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PubMed1998

Sex differences in the control of sex-hormone-binding globulin in the elderly: role of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin.

OBJECTIVE: Serum levels of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) have been reported in the literature to increase with age in both sexes. We have investigated the variations in levels of androgens, insulin and IGF-I with age and have evaluated their putative roles to obtain a better understanding of the increase in SHBG. DESIGN: Cross-sectional pilot study of blood samples in healthy elderly subjects aged 50 to 90 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four postmenopausal women and 40 men were classified into three age groups. Subjects who were obese, undernourished or smokers and postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy were excluded from the study. Body mass index and waist/hip ratio were evaluated in each subject. Fasting levels of blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, SHBG, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and IGF-I were measured. Free testosterone and glucose/insulin ratio were calculated. RESULTS: The results are based on variance analysis of the mean of each parameter in the three age groups. Multiple regression analysis was performed to define the role of age, insulin and IGF-I in the increase in SHBG. The increase in SHBG with age in older men was significant but that in postmenopausal women was not. Decreasing DHEAS with age was confirmed. No significant variations in glucose and insulin were observed with age in our selected population. A positive correlation was observed between insulin and triglycerides in elderly men and women. IGF-I decreased significantly with age in both sexes. Insulin was the main factor explaining SHBG increase with age in women. In men, both age and IGF-I contributed to the SHBG increase. CONCLUSIONS: The factors regulating the increase in SHBG with age appear to be different in the two sexes. Insulin plays a major role in women, whereas a decrease in IGF-I is the predominant regulating factor in men. These results should be thought of as a working hypothesis rather than a reflection of physiology.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Serum lipids levels and some risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in a population of the municipality of São Paulo, SP (Brazil)].

An attempt was made to characterize lipemic levels according to sex, age and presence or absence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, in a population of 3,792 people between the ages of 20 and 59, in terms of smoking habits, obesity, family history of diabetes and use of oral contraceptives. Those individuals who did not present any of the risk factors mentioned were classified as "exempt". After submitting the data to variance analysis it was found that: for men between 20 and 49 years of age there were high significant differences in the averages obtained for the seric levels of total lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol between "exempt" and obese and "exempt" and obese with a family history of diabetes; for the 50 to 59 age group there were significant differences in the average of the values corresponding to the seric levels of total lipids between "exempt" and those individuals in whom obesity appeared associated with smoking habits or associated with a family history of diabetes. The averages obtained for seric triglycerides were significantly different between "exempt" and non-obese with a family history of diabetes, obese, obese smokers and obese with a family history of diabetes. On the other hand, the averages relating to seric levels of total cholesterol were different, at significant levels, between "exempt" and obese smokers; the risk represented by the smoking habit showed no relevance with regard to the lipemic levels in any group except for that of men between 30 and 39 years of age. In their case, there were significant differences between the averages obtained for the seric levels of total lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol, between "exempt" and smokers and between "exempt" and obese smokers. It is to be noted that the differences obtained with regard to the averages relating to lipemic levels as between "exempt" and obese were less those obtained between "exempt" and obese smokers, thus showing the possible relevance of the risk presented by the smoking habit; -- among the women there were less accentuated differences in the averages corresponding to the lipemic levels as between "exempt" and those who presented one or more risk factors. Thus, for the age group from 20 to 29 there were significant differences in the averages obtained for total lipids as between "exempt" and obese.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in milk in environmental contamination in the Vale do Paraíba Region, southeastern Brazil].

