a young person is rarely ischemic in origin, benign or noncardiac causes are usually considered; however, if the history suggests ischemic pain, the possible presence of unusual cardiovascular abnormalities should not be disregarded.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Club drugs: old medicines as new party drugs].

During the last few years the term club drugs has been used for defining an heterogeneous group of chemical substances in permanent evolution, that are consumed for recreational purposes. These substances have been extensively used, firstly by the Rave culture and later by the so called Club culture. These movements are characterized by the search of amplified sensations, by means of the combination of electronic music, marathon dancing and substance abuse. After years with a predominating consumption of designer amphetamines in these groups, it seems that the use of another type of substances is increasing, fundamentally drugs with hallucinogenic effects. This review focus in four of these substances; ketamine, dextromethorphan, nitrous oxide and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB, liquid ecstasy), and includes a discussion of their pharmacology, recreational use, adverse effects and patient management. These drugs are, at he same time, drugs of abuse and medicines with concrete indications in therapeutics, with an important increase of their consumption in the last few years. The Rave and Club cultures are also described.

Designer Drugs↗
PubMed1998

The five mysteries of the mind, and their consequences.

While Western man has recognized for almost 2500 years that mind derives exclusively from brain, clothing this fact with explanatory detail still proves elusive. First, is consciousness per se, created by processes demonstrably limited to certain, but still unspecified, neuronal arrangements and activities. Then there is perception, its ineffable qualia, and the fact that it arises from neuronal activity widely dispersed in space and time within networks of vast complexity. Voluntary control is equally dispersed as to neuronal participation, and nescient as to origin. An often overlooked mystery is the unity of mind and behavior that prevails despite the potential for bihemispheric duplication of processes and experience. Finally, there is memory, which while credibly within grasp of understanding as a synaptic alteration maintained via activation of the nuclear genome, still wholly defies comprehension when viewed as commanded recall of myriad, randomly selectable details of the past, a largely effortless and 'instantaneous' flood of memories. For two centuries science has endeavored to demonstrate how these mysteries proceed from physics and chemistry, as indeed they do; but viewed from this direction alone, mind is but the babbling of a robot, chained ineluctably to crude causality. In a bold and revolutionary stroke, Roger Sperry has conceived a more credible paradigm, that the totality of neuronal action, as a richly intercommunicating system, gives rise to effects transcendent to the individual physicochemical elements that compose it. A major achievement of this position is that it is immediately consonant with everyday human experience and belief. While neither Sperry's vision. nor the reduction of the mysteries to a dance of ions can yet be proven, the vast advantage of Sperry's thesis is that it again imbues human thought and action with responsibility, and opens morality to the light of science, while the long wait for certainty unfolds.

Consciousness↗
PubMed2002

MDMA ('ecstasy') and other 'club drugs'. The new epidemic.

Unfortunately, perceptions that the club drugs can be safe endure. Some groups, such as the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Study, continue to lobby for the legalization of MDMA for research purposes [76]. DanceSafe is an organization that seeks to educate the "nonaddicted" user to decrease the risks [82]. The DanceSafe Web site offers tips on the safe use of MDMA, such as attention to hydration status and ambient temperature. It also offers free testing of tablets submitted by mail and sells home testing kits to determine the content of pills sold as "ecstasy." Although much remains unknown about the long-term consequences of MDMA and the club drugs, there are clearly enough short-term dangers to prompt more aggressive education and surveillance for its use. Scare tactics and exaggerations often are ignored [53], while Web sites full of anecdotal or incomplete information may lead the unaware user to increased use [113]. Organizations such as DanceSafe imply that proper education decreases addiction and that only uneducated users or addicts suffer the life-altering consequences of drug use. The fallacy in the mission of educating "nonaddicted" users is evident. Peer-based education, with a focus on both he short-term dangers and long-term consequences, may be a more effective approach [9]. Both new and established drugs of abuse continue to plague teens and young adults. Pediatric, family practice, and Med-Peds physicians, and pediatric pharmacologists need to remain vigilant about patterns and trends of drug abuse. MDMA and the other "club drugs" are not benign. Their effects target the brain, alter neurochemistry, and possibly cause irreversible structural damage. What may seem like a harmless drug in a weekend dance club has the potential for major public health problems in years to come [109]. Effective education and timely intervention may prevent these addictive drugs from becoming a way of life, a lifestyle that may have a literal "dead end."

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine on adult Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo.

