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PubMed1986

Monoclonal antibodies against Chlamydia psittaci.

Five monoclonal antibodies were prepared against Chlamydia (C.) psittaci strain Pigeon-1041 isolated from a feral pigeon in Sapporo. Reactions of these antibodies to chlamydiae were examined using five strains of C. psittaci and two strains of C. trachomatis in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, microimmunofluorescent test and complement fixation test. The antibodies were divided into two groups: three genus-specific (A2, D2, and I21) and two strain-specific (F2 and H9) antibodies. The antigenic determinant site of A2 was KIO4 sensitive, but those of D2, F2, and H9 were not affected greatly by KIO4 treatment. Nine C. psittaci strains from feral pigeons and 16 strains from budgerigars were classified into three groups and four groups, respectively, by reaction patterns against the monoclonal antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Anaplasmosis in Uganda. II. Prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis.

The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was studied in 320 Zebu cattle randomly selected from three regions of Uganda (central, south-western and north-western) using DOT-ELISA, Western immunoblotting, Rapid Card Agglutination Test (RCAT), Capillary Tube Agglutination Test (CAT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), and parasitological techniques. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluated in PBS 0.05% Tween 20 prior to testing at an initial dilution of 1:25. The incidence of parasitaemia ranged from 25% in the central region to 35% in the north-western region and the serological prevalence was lower in the central region and highest in the north-west. Prevalence rates assayed by DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting were 1.5-fold greater than those tested with RCAT and 3-fold greater than in CAT. The overall prevalence rates by DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting compared favourably with CFT data. The present data utilizing dried blood on filter papers indicate that there is a high prevalence of anaplasmosis in those regions of Uganda surveyed and it confirms our observations and those of others that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large-scale screening and for seroepidemiological studies.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of a new immunocapture test for the diagnosis of ovine brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis.

A new immunocapture technique has been applied to the diagnosis of ovine brucellosis under experimental conditions. The tests were made on a serum bank derived from both young and adult ewes vaccinated conjunctivally with the Rev 1 strain at a dose of 10(8) to 10(9) colony-forming units. Adult ewes were infected experimentally two-and-a-half years after they had been vaccinated and the results were compared with an unvaccinated control group. The condition of each animal in terms of infection with Brucella melitensis was determined by clinical and bacteriological investigations. The development of the immune response was compared by the rose bengal test, the complement fixation test, the Coombs' test and the immunocapture technique for 180 days after the vaccination and for 410 days after the experimental infection, that is, the two following gestations. The results suggest that the new technique is more specific in animals vaccinated conjunctivally, regardless of their age when they were vaccinated. After the experimental infection, significantly (P < 0.05) fewer of the vaccinated sheep which were free of clinical signs and were not excreting B melitensis reacted positively to the test.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Antigenic and morphologic comparisons of Ibaraki and bluetongue viruses.

Bluetongue disease virus, type 10, and Ibaraki disease virus, which causes a bluetongue-like disease of cattle, were compared to determine whether they are the same or different viruses. They were similar in morphology, but neutralization tests, complement-fixation tests, and ferritin tagging indicated that they have antigenic differences. Therefore, they should be considered as different viruses. Two other viruses of this group, African horsesickness and equine encephalosis, were included to show that Ibaraki and bluetongue had developmental morphological features that could be used to differentiate them from the two equine viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Histoplasmosis of the gingiva. Report of a case.

A 71-year-old white man presented with a large ulcerated lesion which extended to the facial and palatal aspects of the maxillary left first and second bicuspids. A biopsy was made because the lesion appeared to be carcinomatous. It proved to be benign but it was positive for histoplasmosis. Although the patient had a 9 month history of weight loss, fatigue, frequent nausea, night sweats, respiratory symptoms, and other symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of histoplasmosis, skin tests and complement fixation tests had been consistently negative. After the diagnosis was made and the organism was cultured from the oral lesion, therapy (amphotericin B) was initiated and the patient responded favorably. Within 12 months, the symptoms regressed, the oral lesions healed, and the patient regained 25 lb.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of the efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB51 and Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 live vaccines against experimental infection with Brucella melitensis in pregnant ewes.

