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PubMed1998

Neotropical echinococcosis in Suriname: Echinococcus oligarthrus in the orbit and Echinococcus vogeli in the abdomen.

This paper reports two cases of neotropical echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus oligarthrus and E. vogeli, neither of which has been reported from Suriname. Case 1, a six-year-old boy, presented a 15 x 25 mm retro-ocular cystic tumor (observed by ultrasound, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging) causing exophthalmia, chemosis, palpebral ptosis, and blindness of the left eye. Of two tentative diagnoses, Echinococcus cyst or dermoid tumor, the former was shown to be correct at surgery when a clear liquid and detached protoscoleces were aspirated. Rostellar hooks of the protoscolex were characteristic of E. oligarthrus. Case 2, a 41-year-old man, had polycystic masses excised from the liver and abdomen. A presurgery diagnosis of E. vogeli infection was made due to calcifications seen in the lesions, positive serology, residence of the patient in the tropical forest, and later by the size and shape of rostellar hooks. The presence of these two parasites in one of the former Guianas is not surprising; both species are endemic in tropical forest in Central and South America wherever people have not exterminated wild canids, especially the bush dog, (Speothos venaticus), and felids (wild cats of several species), along with pacas, agoutis, and other rodents that serve as intermediate host of these two cestodes. Eighty-six cases of polycystic echinococcosis are known in people from 11 countries from Nicaragua to Argentina: 32 due to E. vogeli, three to E. oligarthrus, and 51 for which determination of the species was not possible because the hooks of the protoscolex were not found or described. Research to elucidate aspects of transmission of E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus is of practical importance for defining measures for preventing the severe and frequently fatal illnesses caused by these two cestodes.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1999

Differential immunodiagnosis between cystic hydatid disease and other cross-reactive pathologies.

We assessed an Echinococcus granulosus hydatid fluid antigen-ELISA (EgHF-ELISA) as a serologic prescreening test for E. granulosus infections, supplemented by more specific confirmatory tests, including arc-5 immunoprecipitation and antigen B subunit 8-kD immunoblotting. The diagnostic sensitivity of the EgHF-ELISA was 91%. With regard to the test specificity of the EgHF-ELISA (overall = 82%), we observed relatively frequent cross-reactions in tumor patients (6%) and in patients with other parasitic diseases. Cestode-related cross-reactivity can be resolved by the complementary use of E. multilocularis-specific antigens or Taenia solium cysticercosis-specific immunoblotting. Immunoblotting based upon the detection of antibody reactivity to the 8-kD antigen of EgHF, or if appropriately detectable, to the 29-kD and 34-kD bands exhibited a 91% diagnostic sensitivity and an overall specificity of 97% or 94%, respectively. Thus, immunoblotting provided a 99% discrimination between seropositive pre-operative cystic hydatid disease cases and cross-reactive non-cestode parasitic infections or malignancies.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of the peripheral immune response in patients with neurocysticercosis: evidence for T cell reactivity to parasite glycoprotein and vesicular fluid antigens.

In neurocysticercosis (NCC), it is thought that the long-term survival of the parasite within the human brain is due in part to the ability of the cestode to suppress the local immune response. When the parasite dies, the immunosuppression is apparently lost and a strong local inflammatory response then develops. In contrast, little is known about the immunologic response that may occur in the peripheral immune system of these patients. In this study, the status of the peripheral (extracerebral) cellular and humoral response was evaluated in patients with a history of NCC. The in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogens and foreign antigens was similar in patients and controls. Importantly, a substantive response was elicited by two Taenia solium metacestode antigens. In addition, 8 of 10 patients had a detectable humoral response to the antigenic glycoproteins of the cestode. Considering both the cellular and humoral response, all of the patients with NCC presented an active peripheral immunity.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Metroliasthes lucida in the eastern wild turkey from Rhode Island.

The cestode, Metroliasthes lucida, is reported for the first time from the eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in Rhode Island, United States; this is the first published record from New England. One of eight birds examined was infected with 10 cestodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of parasitic helminths and arthropods from two subspecies of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) in Florida.

