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PubMedDate not supplied

[Generation of antibodies to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis antigens using the colloid gold particles as an adjuvant].

Serum titer achieved while producing antibodies to Y. pseudotuberculosis surface antigens with the use of colloid gold as adjuvant was as high as that achieved with the use of Freund's complete adjuvant (1:10,240). Still the amount of the antigen introduced when colloid gold particles were used as adjuvant was lower by 2 orders. The study revealed that colloid gold used as antigen carrier activated the phagocytic activity of lymphoid cells.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of colloidal organic substrate on nitrification in biofilms].

The effects of colloidal and soluble organic substrates on nitrification in biofilms were investigated in biological aerated filters. The results showed that the hydrolysis process of colloidal organic matter took place rapidly, which could not be the limiting step of its oxidation in the biofilm. Some 70% organic matter oxidation was accomplished at the 40 cm at the bottom of the both filters, while the increase of organic matter in the influent resulted in the displacement of nitrification from the bottom to the upper part of filter bed. It was observed that the greater reduction on nitrification was caused by colloidal organic matter than by soluble organics at the same COD concentration.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2004

Subareolar injection of radioactive colloid for sentinel lymph node identification in breast cancer patients.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is becoming the standard for staging the axilla in breast cancer patients in many institutions. The best method of injection is still questionable. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of SLNB using the peritumoral or the subareolar injection site. Between December 1997 and March 2000, we performed 100 SLNBs. Technecium-labeled colloidal human serum albumin was injected peritumorally (Group A, 31 patients; Group B, 31 patients) or subareolarly (Group C, 38 patients). Patent blue dye was given periareolarly (Group A) or peritumorally (Groups B and C). Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed in all patients. SLNB was successful in 94 patients (94%). The identification rate improved from 80 per cent (first 25 patients) to 99 per cent (last 75). The subareolar injection of the colloid did not adversely influence the results of SLNB compared with the peritumoral injection (identification rate, 100% vs 97%; false negative rate, 6% vs 14%). The subareolar injection of colloid is a simple and at least as accurate technique as the peritumoral one. This technique can also improve the identification rate of SLNB for breast cancer patients.

Axilla↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacology of colloids and crystalloids.

We have attempted to review body fluid distribution by compartments so that the reader understands the physiology of ICF and ECF, and the relationship between interstitial and intravascular fluids. Crystalloids such as NS and RL are distributed to the ECF, whereas colloids primarily remain intravascular for longer periods. Although effective, crystalloids tend to require larger volumes for infusion, and edema remains a problem. Colloids as a group are extremely effective volume expanders, but none is ideal. Albumin, hetastarch, dextran, and the less commonly used colloids each have significant toxicities that must be considered when using them. Intelligent choices can be made to optimize use of these fluids.

Body Fluid Compartments↗
PubMed2004

Colloidal transport and agglomeration in column studies for advanced run-off filtration facilities--particle size and time resolved monitoring of effluents with flow-field-flow-fractionation.

The efficiency of road run-off filtration facilities based on ion-exchange materials is reduced by pollutants which are transported bound to particles. To quantify the factors governing particle transport phenomena, a simplified model consisting of quartz sand-filled columns representing the filter/soil was set up. Suspensions of artificial clays, cold water-extracted natural clays, and real run-off were used as model effluents. Five experiments were performed: breakthrough of a natural soil suspension, remobilization of a natural soil suspension after ionic strength-drop, the same two experiments with a suspension of the artificial clay mineral Laponite, and the remobilization of run-off accumulated on a column at high ionic strength with an ionic strength down-gradient. Short-interval effluent fractions were analysed by flow-field-flow-fractionation (F4) to obtain the size distributions of the colloids present. The size distributions of subsequent fractions were then plotted in a staggered arrangement to give three-dimensional graphs that are time- and particle size-resolved. With this method the subsequent release of different agglomerate sizes formed on the column could be shown for the artificial clay mineral, questioning its use as a model colloid. The combined particle size- and time-resolved plots proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring colloidal solids in column effluents.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
PubMed1991

Toxic effects of colloids in the intensive care unit.

Colloid fluid solutions are frequently used as plasma volume expanders in the critically ill. As a group, these nonblood volume replacement solutions have in common a number of potential adverse effects. Intravascular volume overload, dilutional coagulopathy, extravascular extravasation across leaky capillary membranes, and anaphylactoid reactions may all occur with administration of any colloid. In addition, individual agents have unique toxic effects. Renal dysfunction has been associated with dextran 40, myocardial depression with albumin, hypotension with purified plasma protein, and hyperamylasemia with hetastarch. Because no ideal colloidal solution exists, knowledge of type, severity, and clinical significance of adverse effects is important in determining the appropriate plasma volume expander and monitoring its effects.

Albumins↗
PubMed1991

Examination of the role of the colloids hydroxyethylstarch, dextran, human albumin, and plasma proteins in a modified UW solution.

