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PubMed1985

[Interaction of alcohol and nutrition factors in the etiology of hepatic cirrhosis in men].

Habitual food and alcohol intake throughout adult life were assessed by interview in 211 patients suffering of liver cirrhosis and 387 control subjects selected at random from the corresponding general population. In the cirrhotics only the habits prior to clinical disease were taken into account. A significant dose-response relationship between alcohol intake and relative risk of cirrhosis, as well as the protective effect of total caloric intake and of its protein fraction, was demonstrated by logistic regression analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Defective long-term caloric regulation in obesity.

Whereas precise caloric intake occurs in normal and obese individuals on an acute basis, obese subjects do not maintain caloric regulation when there is a long overnight delay detween the preload and the subsequent meals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of music on the selected stress behaviors, weight, caloric and formula intake, and length of hospital stay of premature and low birth weight neonates in a newborn intensive care unit.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music on selected stress behaviors, weight, caloric and formula intake, and length of hospital stay. Subjects were 52 preterm and low birth weight newborns in a newborn intensive care unit (NBICU) who were in stable condition and restricted to isolettes. Subjects in the experimental and control groups were matched for equivalency based on sex, birth weight, and diagnostic criticality. Eleven males and 15 females were assigned to the control group and received routine auditory stimulation. The experimental group of 11 males and 15 females received music stimulation, which consisted of approximately 60 minutes of tape recorded vocal music, including lullabies and children's music, and routine auditory stimulation. Thirty-minute segments of the recording were played alternatively with 30 minutes of routine auditory stimulation three times daily. Exposure to music stimulation occurred only during the infants' stay in the NBICU. Results suggest music stimulation may have significantly reduced initial weight loss, increased daily average weight, increased formula and caloric intake, significantly reduced length of the NBICU and total hospital stays, and significantly reduced the daily group mean of stress behaviors for the experimental group. Data analyses suggest the length of hospital stay may be correlated with the amount of stress experienced by the neonate and not with weight gains. Theoretical and practical aspects of these results are discussed.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2004

Lack of direct effect of moderate hyperleptinemia to improve endothelial function in lean rat aorta: role of calorie restriction.

Leptin stimulates vascular sympathetic activity and NO release. The resulting effect of hyperleptinemia on endothelial function is unknown. Reduction of food intake associated with hyperleptinemia may mediate some of the vascular effects of leptin. This study was designed to assess the relative effects of short-term moderate caloric restriction and hyperleptinemia on vascular function in lean rat. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation, nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and nitrite production were measured in lean rats receiving leptin subcutaneous infusion (-26% caloric intake, -4% body weight versus control) or moderate caloric restriction (pair-feeding) for one week. Plasma leptin was increased (P < = 0.05) by approximately 300% in the leptin-infused group, while it decreased (P < or = 0.05) by approximately 40% in calorie-restricted animals. Both leptin infusion and calorie restriction resulted in improved (P < 0.05) endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine (EC50: -6.1 +/- 0.2 and -6.2 +/- 0.2 versus -5.4 +/- 0.2 in control) and unaltered endothelium-independent vasodilation to DEA-NONOate. Furthermore, in aortas from leptin-infused and calorie-restricted rats, expression of eNOS and nitrite production were increased (P < = 0.05) to similar extent compared to control animals. These findings suggest that moderate short-term calorie restriction with adaptive hypoleptinemia has independent beneficial effects on endothelial function in lean animals by enhancing eNOS expression and function. In addition, physiological hyperleptinemia does not independently contribute to improved vascular function above and beyond the effect of calorie restriction.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Relationship of dietary fat to age-related maculopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations between dietary fat and age-related maculopathy (ARM) in persons 40 years or older who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS: We used a single, nonmydriatic, fundus photograph of 1 eye to ascertain ARM status in 7883 of 11 448 survey participants. Intake of fat was estimated from 24-hour recall, and specific sources of dietary fat were estimated from responses to food frequency questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that accounted for complex survey design, nonresponse, and potential risk factors for ARM (age, smoking, race, sex, body mass index, history of cardiovascular disease or hypertension, eye color, and sedentary lifestyle). Persons aged 40 to 79 years (n = 7405) were included in analyses for early ARM (n = 644); those 60 years or older (n = 4294) were included in analyses for late ARM (n = 53). RESULTS: After adjustment for age, race, eye color, and sedentary lifestyle, OR for early ARM was 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9-2.2; P for trend,.10) among persons in high vs low quintiles of total fat intake (percentage of total energy). Associations for specific types of fatty acids (as percentages of caloric intake) were in the same direction and unrelated to ARM. The OR for late ARM was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.2-2.6; P for trend,.60) in persons 60 years or older. Further adjustments for other potential confounders did not significantly affect the ORs. CONCLUSION: Age-related maculopathy was not significantly associated with dietary fat in this large cross-sectional survey.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Nutritional behavior of non-insulin-dependent type II diabetes patients using the KALI 2.1.2 computer program].