INTRODUCTION: A factory producing lead ingots, located in Caçapava, caused lead and cadmium contamination of the environment, in the Paraiba Valley region of Southeastern, Brazil, through the discharge of industrial waste and the recycling of batteries. The factory, set in a rural, dairy cattle breeding area, worried sanitary authorities who envisaged the possibility of these metals' having entered the food chain. For the purpose of assessing the levels of contamination of the milk produced in the region, due to the cattle's possible consumption of contaminated grass and water, the amounts of cadmium and lead present in the milk were verified. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Major producers, covering an area of up to 20 km from the contaminated source, authorized collection of 218 samples of both pasteurized and non-pasteurized milk, which were analysed. Lead and cadmium levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lead being pre-concentrated by complexation with APDC (ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate) and further extraction with isobutyl methylketone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total number of samples, 43 presented lead levels over the maximum limit of 0.05 mg/kg established by Brazilian legislation. The median value found for lead was 0.04 mg/L. The variance analysis, with 95% confidence level, found no significant difference among the types of milk studied with regard to lead levels. As for cadmium, all samples showed levels below the 0.02 mg/L quantification limit of the method. In spite of the environmental contamination, the levels of cadmium found in the milk were below the 1.0 mg/kg limit established by Brazilian legislation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Fluoride intake by children from water and dentifrice].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the total fluoride dose to which children were exposed during the critical age of developing dental fluorosis, in an optimally fluoridated region, having diet (liquids and solids) and dentifrice as fluoride sources. METHODS: For the pilot study, 39 children (aged 20 to 30 months) were selected from a day care center in Piracicaba, Brazil. They drank and ate food prepared with fluoridated water. To determine the total dose of fluoride exposure, duplicate-plate samples and products from tooth brushing were collected for two consecutive days, in four periods of the year. Fluoride was determined using an ion specific electrode. A 5% level of significance variance analysis (Anova) was carried out. RESULTS: Children were exposed to a total fluoride dose of 0.090 mg/day/kg of body weight, of which 45% came from the diet and 55% from dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming 0.07 mg/kg as a threshold value of fluoride systemic exposure, children were exposed to a risk dose for dental fluorosis. Thus, measures to reduce fluoride intake at the studied age range would be recommended. Reducing the amount of dentifrice used for tooth brushing seems to be the best measure, given the risk/benefits of fluoride use from the public health perspective.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Evaluation of the temperature influence on the development of Aedes albopictus].

OBJECTIVE: To verify the temperature's influence on the Aedes albopictus development stages under laboratory conditions. METHODS: The development period of eggs, larvae and pupas were assessed at constant temperatures, 15 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C, inside acclimatized chambers with 70-85% of relative humidity, and LD 12:12 h. The effect of the four constant temperatures was assessed using variance analysis. RESULTS: The incubation periods of eggs were 38.38, 19.09, 13.10, and 10.44 days. Larval periods for males lasted 30.13, 13.83, 7.36, and 5.57 days; for females it lasted 33.22, 15.00, 8.06, and 6.16 days. Pupil period for males lasted 8.01, 4.92, 2.40, and 1.76 days; and for females it lasted 8.15, 5.11, 2.60, and 1.88 days under the temperatures of 15 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively. In all development stages for all temperatures, significant differences were found at the level of 5%. The development period was inversely associated to the temperature, and the larval period was shorter in males than in females. Under the temperatures of 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C, the development of immature stages was shorter and their viability was greater than at 15 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: In the conditions the experiment was performed, the temperature affected significantly and inversely proportional Aedes albopictus immature stages. These results show that immature stages are more susceptible at low temperatures due to the longer time required completing their development. This could be used in vector control strategies.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of stalk and leaf extracts from Euphorbiaceae species on Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of essential oil aqueous solutions (hydrolates) obtained by steam distillation of stalks and leaves of Croton argyrophylloides, Croton nepetaefolius, Croton sonderianus and Croton zehntneri against Aedes aegypti larvae. Twenty-five larvae of third instar were placed in plastic beckers, containing the hydrolates (50 mL), in a four repetitions scheme. Water was used as control and the number of dead larvae was counted after 24 hours. The data obtained were submitted to Variance Analysis and Tukey test. Significant differences were observed among the hydrolates from different species and from different parts of each plant (p < 0.001). The hydrolates of stalk and leaf from C. nepetaefolius and C. zehntneri and leaf hydrolate of C. argyrophylloides presented 100% mortality against larvae. The compounds present in C. zenhtneri and C. nepetaefolius are oxygenated phenylpropanoids that are more soluble in water than the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes detected in the oils of C. argyrophylloides and C. sonderianus. This study showed that all species analyzed presented compounds with larvicidal properties, with differences between each plant parts.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

Ki-67 expression in anal intraepithelial neoplasia in AIDS.