The delayed contralateral nephrectomy procedure (three-step) produced inconsistent results, indicating that the preserved autotransplanted kidney tends to remain unfunctional and to regenerate incompletely unless the demand for work is placed upon it. Omission of HES in UW (UW-plain) did not affect preservation success, but resulted in increased graft edema. Substitution of HES in UW with plasma (SGF-V) or albumin (MAlb) gave significantly worse results than UW-like solutions with or without synthetic colloids. Replacement of HES in UW with UMdex-70 or UMdex-500 gave nonsignificantly worse results than UW-like solutions with or without synthetic colloids. The use of UMdex-40 as the main colloid in UW cheapened the solution, equalled the preservation success of UW and UW-plain but surpassed UW-plain in edema prevention, and exceeded UW concerning recovery of graft microcirculation.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1991

[The standardization of colloid osmotic pressure of blood substitutes with a perfluorocarbon base].

Besides a number of other characteristic features the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood substitutes is of importance, since it regulates the physiological balance between the intra- and extravascular fluid content. The colloidal osmotic pressure in blood is determined predominantly by the albumin fraction. The entropy increase on diluting albumin which, can't pass semipermeable vascular walls of the intravascular substances are used in blood substitutes to maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure. Their selection and appropriate are of great importance for the efficiency of blood substitutes.

Blood Substitutes↗
PubMed1991

Residual spleen found on denatured red blood cell scan following negative colloid scans.

The technetium-sulfur colloid liver-spleen examination is widely used to evaluate patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura for residual splenic tissue following splenectomy. Technetium-labeled heat-damaged red blood cell imaging is another sensitive test for residual splenic tissue. We recently encountered a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who was initially evaluated with a technetium sulfur colloid scan which was negative. A denatured red blood cell scan was subsequently performed which revealed intense focal activity in the region of the splenic bed. Surgery confirmed this to be splenic tissue. Our results emphasize the utility of the denatured red blood cell examination in the setting of strong clinical suspicion for residual splenic tissue following a negative sulfur colloid study.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[A 99mTc-colloid study of the intrahepatic blood flow in liver cirrhosis in children].

Hepatoscintigraphic investigations were conducted in 63 patients aged 3 to 15 to study the features of intrahepatic blood flow and degrees of its compensation in children with liver cirrhosis of different stages. 99mTc-colloid was employed as a radiopharmaceutical. Disproportions of scintigraphic liver images showed close correlation with clinico-biochemical and morphological signs of the severity of disease. Subcompensation and decompensation of the organ blood flow and reticuloendothelial system in children with developed and terminal stages of liver cirrhosis are characterized by prolonged blood RP inhibition, a decrease in the total clearance of radioactive colloid, a progressively reduced index of liver clearance, and an increase in a colloid uptake by the spleen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Phosphorus-32-colloidal chromic phosphate: treatment of choice for malignant pericardial effusion.

A 68-yr-old male with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia was given phosphorus-32-colloidal chromic phosphate intrapericardially for the treatment of malignant pericardial effusion. Technetium-99m-sulfur colloid was used to verify catheter placement and to visualize distribution within the pericardium. Estimated dosimetry for this mode of therapy is presented, and it is suggested that pericardial administration of phosphorus-32-colloidal chromic phosphate is the treatment of choice for malignant pericardial effusion.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

[Colloid milium].

The differential diagnosis and classification of colloid milium, a relatively rare disorder, may be difficult. In this paper, a case report of a 52-year-old male patient with characteristic clinical and histological signs of colloid milium is therefore presented. Recently gained insights into the aetiopathogenesis of colloid milium are discussed.

Colloids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hetastarch: an alternative colloid in burn shock management.

Hetastarch is a synthetic polysaccharide colloid that has been used clinically in the management of multiple trauma, hypovolemic shock, and postoperative cardiac patients. Our objective was to determine whether hetastarch is a safe alternative to blood products in burn shock resuscitation. Twenty-six patients received hetastarch during the colloid phase of resuscitation and were compared to matched historical controls who received either albumin or fresh frozen plasma. Clinical and laboratory parameters were measured on admission and for 4 days after the burn. There was no significant difference in hemodynamics, respiratory status, incidence of bleeding, or renal or liver function among the three colloid groups. The advantages of hetastarch include immediate availability, no dependence on human blood donor population, no risk of serum-transmitted diseases, and lower cost. It can be safely recommended for those patients who object to blood products for resuscitation, in those situations where human donors are few, and when cost is a consideration.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Immunoelectron microscopy of Proteus vulgaris by the plasma polymerization metal-extraction replica method: differential staining of flagellar (H) and somatic (O) antigens by colloidal golds.