The faunas of parasitic helminths and arthropods of 87 Sherman's fox squirrels (Sciurus niger shermani) and 32 Big Cypress fox squirrels (Sciurus niger avicennia) collected from Florida (USA) over a 6-yr period (1988 to 1993) were compared. One acanthocephalan, one cestode, nine nematodes, one flea, three sucking lice, three mites, one tick, and one dipteran larva were identified. Citellinema bifurcatum and Physaloptera massino were new records for Florida and Gongylonema pulchrum, Neotrombicula whartoni, and Eushoengastia diversa were new host records. Three core species of nematodes (distributed widely, highly host specific, and very prevalent) were identified from Sherman's fox squirrels. These included Strongyloides robustus, Heligmodendrium hassalli, and C. bifurcatum, which were higher in prevalence and intensity in Sherman's fox squirrels than in Big Cypress fox squirrels. One core species of cestode (Raillietina bakeri) was collected from 32% of Sherman's fox squirrels, but was not observed in Big Cypress fox squirrels. The number of species, prevalences, intensities, and abundances of parasites from Sherman's fox squirrels were greater than those from Big Cypress fox squirrels.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of coproantigen diagnosis for natural Echinococcus multilocularis infection in red foxes.

The validity of a coproantigen ELISA for Echinococcus multilocularis was evaluated by comparison of three diagnostic methods; autopsy, egg examination and the ELISA. Of 71 foxes, 39 were found to be infected with the cestode at autopsy. The overall mean of worm burdens was 3,451, but the number varied (1-34,522). The ELISA could detect 94.9% (37/39) of the worm positives and there were no false-positives. Two false-negatives were infected with 1 and 4 cestodes, whereas 3 cases with similar worm burdens (2, 4 and 6 worms) were diagnosed as positives. This indicates the detection limit of the assay may be equivalent to less than 10 (in the worm burden). On the other hand, egg examination showed low sensitivity (43.6%, 17/39). These results suggest the ELISA has a potential to replace for the conventional methods.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The parasite-host relations in the system of Ligula intestinalis (L.) (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidae)--the bream].

Proteins and reducing sugars were assayed. The total proteolytic and amylolytic activities were determined in flushes of body cavity of the breams infected and noninfected by plerocercoids Ligula intestinalis. Infection with L. intestinalis markedly affected the composition of the medium and the activity of enzymes functioning in the body cavity of the bream: protein content increased, total proteolytic activity remained practically unchanged, while the content of reducing sugars and total amylolytic activity decreased. The strength of fixation of amylolytic enzymes on the surface of L. intestinalis tegument was tested. The dynamics of desorption of these enzymes from the tegument of plerocercoids and adult cestodes parasitizing in the fish intestine. The contents of protein and glycogen do not depend on the cestode length and strobile region.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Enteric helminths of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill): stochastic or predictable assemblages?

Component communities of perch (Perca fluviatilis L) in Eurasia and the North American yellow perch (Perca flavescens Mitchill) were examined to determine the nature of their parasite communities. The scale of this investigation is continental and includes data collected across the distribution of each host species. Data were compiled from the literature and from 5 sample sites in North America. Four parasite species were found to occur frequently in the helminth component communities of P. flavescens. The cestodes Bothriocephalus cuspidatus and Proteocephalus pearsei, the digenean Crepidostomum cooperi, and the nematode Dichelyne cotylophora comprised a suite of species of which some or all occurred in most samples. Similarly, a group of 4 predictable parasite species was identified for P. fluviatilis in Eurasia, the digenean Bunodera luciopercae, the nematode Camallanus lacustris, the cestode Proteocephalus percae, and the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus lucii. Specificity was not a requirement for predictability. Despite geographical isolation for millions of years, and different fish species interactions within and between continents, the predictability of these parasite assemblages indicates they are shaped by a biology, especially feeding patterns, common to both perch species. This is evidence that parasite assemblages comprised of nonhost-specific parasites in freshwater fishes are not merely stochastic assemblages but have key components that are predictable at this broad continental scale.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evidence for arylamine N-acetyltransferase in Hymenolepis nana.