To test the efficacy of rough Brucella strain vaccines in sheep, a vaccine recently developed in cattle (Brucella abortus strain RB51) was assessed in comparison with the conventional Rev. 1 vaccine. Forty-five ewes from twelve to fourteen months of age, from brucellosis-free flocks, were allotted to three groups of fifteen ewes each. Group one was vaccinated by the conjunctival route with 1.73 x 10(8) colony forming units (CFU) of Rev. 1 vaccine. Group two was vaccinated subcutaneously with 11 x 10(9) CFU of RB51 vaccine and group three was considered as a control. All sheep were challenged at two to three months of gestation with 5 x 10(7) CFU of virulent B. melitensis H38. Vaccination with RB51 vaccine did not result in the production of any antibodies against the O-side chain of lipopolysaccharide, as measured by conventional serological tests (Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test). Protection of sheep against abortion and excretion of virulent Brucella strain in vaginal fluid, aborted foetuses and/or non viable lambs at parturition and abortion was significantly lower than that afforded by Rev. 1 vaccine. The difference compared to the control group was not significant. Data from this study suggest that the RB51 vaccine used for cattle vaccination does not provide effective protection of sheep against abortion induced by B. melitensis.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2001

Field investigations of brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants in Syria, 1990-1996.

The authors present the epidemiological status of brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants in Syria from 1990 to 1996, based on laboratory findings at the Brucellosis Centre, Damascus. Initial investigations using the Rose Bengal plate test, the complement fixation test and a miniaturised variant of the slow agglutination test were conducted throughout the country in 1990 and 1991, revealing an overall herd seroprevalence rate of 3.14% in cattle herds and 2.94% in small ruminant flocks. Although partially biased by previous vaccination of young female cattle with S19 vaccine, these figures indicate that brucellosis in cattle is widespread, particularly in the urban governorates (provinces) of Damascus, Aleppo and Suwaydah. Brucellosis seroprevalence in sheep and goats was relatively high in the governorates of Damascus, Aleppo and Dara'a. The results of a second series of investigations, performed between 1992 and 1996, show that herd seroprevalence in cattle decreased steadily from 17.48% in 1992, to 2.59% in 1996, in the Government-owned farms, while seroprevalence increased in the private sector during the same period. The difference may be explained by the restriction of brucellosis vaccination to public farms (although this was far from systematic), combined with partial application of a 'test-and-slaughter' policy. In sheep and goats, brucellosis seroprevalence fluctuated in the two sectors, but was higher in the private sector where husbandry is principally extensive. Bacteriological investigations led to the isolation of Brucella melitensis biovars 2 and 3 in sheep and B. abortus biovar 9 in cattle. Although no specific methodology was employed, particularly with regard to sampling, this study is significant as the first international report of the distribution of brucellosis in Syria. Further, well-structured studies are required, the results of which could be used to plan an appropriate national control programme for brucellosis.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2004

Human and animal brucellosis in Jordan between 1996 and 1998: a study.

Between 1996 and 1998, a total of 2,494 samples of blood from humans and animals were collected and tested for brucellosis. This total included 1,594 samples of animal blood, collected from 1,050 sheep from 20 flocks, and 544 goats from eight herds. The serum samples were tested using the Rose Bengal test, the tube agglutination test, the complement fixation test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, a complete history was compiled from each flock/herd. The rate of abortions in sheep due to brucellosis ranged from 0.5% to 56%, with a mean of 33.2%. The goats had a higher abortion rate. Thirty-four aborted sheep foetuses collected from these 20 flocks were bacteriologically and pathologically examined. A pure culture of Brucella melitensis biotype 3 was isolated from 21 of the aborted foetuses. The human blood samples were collected from two groups: first, from 800 apparently healthy people who were reporting to community hospitals for routine health checks and secondly, from 100 people from groups with a high-risk of contracting brucellosis, such as veterinarians, sheep-herders and laboratory technicians. The Brucella antibody titres for the 900 human serum samples were obtained using the microtitre agglutination test. The cumulative percentage of the serum samples showing a titre reading greater than 1:80 was higher in the at-risk group than among the normal population (7% compared to 4.1%). Although these results were not statistically significant, the higher percentage of positive reactors among the high-risk group may indicate an increased risk factor among professional agricultural and veterinary personnel in Jordan. It was concluded that brucellosis is common in sheep and goats in Jordan, subjecting the human population to high risks. Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccination has been internationally recognised as the key to successfully controlling the disease. All animals in Jordan were repeatedly vaccinated between 1996 and 1998 on a trial basis, using a reduced dose of 1 x 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU). Cumulative data on the annual rate of human cases of brucellosis indicate that fewer people are affected each year. The same is true for the rate of abortions in animals. Such evidence strongly suggests that the vaccination programme has been successful. However, as wild strains of Brucella have also been isolated from vaccinated animals, the authors recommend increasing the amount of vaccine to a full dose of 1 to 2 x 10(9) CFU and vaccinating young female animals between the ages of three and eight months. To avoid brucellosis in humans, people should be educated about the dangers of contact with infected animals and the consumption of raw milk and milk products.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1990

Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Korea.