CONTEXT: AIDS is one of the most important risk factors for progression and recurrence of anogenital condyloma. In a previous work, we observed that patients with warts and high-grade AIN (HAIN) had recurrences more frequently than did patients with warts without AIN. The mechanisms of this increased incidence of high-grade lesions in AIDS are not known. OBJECTIVE: We studied the expression of the proliferative marker Ki-67 by immunohistochemical methods, in specimens of anal condyloma from HIV+ patients to clarify whether its expression can be associated to the grade of AIN. DESIGN: A retrospective study of histological specimens. SETTING: University referral unit. SAMPLE: 34 patients were divided into two groups: (1) condylomas with low grade AIN (LAIN), with 25 patients; and (2) condylomas with HAIN, with 9 patients. In this latter group we examined two areas: 2A (HAIN area) and 2B (LAIN area). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The immunohistochemical reaction for Ki-67 was done on histological sections. Slices were lightly stained with hematoxylin, to help us in Ki-67 positive cell counting. The percentage of Ki-67 marked nuclei was calculated. We applied one-way variance analysis for statistics. RESULTS: The mean number of Ki-67 positive cells in group 1 was 19.68 +/- 10.99; in group 2 (area A) it was 46.73 +/- 10.409; and in area B it was 36.43 +/- 14.731. There were statistical differences between groups 1 and 2A and between groups 1 and 2B. Ki-67 positive cells predominated in the lower layer in LAIN. Positive Ki-67 cells were found in all layers in group 2A, and in group 2B they predominated in the two lower or in all layers of the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that LAIN areas (using routine staining techniques) in HAIN can have a biological behavior more similar to HAIN.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Molecular variability of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations associated to maize and cotton crops in Brazil.

The molecular variability among 10 populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), collected from maize, Zea mays L., or cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. crops located at distinctive geographical regions in Brazil, was assessed through random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In total, 208 RAPD markers were evaluated, and 98% of them were polymorphic. The mean genetic similarity was 0.6621 and 0.2499 by the Simple Matching and Jaccard matrices, respectively. In general, the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average dendrograms separated the populations into clusters related to the geographical origin of the samples. No branch of the dendrograms underpinning a molecular association of S. frugiperda has been identified to either of the two host plants. The molecular variance analysis showed that 18 and 82% of the genetic variation was distributed among and within the groups of populations, respectively. The principal coordinate analysis reinforced the pattern of population clustering found with the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average method. These results suggest the occurrence of considerable gene flow between S. frugiperda populations from maize and cotton fields located in the same region in Brazil. Therefore, for an effective management of this pest, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the gene flow of S. frugiperda populations associated to different host plants along the distribution range of this pest over time in a specific cropping system.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Pretransplantation hemodialysis strategy influences early renal graft function.

