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PubMed2004

Condom use and the risk of recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, or infertility following an episode of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Among 684 sexually active women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) followed up for a mean of 35 months, we related contraceptive use to self-reported PID recurrence, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Persistent use of condoms during the study reduced the risk of recurrent PID, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Consistent condom use (about 60% of encounters) at baseline also reduced these risks, after adjustment for confounders, by 30% to 60%. Self-reported persistent and consistent condom use was associated with lower rates of PID sequelae.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Increased use of condoms among female university students: a 5-year follow-up of sexual behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain any changes in sexual behavior and attitudes as an indication of the impact of intensified information activities aiming at decreasing the risk of spread of sexually transmitted diseases among university students. METHODS: In 1989 questionnaires were offered to 275 consecutive female students visiting the Student Health Center. Identical questionnaires were mailed to 200 randomly selected women registered at Uppsala University. The study was repeated in 1994. The study was carried out in Uppsala, a city in Sweden with 27,000 university students. RESULTS: At the Student Health Center 241 (88%) participated in the study in 1989 and 262 (95%) in 1994. Corresponding figures in the postal survey were 137 (69%) in 1989 and 151 (76%) in 1994. Compared with the findings in 1989, in 1994 the sexual behavior was unchanged in terms of mean age at first intercourse (17.6 years), median number of life partners (3-4) and median number of sexual partners during the last 12 months (1), but the awareness of sexually transmitted diseases had increased. Their attitudes to using condoms had become more positive and the actual use of a condom had also increased both at the first intercourse and when changing partner, from 40 to 60%. Concerns about safety of oral contraceptives decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: This follow-up shows that awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and condom use had increased between 1989 and 1994, possibly as a result of intensified information efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Condom use among low-income African American males attending an STD clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate condom-use attitudes and behaviors among low-income, primarily African American, male patients seeking care at an urban sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic. METHODS: Via face-to-face interviews, 224 males completed a theory-based questionnaire regarding condom use. RESULTS: The results show that although respondents had obvious signs and symptoms of infection and that 65% were "repeaters" at the clinic, 66% of the sample reporting a main partner and 33% of those with other types of sexual partners were not motivationally ready to use condoms consistently. CONCLUSION: Based on their STD clinic attendance, these men obviously perceive themselves at risk for STDs, but appear to cope with this risk by choosing to engage in secondary rather than primary preventive behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Gender differences in sexual behaviors and factors associated with nonuse of condoms among homeless and runaway youths.

Few studies have examined gender-specific factors associated with the nonuse of condoms among homeless and runaway youths (HRYs)-a population at high risk for HIV infection. In this article, we evaluate these factors and explore gender differences in background experiences, psychosocial functioning, and risk behaviors among HRYs from four U.S. metropolitan areas. Of 879 sexually active HRYs sampled, approximately 70% reported unprotected sexual intercourse during a 6-month period, and nearly a quarter reported never using condoms in the same period. Among males and females, having only one sex partner in the previous 6 months had the strongest association with nonuse of condoms. Among males, nonuse was also associated with having ever caused pregnancy, frequent marijuana use, prior physical victimization, and low self-control and sociability. Among females, nonuse was associated with knowledge of HIV status, prior sexual victimization, low social support, and infrequent marijuana use. These findings highlight the ongoing need for HIV prevention services for HRYs. Implications for the scope and content of these services are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Issues of disclosure and condom use in adolescents with hemophilia and HIV. Hemophilia Behavioral Evaluative Intervention Project Staff.

PURPOSE: To examine the patterns, facilitators, and barriers to disclosure of HIV seropositivity in an adolescent population and to determine the relationship between disclosure and condom use. BACKGROUND: In recent years, public health efforts have focused on methods to prevent the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). These efforts have included safer sex education, skill building and self-efficacy training, behavioral change techniques, and encouragement of serostatus disclosure to sexual partners. In 1990, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded 10 hemophilia treatment centers to develop and implement a theory-based behavioral intervention to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. METHODS: A baseline survey, focusing on barriers to safer sex, the influence of parents, peers, and sexual partners, alcohol and drug use, and communication and disclosure patterns, was administered to 321 young males (ages 12 to 25) with hemophilia and HIV. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of the sexually experienced adolescents did not disclose their HIV status to their most recent sexual partners (i.e., nondisclosers) compared to 42 percent who reported that either they informed their partners or their partners already knew their HIV status (i.e., disclosers). There was no correlation between disclosure and condom use. The most significant predictor of disclosure was the perception that peers would disclose their HIV status. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that disclosure does not necessarily facilitate condom use in this population. This conclusion may have implications for future public health efforts in HIV prevention. Rather than focusing primarily on the promotion of serostatus disclosure, behavioral interventions should emphasize the practice of safer sex, utilizing peer educators and support networks.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of adolescents' sexual partners and their association with use of condoms and other contraceptive methods.