N-acetyltransferase activities with p-aminobenzoic acid and 2-aminofluorene were determined in Hymenolepis nana, a cestode found in the intestine of the Sprague-Dawley rats. The N-acetyltransferase activity was determined using an acetyl CoA recycling assay and high pressure liquid chromatography. The N-acetyltransferase activities from a number of Hymenolepis nana whole tissue homogenizations were found to be 2.83 +/- 0.31 nmole/min/mg for 2-aminofluorene and 2.07 +/- 0.24 nmole/min/mg for p-aminobenzoic acid. The apparent Km and Vmax were 1.06 +/- 0.38 mM and 8.92 +/- 1.46 nmol/min/mg for 2-aminofluorene, and 2.16 +/- 0.19 mM and 12.68 +/- 2.26 nmol/min/mg for p-aminobenzoic acid. The optimal pH value for the enzyme activity was pH 8.0 for both substrates tested. The optimal temperature for enzyme activity was 37 degrees C for both substrates. The N-acetyltransferase activity was inhibited by iodacetamide. At 0.25 mM iodacetamide the activity was reduced 50% and 1.0 mM iodacetamide inhibited activity more than 90%. Among a series of divalent cations and salts, Fe2+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ were demonstrated to be the most potent inhibi-tors. Among the protease inhibitors, only ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid significantly protected N-acetyltransferase. Iodoacetate, in contrast to other agents, markedly inhibited N-acetyltransferase activity. This is the first demonstration of acetyl CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in a cestode and extends the number of phyla in which this activity has been found.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The first information on Schistocephalus nemachili (Cestoda: Ligulidae) from the Siberian groundling in the Lake Baikal region].

Morphological data on Schistocephalus nemachili plerocercoid (a parasite of Nemachilis babatulus) and a nucleotide sequence of its 18S rRNA are presented. Samples were collected from the groundling inhabiting the Isumrudnoe lake (karst lake, belonging to the Lena River basin, 1200 m altitude). Length of plerocercoids 37-70 mm (mean 52.9 mm), width 1.6-7.3 (3.8), number of segments in srobile--229-348 (290). The sequence data on the 5'-terminal major domain of small rRNA of S. nemachili were obtained by mean of polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing, they displayed 574 base positions. The nucleotide sequence was compared with known Plathelminthes sequences from the EMBL data base to compute data matrix under Juke and Cantor's model (1969). Distance matrix was used for obtaining a similarity dendrogram by Saitou and Nei's method (1987). Comparative analysis showed S. nemachili nucleotide sequence clustering with the cestode sequence (E. granulosus) within the dendrogram containing four trematodes, one cestode and one turbellarian sequences.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Parasites of South African wildlife. XVI. Helminths of some antelope species from the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces.

The numbers and species of helminths recovered from one black wildebeest, Connochaetes gnou, three eland, Taurotragus oryx, 18 mountain reedbuck, Redunca fulvorufula, one red hartebeest, AIcelaphus buselaphus and two springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis, in the Mountain Zebra National Park, Eastern Cape Province; two black wildebeest, two grey rhebuck, Pelea capreolus, two mountain reedbuck and four springbok in the Karoo National Park, Western Cape Province; two bontebok, Damaliscus pygargus dorcas, two eland, two gemsbok, Oryx gazella and two springbok in the West Coast National Park, Western Cape Province; and a single springbok on a farm near Bredasdorp, Western Cape Province, are recorded. Nematodes belonging to a total of 12 genera and 20 species were identified. A single cestode was also recovered. Sixteen new host associations are recorded for the nematodes and one for the cestode Moniezia benedeni. Nematodirus spathiger had the widest host spectrum and with the exception of black wildebeest, was collected from all the host species examined.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon of Sudarikovina taterae (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Anoplocephalidae) intestinal parasite of Tatera gambiana (Rodentia, Gerbillidae).

The young spermatid of Sudarikovina taterae exhibits a nucleus with a partially condensed chromatin and a differentiation zone, bordered by cortical microtubules, delimited at the front by arched membranes and containing two centrioles. The latter are parallel to one another and linked together at their bases by electron-dense material. During spermiogenesis, one of the centrioles gives rise to a flagellum whereas the other disappears. Crested-like bodies lie outside the cortical microtubules and the nucleus migrates in the spermatid along the axoneme. At the end of spermiogenesis, the ring of arched membranes constricts and the old spermatid becomes detached from the residual cytoplasm. The S. taterae mature spermatozoon is filiform and tapered at both extremities. It exhibits an apical cone of electron-dense material and seven crested-like bodies 50 to 100 nm thick. The cortical microtubules run along the whole length of the spermatozoon. They are spiralized at their anterior extremities and straight over the rest of their length. The nucleus is a fine compact cord interposed between the axoneme and the cortical microtubules. The cytoplasm is slightly electron-dense in regions I and II of the gamete. In regions III, IV and V, it contains fine electron-dense granulations and patches of electron-lucent material. An electron-dense material located both between and under centrioles has not been observed before in a platyhelminth. Similarly, distinctive ultrastructural characters between centrioles and seven crested-like bodies have not been previously described in a cestode. Moreover, we report for the first time the existence of cortical microtubules spiralized only at their anterior extremities in a cestode from a mammal.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Parasites-invaders of the Volga river basin: history of invasion, perspective of dispersion, possibility of epizootic].