To assess directly the effect of various doses of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on adult Wuchereria bancrofti, 31 infected men were randomly assigned to receive an initial single DEC dose of 1 mg/kg (n = 7), 6 mg/kg (n = 10), or 12 mg/kg (n = 14). Beginning 7 d later, the dosage of DEC and duration of treatment were progressively increased for 7-10 weeks. Physical examinations were performed to detect scrotal nodules and the scrotal area was examined by ultrasound (7.5 MHz transducer) to monitor the 'filaria dance sign' (FDS), the characteristic pattern of adult worm movement. Of 53 adult worm 'nests' that were detected by ultrasound, 22 (41.5%) were DEC-sensitive (FDS became non-detectable and a nodule became palpable at the site); 20 (37.7%) were not sensitive (FDS remained unchanged and detectable and no nodule developed), and 11 (20.8%) showed mixed responses (FDS remained detectable but a palpable nodule developed). All but one sensitive or mixed response occurred within 1 week after the initial single dose. Of 39 'nests' in men who initially received a single 6 or 12 mg/kg dose of DEC, 20 (51.3%) had sensitive responses compared to 2 (14.3%) of 14 'nests' in men who received a single 1 mg/kg dose (P = 0.04). Above 6 mg/kg, the macrofilaricidal effect of DEC did not increase with dose; a significant proportion of adult W. bancrofti were not susceptible to DEC during the study period.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bancroftian filariasis in a paediatric population: an ultrasonographic study.

Little is known about lymphatic filariasis or the anatomical location of adult Wuchereria bancrofti in children. Seventy-eight children from Greater Recife, 23 microfilaria-positive and 55 microfilaria-negative in approximately 60 microL blood, underwent ultrasound examinations of the major superficial lymphatic vessels of the limbs, scrotal area (boys), and breast area (girls). The characteristic movements of adult worms, known as the filaria dance sign (FDS), were detected in 11 (14.1%) children. In 9 boys, the FDS was detected in lymphatic vessels of the scrotal area (8, ages 14-16) and the inguinal cord (1, age 11). In girls, the FDS was detected in a crural lymphatic vessel and an axillary lymph node. FDS detection was more common in boys (P = 0.06), older children (P = 0.001), and children with microfilaraemia (P = 0.05). Diffuse lymphangiectasia was visualized in 4 boys (ages 14-16) and 2 children had clinical signs of filariasis. These ultrasonographic findings associate W. bancrofti with both infection and disease in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Suppression of sexual behavior in male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to 17beta-estradiol.

Mating pairs of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) received 17beta-estradiol (E2; dose, 3 and 30 microg/g body weight daily) in their diet and E2-free diet (control) for two weeks. The effect on reproductive success was assessed in the mating pairs, and sexual and nonsexual behaviors in the male were quantified. The fecundities of the E2-treated groups were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) compared with those of control, and the sexual behaviors (following, dancing, floating, and crossing) of male fish in response to prostaglandin F2alpha (PG)-injected E2-unexposed females were suppressed dramatically. While the fertility of spawned eggs and the frequencies of the nonsexual behaviors of resting and swimming in a straight line performed by male were unchanged in E2-exposed groups. Therefore, sexual behavior in male may be linked with reproductive success in mating pair of madaka exposed to E2. This assay for sexual behavior using PG may provide a useful tool for assessing the effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Validating the efficacy of neurofeedback for optimising performance.

The field of neurofeedback training has largely proceeded without validation. Here we review our studies directed at validating SMR, beta and alpha-theta protocols for improving attention, memory, mood and music and dance performance in healthy participants. Important benefits were demonstrable with cognitive and neurophysiological measures which were predicted on the basis of regression models of learning. These are initial steps in providing a much needed scientific basis to neurofeedback, but much remains to be done.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed2001

Effects of glucose and fructose on motility patterns of dog spermatozoa from fresh ejaculates.

This study was performed to gain insight about how fructose and glucose modulate dog spermatozoa motility in the absence of other motility-modulating factors. Incubation of dog spermatozoa from fresh ejaculates in a basal medium without sugars for 60 min at 37 degrees C induced a progressive decrease in the percentage of motile spermatozoa and in some mean motility parameters, such as mean velocity (VAP), linear coefficient (LIN) and dance (DNC), and an increase in the mean frequency of head displacement (BCF). This indicates a progressive loss of linearity and an increase in oscillatory movement. Addition of 10 mM fructose prevented these effects. Incubation in a basal medium with 10 mM glucose for 60 min at 37 degrees C provoked a fast and intense decrease of LIN and a slight increase of DNC, inducing a less linear and more oscillatory mean movement. Neither fructose nor glucose modified the percentage of motile spermatozoa. The response to both sugars was dose-dependent, with differences appearing at concentrations as low as 1 mM. An analysis of the spermatozoa subpopulation placed above the 95th percentile of the whole population and a factorial analysis of the data indicated that the changes in the mean values of the motility parameters were mainly due to a specific motile subpopulation that had a strong reaction to the two sugars. Our results indicate that fructose, at concentrations from 1 to 10 mM, induced a more linear and less oscillatory motility pattern than glucose. Moreover, from our results we suggest the presence of motile dog sperm subpopulations with an increased sensitivity to fructose and glucose.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recognition and management of complications of new recreational drug use.