CONTEXT: While a number of studies have examined the association between individuals' characteristics and their contraceptive use, few studies have examined the influence of partners' characteristics on individuals' contraceptive use. METHODS: Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, multiple logistic analyses were conducted to identify associations between the demographic characteristics of adolescents' heterosexual partners and adolescents' use of condoms or other contraceptive methods. RESULTS: The partners of white and black adolescents were likely to be similar to them, while the partners of Latino adolescents and of adolescents of "other" race or ethnicity were more likely to be of a different racial or ethnic group. Differences in age between adolescents and their partners were notable in all racial and ethnic groups. As adolescents age, the characteristics of their partners become more heterogeneous. The less similar adolescents and their partners are to one another--whether because of a difference in age, grade or school--the less likely adolescents are to use condoms and other contraceptive methods. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents have relationships with partners whose characteristics differ from theirs and with whom they are less likely to use condoms or other contraceptive methods. This behavior is more common as adolescents grow older. To provide appropriate counseling, sexuality educators and family planning providers need to consider the ways in which adolescents' relationships change as they age and discuss with them the dynamics of relationships involving partners who differ in age or other characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

NIH condom review sends message that prevention efforts need fine-tuning.

The recent controversy over the National Institutes of Health review of 138 condom studies may indicate that it's time to educate patients about the possibility that condoms might not protect them from all sexually transmitted diseases. But at the same time, HIV providers and others have to remind patients that if they engage in sexual activity, condoms are the best protection available against transmission of HIV.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed2002

Where is the condom? Contraceptive practice in a rural district of South Africa.

Interviews were conducted with 848 African women aged 15-49 years in a rural area of South Africa to determine the extent to which condoms are used, reasons for contraceptive method choice and unmet contraceptive need. Injectable contraceptives were being used by 22.1% of respondents, who considered them to be convenient, safe, effective, and/or a method that could be used secretly. The decision to use this method was often made on the recommendation of a health worker. Eleven women said they were using the male condom, seven of whom were using it because it provides protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Many (70.3%) women were not using any form of contraception. Counselling about contraceptive options should take into account the need for dual protection, and strategies for increasing condom use should be promoted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

New CDC condom fact sheet invites criticism. What role did politics play in changes?

Politics and science are clashing over the facts about condoms and what clinicians should tell their patients about their effectiveness. The CDC's updated condom fact sheet puts more emphasis on abstinence and condom failure. A group of Democratic lawmakers sent a letter to the secretary of Health and Human Services accusing the administration of 'playing politics'.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMed2003

[The woman's status and condom use in Cameroon].

The reasons for the high prevalence of STDs/HIV/AIDS among women are biological, economical and social. It is therefore necessary to carry out studies on the status of women and condom use in order to elucidate the mechanism through which the first variable affects the second. Such studies will also identify the elements to be taken into consideration in the prevention programmes of these diseases in women. In the year 2000, a survey on culture, gender, social behaviour and STDs/AIDS was conducted in Cameroun at Mbalmayo (Central Province) and at Bafoussam (Western Provience) among 1679 men and women of 15-49 years old. Multivariate logistic regression models were used, among others, to show that the woman's status has direct and indirect effects on condom use via age disparity between partners, frequency of discussion among couples on sexuality and the process of decision-making. Results obtained confirm this hypothesis. Communication among couples as well as women empowerment should, therefore, be improved as a strategy for considerably increasing the use of condom among Camerounian women. One of the ways to achieve this is to improve their status. Another way is to assist them during enlightenment campaigns to improve their self-perfection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

New condoms for men and women, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides: overcoming barriers to barriers and spermicides.