The influence of the pretransplantation hemodialysis strategy on early renal graft function was evaluated in 44 patients receiving hemodialysis in the 24 h preceding kidney transplantation and in 13 patients receiving hemodialysis more than 24 h before transplantation. The patients dialyzed less than 24 h before transplantation were stratified according to treatment with or without complement-activating dialyzers (cuprophane, bioincompatible membrane [BICM] versus polysulfone, biocompatible membrane [BCM]) and with or without ultrafiltration (UF). Serum creatinine (Scr) at days 0, 2, 5, 10, and 30, the time for Scr to decrease 50% (T1/2Scr), the incidence of acute renal failure (ARF; defined as urinary volume < 500 ml/d and/or necessity for posttransplantation hemodialysis), and early graft dysfunction (defined as T1/2Scr > 3.5 d) were registered. Scr was higher in BCM- versus BICM-treated patients (P < 0.0001 by variance analysis) and in patients receiving UF versus those receiving no UF (P = 0.0009). T1/2Scr was higher in treatment with BICM versus BCM (7.4 +/- 7.9 versus 3.1 +/- 2.9 d; P < 0.05) and UF versus no UF (7.1 +/- 7.7 versus 2.7 +/- 2.0 d; P < 0.01). The evolution of Scr was markedly more favorable in the patient group treated with BCM without UF (T1/2Scr 1.7 +/- 0.8 d) compared with the group treated with BICM and UF (T1/2Scr 9.3 +/- 9.1 d; P < 0.01). The remaining groups (BICM without UF and BCM with UF) showed intermediate results. The incidence of ARF and early graft dysfunction was higher in the group on BICM with UF compared to BCM without UF. Functional differences persisted up to 1 mo after transplantation. Patients who underwent dialysis with UF more than 24 h before transplantation had a more beneficial evolution of renal function parameters than those who were dialyzed with UF less than 24 h before transplantation. In conclusion, the use of BICM and the application of UF within 24 h before kidney transplantation enhance the risk of posttransplantation ARF and early graft dysfunction.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2006

Comparative study of two root coverage procedures: a 24-month follow-up multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment alternatives to cover exposed root surfaces include free grafts, pedicle flaps, and barrier membranes. This 24-month follow-up study clinically evaluated the long-term effect of a coronally advanced flap procedure with the additional use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) to treat gingival recession versus the subpedicle connective tissue graft (CTG) procedure. METHODS: Miller Class I or II buccal recession-type defects in the anterior teeth or premolars in 65 patients (28 in EMD and 37 in CTG groups) were treated in several centers. At baseline and 12 and 24 months post-treatment, vertical recession defect (VRD), height of keratinized tissue (HKT), and probing depth (PD) were recorded, and the percentage of root coverage (PRC) of the original defect was calculated. Student t test, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: At 12- and 24-month evaluations, PRC was 73.2% (SD=15.58%) and 76.9% (SD=16.77%) in the EMD group and 86.8% (SD=12.48%) and 84.3% (SD=13.32%) in the CTG group, respectively (P<0.001). Differences between groups were statistically significant (P=0.002). Baseline HKT was 1.07 mm (SD=0.66 mm) in the EMD group and 1.65 mm (SD=0.92 mm) in the CTG group. At 12 and 24 months, values were 1.75 mm (SD=0.59 mm) and 2.25 mm (SD=0.52 mm) in the EMD group and 4.24 mm (SD=0.89 mm) and 4.05 mm (SD=0.94 mm) in the CTG group, respectively. Differences in HKT were statistically significant within (EMD: P<0.001; CTG: P=0.017) and between (P<0.001) groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both treatments proved clinically successful. CTG treatment showed a higher percentage of root coverage and HKT increase. EMD is a valuable, long-term effective treatment alternative to achieve root coverage together with an increase in HKT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Sensitivity of rapidly acting arterial pressure control system in conscious adult rabbits at different ages.

Changes in sensitivity of the rapidly acting arterial pressure control (AP) system with aging were investigated. Two catheters, one for pressure measurement and the other for inducing hemorrhage from the aorta, were chronically implanted in 25 rabbits from the same colony (aged 6 to 30 months). A few days after the operations, each animal was quickly bled (2 ml/kg body weight) while it was conscious. The hemorrhage experiment was repeated 16 times and the mean arterial pressure responses were sampled with an A/D-converter and stored in a digital computer, the 16 strings of data being pooled for each animal. The overall open-loop gain (G) of the AP-system was estimated from the individually pooled responses. In the present study, aging exerted no significant effect on the value of G (7.1) as evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis' non-parametric one criterion variance analysis (p greater than 0.05). The reflex sensitivity of the AP-system over the pressure ranges used in this experiment thus appears to be unaffected by aging over the range from 6 to 30 months.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Angiotensinogen gene variation and hypertension in a cohort study in Japanese.