The lung fluke, Paragonimus, and lung fluke disease, were reviewed, especially on the works performed in Korea. Among 43 species of Paragonimus recorded in the world literature, P. westermani, P. pulmonalis, and P. iloktsuenensis are known to distribute in Korea. Biological studies on P. westermani have revealed that its snail intermediate host is Semisulcospira spp. and major second intermediate hosts are crabs such as Eriocheir japonicus and E. sinensis or crayfish such as Cambaroides similis and C. dauricus. The final hosts other than man are dogs, cats, pigs, and wild animals. Paragonimiasis has been known to distribute widely over the south Korea, however, the prevalence among people and intermediate hosts is gradually decreasing in recent years. In Korean people, the lung fluke have caused pulmonary infections in a great many of cases but as well extrapulmonary ones including cerebral, spinal, subcutaneous, hepatic, splenic, abdominal, urinary, gynecologic, and other types. The definite diagnosis of paragonimiasis can be executed by the recovery of eggs from sputum or feces of patients, however, immunological methods such as intradermal test, complement-fixation test, precipitin reactions, immunofluorescent techniques, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are greatly helpful for egg-negative or extrapulmonary cases. Various drugs have been introduced for the treatment of paragonimiasis, and among them, bithionol, niclofolan and praziquantel have shown high therapeutic efficacy. The most recommendable one is considered praziquantel. For control of this disease, mass chemotherapy of patients seems to be the most efficient and feasible measure.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Evaluation of commercial usefulness for microparticle agglutination Serodia-Myco II test for serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia infections].

The usefulness of Serodia-Myco II agglutination test (Fujirebio, Japan) for diagnosis of the M. pneumoniae infections was evaluated. A total of 66 serum samples obtained from patients with respiratory tract infections were tested by Serodia-Myco II test, complement fixation (CF) test, ELISA-IgG/-IgM, and by latex agglutination (LA) test prepared in our laboratory. Using CF test and ELISA as the reference tests, Serodia-Myco II test gave too many false positive results. This test in relation to CF test, ELISA-IgM, ELISA-IgG, and LA test showed a very high sensitivity, virtually 100%, with a low specificity, below 50%. It seems that oversensitivity of the Serodia-Myco II test is caused by too low cut off (40) value recommended by the manufacturer. The Serodia-Myco II test may be used in routine serodiagnosis of mycoplasmosis under condition that cut off value will be raised to 160 and the positive results of this test will be confirmed by the CF test or ELISA.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1961

Evaluation of some laboratory procedures in diagnosing infections with Schistosoma mansoni.

THIS PAPER REPORTS ON A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION CARRIED OUT IN PUERTO RICO ON THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES USED IN DIAGNOSING BILHARZIASIS: recovery of S. mansoni ova from stools; serological tests (complement-fixation tests with adult worm and cercarial antigens, slide flocculation test with cercarial antigens, cercarial agglutination test, and circumoval precipitin test) and intradermal tests with adult worm, cercarial and egg antigens.Stool examinations revealed infections in only 74% of 485 patients hospitalized for bilharziasis, but most of the serological and intradermal tests gave results which, when corrected for false negative reactions, suggested infections in 89%-94% of patients. Cercarial agglutination results were discounted because of weak reactions and low specificity; the intradermal test with egg antigen lacked specificity.From the results of their comparative studies, the authors suggest particular uses for the various serological and stool tests, but consider that the intradermal tests do not appear to have a definable role in the diagnosis or detection of bilharziasis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of beta-lactam antibiotics in drug-induced hemolysis].

The study was purposed to evaluate synergistic effect of beta-lactam antibiotics in drug-induced hemolysis. The general information, including primary diseases, therapeutic drugs, infection pathogens in 6 patients with pulmonary infection and unknown reason anemia were integrated and analyzed. The leukocyte and reticulocyte counts, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB), fasting blood glucose (Glu in peripheral blood) were all determined by conventional method. At the same time, the erythrocyte direct antiglobulin test (DAT), complement fixation test (CFT), cell culture and smear examination were carried out. The antibodies in plasma were also detected by indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). The result showed that levels of WBC, TB, DB, Glu and reticulocyte in six patients treated with beta-lactam antibiotics were raised remarkably. DAT was strongly positive, but no RBC antibodies were detected in the plasma by IAT. The binding of red cells by monocytes or lymphocytes was great, and the hemolysis of red cells by alexin not appeared. After stopping above-mentioned beta-lactam antibiotic administration, patient's WBC, TB, DB, and Glu levels returned to normal values. Furthermore, DAT test result turned to negative. It is concluded that beta-lactam antibiotics lead to drug-induced hemolysis by non-specific adsorption of some proteins onto RBC surface, and their proteins may be considered as direct cause for this hemolysis.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

[Enzootic bovine leukaemia, diagnosis, distribution and control in the Netherlands (author's transl)].