Flagellar (H) and somatic (O) antigens of Proteus vulgaris were differentially stained with antibodies coupled to different sizes of colloidal gold particles, and the distribution of these antigens was visualized by the plasma polymerization metal-extraction replica (PMR) method. The H antigen, labeled with 5 nm colloidal gold, was almost exclusively located on the flagella, whereas the O antigen, labeled with 10 nm colloidal gold, was almost exclusively located on the bacterial body. The marker gold particles were clearly observed as electron-dense particles on the relatively low contrast background of three-dimensional replica image of the flagellated bacteria. Thus, the PMR method may prove to be a useful tool for studying the localization of multiple substances on the cell surface, at a high resolution and in three dimensions. The diameter of the flagella measured by the replica method was about 15 nm, close to the value obtained by negative staining (16 nm). When treated with anti-flagellar (H) factor serum and protein A-gold, the diameter of flagella was significantly increased to about 35 nm. This increase in diameter was presumably caused by binding of immunoglobulins to H antigens of flagella.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1989

[Ultrastructural localization of leptospiral antigens by colloidal gold technique].

The rabbit anti-mouse antibodies were successfully labelled with colloidal gold. The distribution of leptospiral antigens in ultrastructure was researched with McAbs and labelled antibodies. It was found that colloidal gold particles were mainly distributed at the outer membrane of leptospiral strain O17 cells, which indicated that the antigens recognized by McAbs 1A7E7, and 2F9D4 were localized at the outer membrane of leptospiral cells. It was thought that colloidal technique would provide a method for research on the antigen distribution of leptospiral cells in ultrastructure.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Radioactive colloidal gold as a tool to quantify extravasation of macromolecules in the rat cremaster muscle.

Since previously described simple methods were too insensitive to quantify the extent of microvascular permeability increase in the rat cremaster muscle, we applied a new quantitative technique using radioactive colloidal gold (198Au) as the macromolecular tracer. Dose-response effects on microvascular permeability were found with increasing doses of subscrotally injected serotonin or histamine. The presence of colloidal gold particles in the subendothelial space of the postcapillary venules, as verified ultrastructurally, indicated endothelial permeation of the tracer macromolecules. The increased permeability elicited by serotonin was inhibited in a dose-dependent way by serotonin receptor antagonists (potency: methysergide greater than or equal to ketanserin = ritanserin greater than cinanserin), suggesting the presence of functional S2-serotonergic receptors on postcapillary venular endothelial cells. A dose-related inhibition of the histamine-induced extravasation was seen with the H1 antagonists astemizole and azatidine (astemizole greater than azatidine); the H2 antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine had no inhibitory effect. The radioactive colloidal gold technique is a sensitive and reliable tool for pharmacological experiments aimed at investigating the extravasation phenomenon in small tissue samples such as the rat cremaster muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

An "oncometer" of clinical measurement of colloid osmotic pressure of plasma.

Measurement of colloid osmotic pressure complements measurements of pulmonary artery wedge pressure for assessing the risks of pulmonary edema and constitutes an increasingly important reference for purposes of guiding selection of colloid or crystalloid fluids in patients with acute cardiac disease. We describe a simple device for its routine clinical measurement. A membrane, selectively impermeable to molecules of relative molecular mass (Mr) greater than 30000, is rigidly mounted between a sample chamber and a reference chamber filled with isotonic saline. A pressure transducer measures the negative pressure developed in the reference chamber and displays it on a digital panel meter. The sensor chamber accommodates samples of 50 to 300 microliter. Equilibration is completed within 2 min. A control solution of human serum albumin (50 g/liter) is measured to confirm the accuracy of calibration of the system, with reproducible readings of 25.9 g/cm2 within one SD (equivalent to 0.4 g/cm2). Technical simplicity of operation and modest costs of disposables have made feasible the routine measurement of colloid osmotic pressure.

Colloids↗
PubMed1989

Lung and muscle water after crystalloid and colloid infusion in septic rats: effect on oxygen delivery and metabolism.

We compared the effect of crystalloid infusion with that of colloid infusion on extravascular lung water and muscle water in septic rats. We also examined the relationship of lung and muscle edema to arterial oxygenation and muscle energy metabolism during sepsis. Cecal ligation and perforation were used to induce sepsis. Five animals served as sham-operated controls. Five animals were infused with 0.9% saline solution and five with 10% low molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch (hetastarch). Thermodilution cardiac output, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, and arterial blood gases were sequentially measured over a 6-hour interval. At 6 hours, a biopsy specimen was taken from the rectus femoris and the lungs and adductor magnus muscle harvested for gravimetric analysis (wet-dry/dry weight ratio). The colloid osmotic pressure was 16.1 +/- 1.2 mm Hg in the control animals, 9.3 +/- 0.5 mm Hg in the saline solution-infused animals, and 21.6 +/- 0.5 mm Hg in the hetastarch-infused animals at 6 hours (p less than 0.05 saline vs control, hetastarch). The lung wet-dry/dry weight ratio was 3.46 +/- 0.11 in the control animals, 3.74 +/- 0.13 in the saline group, and 3.64 +/- 0.11 in the hetastarch group (difference not significant). Arterial oxygenation was not significantly different in the three groups. Muscle wet-dry/dry weight ratio was 3.11 +/- 0.16 in the control animals, 2.75 +/- 0.12 in the hetastarch-infused animals, and 3.06 +/- 0.08 in the saline-infused group (not significant). There were no significant differences in skeletal muscle energy production or lactate/pyruvate ratio between the three groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