The fauna of fish parasites in the Volga river increased by 15 species in last time. These parasites have invaded together with introduced hosts or dispersed after destruction of some physical and ecological barriers. The infusoria Ambiphrya ameuri, cestode Cestobothrium acheilognathi, trematodes Amurotrema dombrovskajae and Sanguinicola skrabini have been introduced together with their hosts. A creation of water reservoirs destroyed ecological barriers and created favorable conditions for the migration and dispersion of parasites. The cestodes Eubothrium rugosum, Proteocephalus longicollis, and nematode Cystidicola farionis migrated from the North, Aspidogaster limacoides migrated from the South. The leech Caspiobdella fadejevi, trematodes Rossicotrema donicus, Apophallus muehlingi, Niccola skrjabini, Plagioporus skrjabini migrated through the Volga-Don channel. Some invader have already finished their dispersion in the water reservoirs of Volga river, other parasites still continue this process. South border of the E. rugosum range is in the Kujbyshev water basin, the leech C. fadejevi is distributed in all water basins, trematodes R. donicus, A. muehlingi and P. skrjabini are found in the Volga delta, while N. skrjabini has already reached the Saratov water basin. Perspectives of new invaders and epizootic significance of invaders is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Echinococcoses].

Human echinococcoses, cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis are due to infections with the cestodes Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, respectively. Both zoonoses share a prolonged latency period before clinical presentation. However their evolution is fairly different: that of a begin tumor of the liver or lung for cystic echinoccocosis, and that of a slowly developing malignant tumor of the liver for alveolar echinoccocosis, with subsequent invasion of liver vessels and bile ducts and metastatic dissemination. Ultrasonography, CT-scan and specific serology are the key-exams for diagnosis. In both forms, surgery is the treatment of choice when a complete resection is possible. Liver transplantation may be an ultimate treatment option in very advanced cases of alveolar echinoccocosis. However, alternative treatment procedures have been proposed in the past 15 years and, combined with an earlier diagnosis, they have markedly improved patients survival and quality of life. Interventional radiology (puncture, aspiration, injection, reaspiration) has become a fully validated treatment of cystic echinoccocosis, and may be used in alveolar echinoccocosis for alleviating some of the complications of the disease such as biliary obstruction or bacterial superinfection. Albendazole, at high dosage, is a necessary complementary treatment after any intervention procedure, and for life when radical resection is not possible. Prevention relies on personal measures of hygiene and heating of contaminated food, and on collective measures aimed at reducing cestode egg shedding by the feces of infected canivores.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical and diagnostic approaches to neurocysticercosis].