Forty patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were investigated regarding their individual diet history, including dietary pattern and dietary habits. The energy intake in men was 2,180 +/- 460 kcal/day. The carbohydrate content was 192 +/- 57 g/day (38 +/- 7%), protein 93 +/- 20 g/day (19 +/- 3%) and fat 96 +/- 26 g/day (43 +/- 7%). Nutritional intake of saturated fatty acids was 37 +/- 11 g/day, whereas the intake of polyenic acid was 14 +/- 5 g/day. Thus the p/s-quotient was 0.4 +/- 0.1. The cholesterol intake amounted to 396 +/- 165 mg/day. The dietary fibre content was 33 +/- 21 g/day. The caloric intake of women was 1,800 kcal/day. The daily amount of carbohydrate was 154 +/- 46 g/day (37 +/- 6%), of protein 82 +/- 21 g/day (20 +/- 4%), of fat 82 +/- 32 g/day (43 +/- 6%). Saturated fatty acids were 33 +/- 14 g/day, polyenic acid 11 +/- 5 g/day, the p/s-quotient 0.4 +/- 0.2. The cholesterol intake was calculated to be 341 +/- 118 mg/day. The supply of electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins was often marginal. We found that usually practiced diabetes diet is too fatty, rich in cholesterol and poor in carbohydrate and fibre. As a result of the high amount of fat, which comprises 43% of the total calories and the low p/s-quotient of 0.4, the diet must be considered atherogenic.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1995

Food consumption habits in Germany--the clinician's point of view.

Findings of the Nationale Verzehrstudie and Verbundstudie, Ernährungserhebung und Risikofaktorenanalytik studies are discussed in light of their clinical significance. Obesity increases the statistical risk of developing a number of diseases, of which the most important are cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Obesity causes insulin resistance and plays a part in the development of the metabolic syndrome. The Verbundstudie, Ernährungserhebung und Risikofaktorenanalytik survey shows that in the mid-1980s roughly one third of the German population was overweight. However, criteria for defining the overweight condition are variable. Overall data in Germany are comparable to those of several other population surveys, but regional increases are observed. Analysis of dietary intakes shows a marked deviation from recommended nutritional standards, especially in the distribution of total caloric intake as carbohydrate (42.8%) and fat (38.4%). Almost 9% of the population derived more than 20% of their energy intake from snacks. The data cannot provide a full explanation as to why people become fat. This may be due to the well-known problem of underrating and underreporting intakes, particularly by obese subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Responses to an intense sweetener in humans: immediate preference and delayed effects on intake.

Preferences for five aspartame concentrations (0.008, 0.028, 0.094, 0.235 and 0.627%) in a dairy product were assessed in men and women by 1) brief-exposure sensory evaluation tests and 2) intake tests. Sensory evaluation gave different preferred concentrations as compared to actual intake. In sensory evaluation tests, the lowest three intensities were preferred by most subjects; in intake tests, 0.028% was clearly preferred. The 24-h spontaneous food intake after intake test sessions was recorded. A peak of 24-h energy intake was observed after intake of 0.028% aspartame yogurt. This peak was 400 kcal higher than the 24-h caloric intake observed after tests of the sweetest yogurt (p less than 0.01), much more than accounted for by differences in yogurt intake. So the intake of yogurt plus aspartame exerted strong delayed effects. These effects are likely dependent on sensory factors (concentration) rather than postingestive mechanisms (dose).

