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PubMed1990

The role of philosophy in public policy and bioethics: introduction.

As various societies have created public commissions to help develop proposals for public policies relating to issues in bioethics, philosophers have sometimes been called upon to serve on the staff of, or to provide consultation to, these public bodies. This issue of the Journal is devoted to examining problems that arise as one tries to articulate the proper role of philosophers serving in these capacities. It includes articles by Frances M. Kamm ("The philosopher as insider and outsider"), Martin Benjamin ("Philosophical integrity and policy development in bioethics"), Richard W. Momeyer ("Philosophers and the public policy process: inside, outside, or nowhere at all?"), Paul T. Menzel ("Public philosophy: distinction without authority"), and E. Haavi Morreim (Physician investment and self-referral: philosophical analysis of a contentious debate").

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PubMedDate not supplied

The European convention on bioethics.

Nearly fifteen years after the Council of Europe first called for a pan-European convention on issues in bioethics to harmonize disparate national regulations, in November 1996 the council's Committee of Ministers approved the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine for formal adoption. The draft convention, released in July 1994, provoked strong public, professional, and governmental debate among European nations, particularly regarding provisions for biomedical research with subjects unable to give informed consent. If ratified, the "bioethics convention" will become the first such document to have binding force internationally.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1993

An Eastern Orthodox approach to bioethics.

This article seeks to identify some of the major perspectives in Eastern Orthodox Christianity which provide direction for bioethical-decision making. The article first identifies some historical, theological, and liturgical sources in the Eastern Orthodox tradition which have implications for bioethics. The manuscript also seeks to address the question of the place of religious bioethics within public discussion of issues in bioethics and health care policy.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1992

Measuring quality of life in theory and in practice: a dialogue between philosophical and psychological approaches.

Measuring quality of life is of concern to both philosophers and psychologists, yet the two disciplines typically approach the question in very different ways, ways so diverse that it may look as if they are engaged in such disparate activities that no dialogue between them is possible. In this paper we aim to construct the beginnings of a dialogue between the two disciplines which will show how they could serve each other and yet also show how, from the dialogue, difficult and previously unconsidered issues emerge for both sides.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1995

Moral expertise: a problem in the professional ethics of professional ethicists.

Philosophers, particularly moral philosophers, are increasingly being involved in public decision-making in areas which are seen to raise ethical issues. For example, Dame Mary Warnock chaired the 'Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilization and Embryology' in the UK in 1982-4; the Philosophy Department at Auckland was commissioned by the Auckland Regional Authority to report on the ethical aspects of fluoridating the public water supply in 1990; and many of us are serving on ethics committees of various sorts. Not only are philosophers actually being called on or consulted, but many of us would argue that a philosophical contribution in such areas is essential. The involvement of moral philosophers in public policy decisions raises a question of professional ethics, viz, what role should a philosopher's own moral perspective or judgements play in the advice s/he gives, or contribution s/he makes, to public decision-making on ethical issues. Like most problems in professional ethics, this prompts reflection on the nature of the profession, and in particular on the expertise we take moral philosophy to offer. It also prompts reflection on how processes of public decision making in ethically problematic areas should be understood. I explore these issues in this paper.

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PubMed1995

Genetics in cancer care: confronting a Pandora's Box of dilemmas.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of sociopolitical, bioethical, and psychological issues emerging from the application of genetic technologies in cancer care in the United States and to provoke oncology nurses to consider the impact that advances in genetics may have on their practice. DATA SOURCES: Published professional articles, tests, and proceedings as well as government and lay publications. DATA SYNTHESIS: This article reviews underlying sociopolitical issues and forecasts bioethical dilemmas and psychological responses likely to emerge from expanding genetic screening and treatment options in oncology. The sociopolitical issues revolve around individual rights, the role of government, and the influence of religious dogma and public perception. The bioethical dilemmas fall within a framework of five scenarios, and a range of psychological responses are described. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes will occur in cancer care as a result of advances in genetic technology. These changes will be accompanied by a new set of dilemmas in clinical practice and by as yet undescribed psychological responses. In addition to building a knowledge base relevant to these new technologies, oncology nurses must anticipate the new dilemmas and be prepared to manage the emotional responses of their patients. NURSING IMPLICATIONS: Nurse are in a strategic position to make significant contributions to the genetics data base by designing and conducting research to describe the ethical dilemmas and patient/family responses engendered as genetic science is integrated into cancer care.

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