ETIOLOGY: Cysticercosis is a tissue infection caused by larvae of the cestode Taenia solium. Neurocysticercosis is a central nervous system form of this infection. Taenia solium invades tissues in a form of a cyst with a thin, semitransparent wall. It can reach 1-2 cm in diameter in muscles and brain tissue and up to 3-6 cm in brain chambers. EPIDEMIOLOGY: Pigs are the most common intermediate hosts. The infection occurs when the parasite eggs or proglottids are ingested. It is most common in regions where human feces is used as a fertilizer, or regions with poor sanitary conditions. The man is infected with contaminated food or water, or by autoinoculation. PATHOGENESIS: The Taenia solium eggs are hatched in the duodenum. Embryos invade the intestinal mucosa, and reach various parts of the body, disseminated by the blood circulatory system. The most common localizations of cysticerci are skeleton, muscles and brain. While alive, these cysts produce a minimal reaction in hosts. Inflammation occurs when they die, often a few years after infection. CLINICAL FEATURES: While presence of adult worms of Taenia solium in the gastrointestinal tract causes unspecific symptoms, clinical features of neurocysticercosis depend on the number, size and localization of cysts, as well as on the degree of granulomatous response. The most common manifestations of this infection are epileptic seizures, whereas intracranial pressure increase can be the earliest sign of the disease. Hydrocephalus, meningitis and spinal cord compression syndrome are the most usual complications. PROGNOSIS: The death rate is low in neurocysticercosis with parenchymal cysts and calcification without hydrocephalus. However, fatal outcome occurs in hydrocephalic patients, cases with huge supratentorial cysts, multiple granuloma, brain edema or cerebral infarctions. DIAGNOSIS: Informations about travels to endemic regions are valuable in diagnosing neurocysticercosis. Cytobiochemical finding of the cerebrospinal fluid is often normal. However, in 50% of patients, lymphocytic or eosinophilic pleocytosis is found, low glucose (in 25%) and elevated protein (in 40% of cases). Further testing includes serologic examination of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Finding of specific antibodies in the sera or cerebrospinal fluid confirms the diagnosis, although false positive reaction may occur in patients with other helminths, especially other cestode. The enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot assay is proven to be sensitive and specific in patients with multiple cysticerci. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imagining are techniques mostly used in establishing neurocysticercosis. They reveal the localization of cysticerci, identify the atrophic or edematous fields and assess the degree of ventricular dilatation.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XLII. Helminths of sheep on four farms in the Eastern Cape Province.

At monthly intervals for periods ranging from 9 to 25 consecutive months between three and four Merino yearling-sheep and two Merino lambs on three farms in Eastern Cape Thornveld, and two Dorper yearling-sheep on a farm in Valley Bushveld were slaughtered and examined for helminths. The Merino sheep were infected with 15 nematode species, of which Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus spathiger and Trichostrongylus spp. were the most numerous, and with four cestode species. The Dorper sheep were infected with 17 nematode species, of which Trichostrongylus rugafus and N. spathiger were the most numerous, and with two cestode species. Haemonchus contortus was most numerous in older sheep during the summer months and exhibited no tendency to over-winter as arrested fourth stage larvae. The largest numbers of N. spathiger were present in sheep on the most coastally located of the farms during autumn and winter; on a farm further inland during spring; and on an inland farm in Valley Bushveld during spring and summer. As Merino lambs progressed from birth to 9 months of age a larger proportion of their dwindling burdens of N. spathiger was present as fourth stage larvae. Dorper sheep in Valley Bushveld harboured most Teladorsagia circumcincta in May and from October to January. Trichostrongylus rugatus was most numerous in Merino sheep on one of the Thornveld farms during September, whereas all Trichostrongylus spp., including T. rugatus, were most numerous in Dorper sheep on the Valley Bushveld farm during January.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Foodborne and waterborne parasites.

More than 72 species of protozoan and helminth parasites can reach humans by food and water, and most of these infections are zoonoses. Some parasites show a cosmopolitan distribution, others a more restricted distribution due to their complex life cycles, which need the presence of one or more intermediate hosts. Of this large number of pathogens, only Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted to humans by two different ways, i.e., by cysts present in infected meat and by oocysts contaminating food and water. Eleven helminthic species (Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, Trichinella spiralis, Tr. nativa, Tr. britovi, Tr. pseudospiralis, Tr. murrelli, Tr nelsoni, Tr. papuae and Tr. zimbabwensis) can grow in meat of different animal species and can be transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw meat or meat products. Twenty trematode species, four cestode species and seven nematode species can infect humans through the consumption of raw sea- and/or fresh-water food (fishes, molluscs, frogs, tadpoles, camarons, crayfishes). Six species of Cryptosporidium, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar can contaminate food and water. Among the helminths, seven trematode species, seven cestode species and five species of nematodes can reach humans by contaminated food and water. Diagnostic and detection methods that can be carried out routinely on food and water samples are available only for few parasites (Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia sp., Anisakidae, Trichinella sp., Taenia sp.), i.e., for parasites which represent a risk to human populations living in industrialised countries. The majority of food and waterborne infections of parasitic origin are related to poverty, low sanitation, and old food habits.

Animals↗