Many recent case-control studies have suggested a significant relationship between M235T (the substitution of threonine for methionine at position 235 codon) polymorphism of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and hypertension. To investigate whether the M235T polymorphism of AGT gene affects the incidence of hypertension, a retrospective cohort study was performed among Japanese workers. The subjects were Japanese workers at an occupational site in Shimane Prefecture in Japan. The baseline data were set at the received regular health examination in 1992, and a retrospective cohort study was performed for analyzing the incidence of hypertension in 1998. The rates of M235M (MM), M235T (MT) and T235T (TT) genotypes were 4%, 32% and 64%, respectively. The relative risks of MT and TT against MM for the incidence of hypertension by single variance analysis were 1.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 - 4.33] and 1.35 (95% CI 0.47 - 3.90), respectively. The relative risks of MT and TT against MM for the incidence of hypertension, adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, fasting glucose and cigarette smoking, drinking and exercise in 1992, were 1.49 (95% CI 0.49 - 4.53) and 1.25 (95% CI 0.42 3.74), respectively. The data from this study suggest that the M235T polymorphism of AGT gene has a weak role in the manifestation of hypertension. Further comprehensive studies are needed to resolve this issue.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Retirement as a psychosocial transition: process of adaptation to change.

This study seeks to verify if the work-to-retirement process meets the requirements inherent to the Psychosocial Transitions Model. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations are used to verify if pre-, intra-, and post-retirement periods are different from one another when the individual's internal organization is examined. The experimental group (n = 17, age = 65) takes IPAT, LSI-A, and clinical interviews evaluations at pre-, intra-, and post-retirement measurement times. The control group (n = 22, age = 65), used to verify the test-retest effect, takes these evaluations only at the post-retirement session. Variance analysis (ANOVA) show, at a quantitative level that the retirement transition triggers observable changes in anxiety levels. A posteriori analysis (HELMERT) shows that these operate significantly between the pre- and intra-retirement times. The content analysis of interviews shows, at a qualitative level, observable changes in pre-post-retirement preoccupations. These include death thoughts.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Protein hydrolysate as a dietetic resource]

OBJECTIVE: The central goal of this paper was to study the application of beef meat and poultry (turkey and chicken) hydrolysates to the preparations used in our Brazilian current feeding practices. METHODS: The various kinds of meat were hydrolyzed with fresh pineapple under similar conditions to those daily used at home. The selection of three types of preparation was dependent on whether their contents included starch or gelatin and liquid, like soup, mousse and fruit-shake. Hydrolysate were added to the preparations as part of the liquid content of their recipes. The acceptability of the preparations was checked out by employing the hedonic-scale affective test with untrained tasters. Variance analysis and the Tukeýs test were performed with a 5% level of significance for the results.RESULTS: The selected recipes were the following: bitterroot soup, fruit and vegetable-shakes and grape mousse, all of them containing starch or gelatin as an element to camouflage the bitter taste of the aminoacids. The preparations were well accepted: approximately 76% of the tasters reported having liked the soup at least somewhat; as to the shakes, more than 50% gave positive answers, and as to the mousse, approximately 88% reported having liked it. There were no statistically significant differences (p< 0.05) concerning the application of the three hydrolysates in all the preparations tested. CONCLUSIONS: The use of hydrolysed meat to replace liquid content of recipes is highly practicable, requiring only an adequate selection of recipes and their ingredients, that should include starch and gelatin in order to get fully satisfactory products. These preparations might serve as a basis for other ones, adapted to each diet.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research on psychopathological consequences of refugeeism.