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Elevated plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor in chronic heart failure with cachexia.

To study the potential role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in chronic heart failure, we measured the plasma levels of TNF by enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay in 109 patients with various heart diseases grouped as 'non-heart failure' (n = 36), 'heart failure' (n = 36) and 'cachectic' (n = 37). The daily food intake was also investigated. The results showed that there was no obvious difference of daily caloric intake among the three groups of patients. Plasma levels of TNF were significantly elevated in the patients with 'heart failure' (0.51 +/- 0.26 ng/ml, mean +/- S.E.M.), and even higher in the patients with 'cachexia' (6.19 +/- 2.76 ng/ml), as compared with the patients with 'non-heart failure' (0.09 +/- 0.03 ng/ml). Twenty-five patients with 'cachexia' and 11 patients with 'heart failure' had plasma levels of TNF > or = 100 pg/ml, whereas only 5 patients with 'non-heart failure' had plasma levels of TNF above that level. The patients with high levels of TNF were more cachectic than those with normal levels of TNF (body mass index 19.5 +/- 3.4 vs. 22.3 +/- 3.6, P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, elevated levels of TNF were associated with the level of serum total protein, presence of heart failure and cachexia. These findings indicate that plasma levels of TNF are increased in patients with heart failure, and high levels of TNF may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac cachexia.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Nutritional status of a group of alcoholics before and after admission to an alcoholism treatment unit.

The nutritional status of the alcoholic has been presumed to be less than adequate because of the large quantity of alcohol ingested. Most reports have focused on the derelict alcoholic. In contrast, the patients in this investigation are more representative of the usual alcoholic population. The pretreatment dietary histories of 58 alcoholics were compared with their actual dietary intake while they were hospitalized for the treatment of alcoholism. Comparisons were also made between dietary intake by history and Recommended Dietary Allowances. The mean calorie, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake of the patients was adequate and was well within the Recommended Dietary Allowances ranges. After the patients stopped drinking, they increased their intake of all major nutrients, especially carbohydrates. A subgroup of 11 patients whose recent dietary intake by history was corroborated by their urinary nitrogen excretion had no change in total caloric intake after they stopped drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effect of low-calorie diets on the sympathetic nervous system, body weight, and plasma insulin in overweight hypertension.

When weight reduction was found to decrease blood pressure in the overweight hypertensive patient, it was hailed as the causative factor. A growing number of recent studies indicate that this association may be secondary to a correlation between diet-associated metabolic change and the sympathetic nervous system. A select group such as overweight hypertensive patients may have a genetic predisposition for such a correlation. In overweight hypertensive patients, low-calorie diet and especially very-low-calorie diet, correlate with improved glucose metabolism, a decrease in plasma insulin concentration, and altered norepinephrine concentrations and thus sympathetic nervous system activity. Several of these studies also show a lack of effect of salt intake on blood pressure. Thus, it seems that metabolic changes caused by the decrease in caloric intake are responsible for the decrease in blood pressure. These must be investigated to understand the effect of the different diets on blood pressure. Very low-calorie diets were found very useful in breaking the vicious circle of severe nonresponsive hypertension to medication.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1997

Acute adaptive changes in food intake pattern following olfactory ablation in rats.