Use of illicit drugs in clubs and large dance parties (so-called raves) is a burgeoning cultural trend. Such recreational drug use is associated with several medical complications, both acute and longlasting. Although few, if any, of the drugs currently used in recreational venues are truly new, their patterns and context of use have changed (a great deal in some instances). For some of these substances, this cultural repackaging of the drug experience has resulted in various medical disorders that have previously gone undocumented. This review aims to help treating physicians recognise and manage complications associated with the use of new drugs in clubs, including methylenedioxymethamfetamine, ephedrine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate; gamma-butyrolactone, 1,4-butanediol, flunitrazepam, ketamine, and nitrites. We also alert researchers to specific toxic effects of club-drugs on which more basic information is needed.

Drug Overdose↗
PubMed1984

The relationships of calculated percent body fat, sports participation, age, and place of residence on menstrual patterns in healthy adolescent girls at an independent New England high school.

A prospective study was undertaken to determine normal menstrual patterns in healthy girls in an independent high school and assess the effects of exercise (type and hours per day), age (chronologic and gynecologic), calculated estimate of body fat, and place of residence (boarding and day students) on menstrual function. Three hundred twenty-seven girls (means age 15.5 +/- 1.1 years) answered a questionnaire on menstrual history; 306 (93.6%) were postmenarchal and 21 (6.4%) premenarchal. Calculated estimate of percent body fat was significantly lower in premenarchal than postmenarchal girls (22.4% versus 27.3% p less than 0.0001). Ninety-three percent of adolescents reported flow lasting 4-7 days; 59.7% dysmenorrhea; and 63% premenstrual symptoms. There was no correlation between estimated body fat or hours per day of exercise and the regularity of menses, duration of flow, or dysmenorrhea. With the exception of gymnastics and dancing, sports participation had little or no impact on menstrual patterns. Follow up questionnaires and menstrual calendars were obtained from 87 girls eight to fifteen months after the initial questionnaires. All girls whose cycles had changed from regular to irregular were boarding students, confirming previous anecdotal reports that separation from home may be a significant stress for adolescents.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Training does not increase maximal lumbar extension in healthy adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if there is training reserve in the maximal lumbar extension. DESIGN: Three-year longitudinal study. BACKGROUND: Among adults there is variation in the normal range of sagittal motion of the lumbar spine, but reduced spinal flexibility does not predict future occupational back pain. In various sports and in ballet, maximal extension of lumbar spine is a common manoeuvre, and low-back pain is also common. It is not known whether training increases maximal extension of healthy back. Forceful training of maximal extension may injure the anatomical structures limiting the extension range. METHODS: We compared lumbar sagittal flexibility to hip flexor and hamstring flexibility in a 3-year longitudinal study on female ballet dancers (n = 18), athletes (n = 31), and controls (n = 17) before and after their adolescent growth spurt. RESULTS: Ballet dancers had more flexible hamstrings and hip flexors than controls, but there were no group differences regarding the maximal lumbar flexion or extension. These results persisted throughout follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The maximal physiological extension of the lumbar spine cannot be increased by training in healthy adolescents. RELEVANCE: An attempt to exceed the physiological maximum extension may only cause overly hard strain on specific anatomical structures of the lumbar spine. This knowledge should be considered when the rules of sports and choreography of dance performances are considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

The organisations of hereditary information.

The meaning of hereditary information is not simple. It includes not only what a system receives and transmits but particularly what it makes. The syntactic basis to hereditary information is also not straightforward. For example, is DNA instructions, or data, or both? The answer to this question requires an appreciation of the meaning of the information yet there are a number of possible semantic systems for describing hereditary information including proteins and development. The descriptive boundaries of hereditary information are examined by locating some general organising themes including hierarchy, ecology, regulation, epigenetic systems and talkback. Though metaphors have limits in terms of their explanatory power a number have influenced the development of biological thinking and biosystems have variously been represented as chemical laboratories, computers, electromechanical machines and societies. In this article a further metaphor is discussed, that of life-as-a-play or dance in which the trio of script (genome), cast (metabolism) and stage (cellular structure) co-exist and pre-exist the phenotypic life history which inherits them. A fuller examination of this trio provides an important perspective on the study of the organisations of information processing in hereditary systems.

Genetic Code↗
PubMed2003

Tissue concentrations of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in three fatal cases of overdose.

The recreational use of amphetamine derivatives has become increasingly popular in our country in past recent years. Their use is especially common among young people participating in dance parties known as "raves." As a direct consequence of their increased use, the number of fatal cases in which these compounds have been involved have increased dramatically since the second half of the last decade. In our laboratory, we have registered 25 cases related to amphetamine derivatives use since 1996. Three of them were deeply studied and the results obtained are presented in this paper. This information may be useful for the interpretation of the results obtained in toxicological analysis in the cases in which death may be attributed to MDMA use.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