Barriers and spermicides are being developed for the prevention of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. The inconvenience of current methods limits their acceptability and leads to higher user failure rates. New methods, such as female condoms, nonlatex male condoms, and new cervical caps are being developed: the Reality (Wisconsin Pharmacal, Jackson, WI) polyurethane vaginal pouch has already received conditional Food and Drug Administration approval for use in the United States. The material used in a Food and Drug Administration-approved nonallergenic glove is being tested for its effectiveness as a condom. In addition, the Fem Cap, a cervical cap that had a life table probability of failure within 1 year of 4.8%, is expected to be available within the next 2 years. It is important for clinicians to be informed of new options becoming available for those patients who may be good candidates for these barrier methods.

Contraceptive Devices↗
PubMed2003

Patterns and correlates of sexual initiation, sexual risk behaviors, and condom use among secondary school students in Ethiopia.

This study explored the patterns and socio-demographic correlates of sexual initiation, subsequent risk behaviors, and condom use among secondary school youth across Ethiopia. A total of 1,102 students were selected on convenience basis from five urban schools (in Baher Dar, Dessie, Awassa, Jimma, and Dire Dawa) and surveyed about their sexual and preventive behaviors using an extensive questionnaire. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate statistical procedures. One third (33.3%) of the youth reported to have had sexual intercourse prior to the study. Mean age of sexual initiation was 15.3 (SD = 2.5) years. Two-thirds of the sexual initiations were unprotected and some occur with higher risk groups, including much older (15.5%) or casual/commercial sex partners (9.1%). Multi-partnered sex (52.7%) and sex with casual (30.4%) or commercial (25.3%) partners were the most commonly reported lifetime risk behaviors. Although 56.7% of the youth ever used condoms, only less than half of these used them regularly. On the positive note, 83.4% of the youth expressed intentions to use condoms in the future. Socio-demographic characteristics, particularly gender, location, and age, were significantly correlated with sexual and preventive behaviors. Implications of these findings to health education programs for youth are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Evaluation of the "Jiangsu/WHO 100% condom use programme in China"].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect and to explore the feasible model of 100% condom use programme (100%CUP) under existing policy and law milieu, so as to provide information for the adjustment of HIV/AIDS policy and intervention strategies. METHODS: Information on knowledge, attitude and behavior of female sex workers (FSWs) in entertainment establishments were collected and followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis including: samples tested for Chlamydia; a repeated cross-investigation and the final evaluation on the effect of the programme. RESULTS: The reported rate of condom use at the last sex activity with clients increased from 74.9% to 92.2% while the rate of sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence droped from 25.1% to 14.1% after three year's intervention program. The number of condoms distributed increased from 50,000 per quarter of a year in 2001 to over 100,000 in 2003. The rates of awareness on the knowledge of STD/AIDS prevention increased obviously. CONCLUSION: The 100%CUP was proved to be feasible and effective in the pilot site, and should be expanded in entertainment establishments.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sexual behaviour, perception of HIV/AIDS and condom use among commercial motorcylists in Benin City.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the perception of HIV/AIDS, condom use and the sexual behaviour of commercial motorcyclists in Benin-city, Edo State. DESIGN: A questionnaire based study involving consecutive 160 male commercial motorcyclists. SETTING: The study was conducted in three randomly selected major motorcycle parks in Benin-city. The three parks were selected using a multi stage random sampling technique. In each of the selected parks, consecutive motorcyclists were interviewed until a total of 160 respondents had been interviewed. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-two (95%) of the respondents were acquainted with the subject of HIV/AIDS, but only 140(87%) believed that the disease actually existed. Sixty-six per cent of the respondents had multiple sexual partners while 26% of the subjects had been treated for a sexually transmitted infection. Of the 54 (34%) men who believed the disease had a cure, 46% and 32% felt that the cure was herbal and spiritual respectively. Although 106 of the men (66%) acknowledged the preventive function of the condom in the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, only 45% used the condom regularly with sexual partners. Sixty-two per cent of the respondents would submit themselves to voluntary HIV screening though none had gone for voluntary screening. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that the sexual behaviour of the commercial motorcyclist and a scarcity of information expose him to increased risk of HIV/AIDS infection and other sexually transmitted infections.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Urban African-American and Hispanic adolescents and young adults: who do they talk to about AIDS and condoms? What are they learning?