The results of studies on the incidence of enzootic bovine leukaemia in the Netherlands from 1968 to 1975 inclusive are given. The serological methods used (fluorescent antibody technique, immunoperoxidase test, micro complement fixation test and gel diffusion test) were found to be of great value especially for the early diagnosis of the disease. Antibodies to bovine leukaemia virus are already detected long before the onset of persistent lymphocytosis. The results obtained so far with serological methods confirm earlier haematological findings that enzootic bovine leukaemia is non-existent in the Dutch Friesian-Holstein and Meuse-Rhine-IJssel breeds. The first cases of enzootic bovine leukaemia were observed in import cattle in 1970. The geographic distribution of farms exploiting import cattle in which the disease has been diagnosed is presented on chart 1. Methods used to control enzootic bovine leukaemia are briefly described.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Indices of humoral immunity in inhabitants of the Far North infected and sick with tuberculosis].

As a result of a complex study of the humoral immunity indices in tuberculosis infected and affected inhabitants of the Extreme North with reference to the immunoglobulin A, G, M levels, titers of heterohemagglutinins (HHA) and specific antibodies defined by means of indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT), complement fixation test with tuberculin and IHAT with phosphatidic antigen (IHAT-Ph), two simple and quite informative tests, i.e. HHA and IHAT-Ph, are recommended for the practical use in health system. HHA level greater than 1/4 indicates the absence of immunodeficiency in system B. The results of IHAT-Ph, being adequate to the main clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (including bacillary excretion and lung tissue destruction), can be used as an additional diagnostic and evaluation method of tuberculous activity when the subjects from specific infection foci are examined or during their inpatient and dispensary observation and management.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Transient enhancement of the serum antibody response to Brucella abortus strain 19 in cattle treated with levamisole.

Two experiments were done on 57 steers. These cattle were allotted to 8 groups (4 groups/experiment) and vaccinated with 1 to 3 X 10(9) colony-forming units of Brucella abortus strain 19. Cattle in 3 of the 4 groups/experiment were given 6 mg of levamisole/kg, subcutaneously, either at the time of vaccination (day 0), 7 days later, or at both times. Serum antibody titers to B abortus were measured sequentially for 28 days in experiment 1 and for 56 days in experiment 2, using the card test, Rivanol test, complement-fixation test, fluorometric immunoassay, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In general, the highest mean antibody titers, as determined by all serologic tests, occurred in steers treated with levamisole at 7 days after vaccination or in those treated at the time of vaccination and 7 days later. By the card test on day 56, there was a significantly (P less than 0.05) greater number of seropositive cattle among those given levamisole 7 days after seropositive cattle among those given strain 19 alone. Simultaneous administration of strain 19 and levamisole did not alter antibody responses to B abortus.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1977

[Outbreak of equine influenza by a new strain of Myxovirus type 2. II. Epizootiology].

During an epizootic of equine acute respiratory disease in Algeria, a strain of equine influenza virus was isolated. Sera examination by hemagglutinin inhibition test and complement fixation test confirmed the etiology of the disease. The first and second outbreak of the disease remained localised. The third outbreak spread within few months to all parts of the country. Horses vaccinated with a commercial equine influenza vaccine remained healthy.

Algeria↗
PubMed1982

Antigenic polypeptides of 3 reference strains recognized by sera from cytomegalovirus (CMV) infected patients.

The polypeptides of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) from 3 references strains (Davis, Ad 169 and Towne) were precipitated by immune sera from 5 renal transplanted patients with CMV-re-infection and 2 sera from patients with primary infection (one renal transplant and one child). Two antibody negative sera (tested in complement fixation test and immunofluorescence) were used as controls. The patterns of antigenic late polypeptides depended on the kinetics of in vitro infection. They differed between the 3 reference strains, and, for each strain, between the immune sera used for precipitation. Only 6 major bands were recognized by all sera in all reference strains. These results demonstrated he heterogeneity of CMV antigenic polypeptides responsible for antibody production in individual patients.

Antigens, Viral↗