We determined whether acute compensatory feeding pattern changes after bulbectomy persist on a chronic basis, or whether physiological adaptation occurs to normalize acute changes. Rats were randomized to olfactory bulbectomy or sham operation; all had jugular vein catheterization. Food intake, meal number and size were studied during infusion of parenteral nutrients providing 100% daily caloric intake (PN-100) to minimize post-ingestive effects. Rats were randomly assigned to acute (from day 14 after operation, PN-100 infused for 4 days, followed by 4 days of saline infusion) or chronic study (PN-100 infused for 4 days from day 40, followed by 4 days of saline infusion). After olfactory ablation, acutely decreased meal size was offset by increased meal number, but 40 days after, baseline differences between meal size and number no longer existed. No qualitative differences in response to PN-100 were noted between acute and chronic groups. Findings suggest a functional adaptation of food intake regulatory mechanism between 14 and 40 days after bulbectomy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Feeding and temperature responses to intravenous leptin infusion are differential predictors of obesity in rats.

Obesity is frequently associated with leptin resistance. The present study investigated whether leptin resistance in rats is present before obesity develops, and thus could underlie obesity induced by 16 wk exposure to a liquid, palatable, high-energy diet (HED). Before HED exposure, male Wistar rats (weighing between 330 and 360 g) received intravenous infusions of 20 microg leptin 2 h before dark (approximately 57 microg/kg rat). Relative to saline infusion, this caused a highly variable effect on food intake (ranging between -94 and +129%), with food intake suppression that appeared negatively correlated with HED-induced increases in body weight gain, caloric intake, adiposity, and plasma leptin levels. In contrast, leptin's thermogenic response was positively correlated to body weight gain linked to weights of viscera, but not to adiposity. Before HED exposure, leptin unexpectedly increased food intake in some rats (fi+, n = 8), whereas others displayed the normal reduction in food intake (fi-, n = 7). HED-exposed fi+ rats had higher plasma leptin levels, retroperitoneal fat pad weight, HED intake, and body weight gain than fi- and chow-fed rats. These parameters were also higher in HED-exposed fi-rats relative to chow rats, except for plasma leptin concentrations. It is concluded that leptin's reduced efficacy to suppress food intake could predict obesity on an HED. An unexpected orexigenic effect of leptin might potentially contribute to this as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Nutritional determinants of epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Variations in the incidence of cancer can be influenced by diet and specific lifestyles. In the last years, diet has been evaluated as an important factor in the development of ovarian cancer, even though the results have not been consistent. Dietary factors related to the risk of ovarian cancer in Mexican women were evaluated. METHODS: A case-control study in Mexico City was done during 1995-1997 in a social security hospital, evaluating 84 new cases of ovarian cancer and 629 controls. A validated questionnaire with 116 items about the frequency and type of food intake was used. The analysis of nutrients was done with the residual method adjusted for total energy intake and other predictor variables through logistic regression methods. Also, partition models estimated the total caloric intake for other sources. RESULTS: The nutrients negatively associated with ovarian cancer in the highest versus the lowest tertile were retinol (OR 0.52; p for trend = 0.03) and vitamin D (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.23-0.80; p = 0.01; residual model). Additionally, carbohydrates were positively associated (partition model: OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.00-1.15), and tortilla intake did not show an association with ovarian cancer (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.78-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: The diet of the Mexican population is rich in carbohydrates; in Mexico corn intake is the main energy source. On the other hand, vitamins such as retinol and vitamin D were shown to be associated with this neoplasm in a protective way; nevertheless, further studies are necessary to allow us to corroborate our results. This is the first attempt in our country that relates the Mexican diet to ovarian cancer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Special considerations required for the formulation and administration of total parenteral nutrition therapy in the elderly patient.