This paper reports on the first qualitative part of a study designed to investigate factors related to the use of condoms among African-American and Hispanic adolescents and young adults in Detroit. This paper describes who young, urban, African-American and Hispanic persons talk to about AIDS and condoms and what they are learning. The paper provides data on attitudes and beliefs about AIDS and condoms that are needed for further research and for prevention programs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Heterosexuals at risk for HIV: differences between private and commercial partners in sexual behaviour and condom use.

To study the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), sexual behaviour and condom use among heterosexuals, 193 women and 157 men entered a longitudinal study. Participants were recruited through an STD clinic, and had had five or more heterosexual partners in the preceding 6 months but had no other AIDS risk factors. Participants were divided in groups with respect to private and/or commercial sexual partners. One hundred and thirty-six (71%) women worked as prostitutes and had, on average, 115 customers a month, and 99 (63%) men had visited, on the average, eight prostitutes in the past 4 months. One hundred and seventy-one (89%) women (114 prostitutes) had had, on average, four partners, and 112 (78%) men (of whom 64 had visited prostitutes) had had, on average, seven private partners in the past 4 months. Vaginal intercourse was often or always reported by all participants whilst anal contact was seldom reported. Non-high-risk sexual techniques (for example, oro-oral, masturbation) were practised more frequently with private than with commercial partners (P less than 0.001). Although no differences were found in the frequency of practising high-risk sexual techniques (for example, vaginal, ano-genital), differences were found for frequency of condom use. Condom use during vaginal intercourse was reported more frequently with commercial than with private partners (P less than 0.01). However, if the number of partners is taken into account, prostitutes had unprotected vaginal intercourse with an estimated average number of 160 partners in 4 months, which is far more than customers (seven) and men and women with private partners only (four).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Sexual practices and condom usage in a cohort of homosexual men in relation to human immunodeficiency virus status.

Between January 1, and October 31, 1987, 420 homosexual men who participated in a cohort study of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) completed a questionnaire that examined their sexual practices during the previous six months. Of the subjects, 205 (48.8%) men were HIV-seropositive and 215 (51.2%) men were HIV-seronegative. Although there was an appreciable level of condom usage in both groups, 13.5% of the HIV-seronegative men had engaged in unprotected receptive anal intercourse and 6.3% of the HIV-seropositive men had engaged in unprotected insertive anal intercourse. Condom breakage was reported on approximately 6% of occasions by a minority of subjects. Among subjects who were in a relationship with a regular male sexual partner, the most commonly reported sexual practices were deep kissing, mutual masturbation and receptive oral intercourse without ejaculation. No HIV-seronegative man engaged in unprotected receptive and/or insertive anal intercourse, receptive oral intercourse with ejaculation or receptive and/or insertive "fisting" with a regular partner who was HIV-seropositive. No HIV-seropositive man engaged in unprotected insertive anal intercourse to ejaculation with an HIV-seronegative partner, although they did so with partners who were HIV-seropositive or of unknown status. On multivariate analyses the subject's antibody status was found to be associated with receptive anal intercourse with a condom (P = 0.007) and mutual masturbation (P = 0.001), with HIV-seronegative men being more likely to practise either; no significant independent effect was associated with the partner's antibody status. These findings provide important information on the types and levels of sexual practices in a group of homosexual men after the recognition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in this country.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Damage to condoms caused by vaginally administered drug].

A 28-year-old woman who was treated for vaginal candidiasis with Gyno-Daktarin vaginal capsules (miconazole nitrate) became pregnant because a condom used during intercourse had ruptured. Incubation in vitro with 400 and 1200 mg miconazole nitrate vaginal capsules (Gyno-Daktarin 3 and Gyno-Daktarin I), but not miconazole nitrate vaginal cream (20 mg/g), was shown to damage rubber condoms. Patients using vaginal medicines should be aware of a possible adverse effect on rubber condoms or contraceptive diaphragms and a subsequent increased risk of pregnancy or contagious diseases such as AIDS. Fatty excipients such as glycerin, paraffin, petrolatum or Witepsol may be involved.

Administration, Intravaginal↗