Providing total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to hospitalised patients is not a benign procedure and can be associated with appreciable risks including the development of septic, mechanical and/or metabolic complications. In the older patient, the risks are heightened due to the effects of aging on vital organ function, as well as on the body's ability to respond to injury and infection. In addition, the existence of co-morbid disease will increase the rate of complications. The design of nutritional regimens must account for the changes in body composition and function with age in order to reduce the risks of nutrition-related complications. As a consequence of the reduction in lean body mass and organ function, coupled with the need to mobilise endogenous protein during acute metabolic stress, it is prudent to provide protein intakes of 1.5 g/kg/day, similar to amounts given to younger adult populations. In contrast, the caloric intake should be reduced by as much as 30% from amounts given younger adults of equivalent height and weight in order to avoid the dangers of overfeeding. Single-fuel systems may be better choices in those with acute cardiovascular disease, as glucose is a preferred fuel in this setting, whereas a mixed-fuel system will generally allow improved glucose homeostasis in the diabetic patient. Once TPN is instituted, metabolic management may be as important as nutritional support. Critical illness is associated with a variety of electrolyte disorders which are often accentuated by concurrent drug therapy and pre-existing co-morbid disease. The older patient is often less able to withstand abrupt changes in metabolic homeostasis. These points underscore the importance of the careful application of TPN therapy in the older patient.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving dietary self-monitoring and adherence with hand-held computers: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Innovations in information technology offer new opportunities for creative application of personalized, tailored feedback strategies for improving dietary adherence. We developed and tested a real-time diet-monitoring and feedback system using hand-held computers. The goals were to increase diet self-monitoring, reduce the burden of monitoring food intake, and increase adherence to dietary goals within a clinical trial. METHODS: Participants were 33 women in the Diet Modification arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). After using focus groups to determine system features, women used the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)-based system for 1 month and received immediate and weekly tailored feedback. The process and outcomes were evaluated using real-time food records collected through the PDAs; surveys; and self-reported food frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: Participants significantly increased self-monitoring, improved their attitudes toward self-monitoring, and met their dietary goals more often. Reported total fat intake and percent energy from fat decreased significantly. There was a modest decrease in mean caloric intake. DISCUSSION: The pilot study findings support the largely untapped potential of hand-held computers for improving diet monitoring and diet adherence, particularly within a clinical trial.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Calcium intake in preschool children--a study of dietary patterns in a low socioeconomic community.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of published data on sources and quantity of calcium intake in preschool children. STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess calcium intake compared with the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), to identify major food sources of calcium, and to compare dietary patterns of healthy preschool children who do and do not meet the calcium DRI. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary care pediatrics practice at a large urban medical center. SUBJECTS: A group of 228 children aged 44 to 60 months in a low socioeconomic community. METHODS: Diet was assessed using three or four 24-hour recalls administered approximately three months apart to the parents. Nutrient values were computed using a dietary analysis program based on USDA values. RESULTS: Mean daily calcium intake was 852 mg/day (S.D., 271) and 44% reported mean calcium intake less than the DRI of 800 mg/day. Milk consumption accounted for 64.3% and cheese for 6.7% of the daily calcium intake. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, and total caloric intake confirmed the main contribution of mainly milk and, to a much lesser extent, cheese consumption, as determinants of calcium intake. All of the children who consumed less than 1.2 servings of milk (288 ml) milk per day reported mean daily calcium intake below the DRI. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium intake below the DRI may be common in preschool children in low socioeconomic communities, and is associated primarily with lower milk intake. These findings indicate the need to promote the consumption of low-fat milk in preschool children.

Bone Density↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Recovery of the acute malnourished child in Costa Rica, by using caloric hyperalimentation].

This study was conducted at the National Children's Hospital, in Costa Rica. Fifteen malnourished children (means upon admission: age 7.5 months; 55.2% weight for age; 74.3 weight for height) were treated according to a new feeding scheme in which hypercaloric formulas were given to children from the seventh day onwards. The children achieved a mean weight gain of 8.7 g/kg/day after the first week of hospitalization. A strong correlation was found between caloric intake and weight gain (r = 0.78). The equation Y = -10.36 + 0.1X indicates and additional caloric requirement of 10 Kcal/kg/day for synthesis of tissue of 1 g/kg/day. Children achieved an average of 90% weight/height four weeks after initiation of treatment, advancing from grade III to grade II (weight deficit, Gómez classification) The application of this feeding scheme will reduce hospitalization cost, the risk of cross-infections, the rate of readmissions, and will favor a better adaptation of the child to his own environment.

Body Weight↗