The study examined mental and psychopathological consequences of refugeeism and included (109) refugees from refugee camp in Krnjaca. Their reactions were compared with the reactions of (70) somatically injured patients from Orthopedic Hospital of the Clinical Centre in Belgrade and subjects (105) from Belgrade denying any traumatic experience whatsoever. Apart from the questionnaire on socio-demographic features, subjects were asked to provide answers to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD-10) scale, Brief Eysenck's Personality Inventory, Family Homogeneity Inventory and Impact of Events Scale. By implementation of appropriate statistical procedures (variance analysis), the significance of differences among certain features within the experimental group of refugees was examined, as well as the difference concerning presence of mental and psychopathological features among all three subgroups. It was determined that within the refugee group, males more significantly and more frequently reacted with PTSD symptoms, as well as with signs of general neuroticism and that married refugees more frequently presented with PTSD symptoms. In comparison to non-refugees, refugees more significantly and more frequently present with PTSD symptoms, which is probably caused by PTSD chronicity in this category of subjects. Subjects denying any significant traumatic experience in their lives presented with symptoms of general neuroticism more than the rest of examinees. This is an interesting finding that can be explained by the fact that the same group achieved the highest values on the extraversion scale (using the same Eysenck instrument), or may be correlated to the increase of neurotic reactions in the whole population of Serbia and Montenegro. The above mentioned and other results were compared to the findings of similar researches performed by other authors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A pharmacokinetic comparison of three pharmaceutical formulations of nimesulide in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Switching the patient from one pharmaceutical formulation of the same drug to another, may lead to therapeutic inadequancy in some cases. To minimize the risk, careful pharmacokinetic studies are desired in the pre-registration period and afterwards. METHODS: A randomized, crossover design with one-week wash-out period between each dose was applied. Serum samples, obtained before dosing and at various appropriate time points up to 15 hours, were analyzed for nimesulide content by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet (LU) detection. The pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of three different pharmaceutical formulations containing nimesulide, manufactured by the same pharmaceutical factory, were studied prospectively in 12 healthy subjects of both sexes. A single 100-mg oral dose of nimesulide was given to the volunteers in the form of conventional tablets, mouth dissolving tablets or as a suspension. Analysis of variance, power analysis, 90% confidence intervals, and two one-sided tests were used for the statistical analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS: The tolerability of all preparations was excellent. The respective confidence intervals of the ratios of geometric means of C(max) and AUC(0-infinity) of nimesulide were out of acceptable limits either for conventional tablets in comparison with suspension or for mouth dissolving tablets when compared with conventional tablets. A comparison of mouth dissolving tablets with suspension showed a statistically significant difference between C(max) values (suprabioavailability of mouth dissolving tablets), while the point estimate of the ratio of geometric means of AUC(0-infinity) was 0.945 with the corresponding 90% confidence interval of 0.902-0.991. At the 5% level of significance, there were no differences between the formulations under the study in times elapsed to peak serum concentrations, as revealed by the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks test. CONCLUSION: Only a 90% confidence interval for the relative differences of log-transformed AUC(0-infinity) values of nimesulide absorbed from mouth dissolving tablets vs. suspension was included in the 80% to 125% interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). On that basis, mouth dissolving tablets (Nimulid-MD) were considered bioequivalent to Nimulid suspension according to the extent of drug absorption. Concerning the comparable amounts of nimesulide available in the systemic circulation after application of these formulations the one might not expect therapeutic failure after switching the patient from one to another.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Arterial oxygen desaturation during transport of the post-surgery patient from operation site to recovery ward].

BACKGROUND: One of the most frequent complications in the immediate post-operation period is the fall in arterial oxygen saturation due to different factors, outstanding of which is the time that the patient remains disconnected from the oxygen supply during transport from the operation site to the recovery ward. The aim of the present paper is to measure the proportion of arterial desaturation in patients who arrive in the recovery room proceeding from the operation site without oxygen provision during transport. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study was made with a sample of 208 cases corresponding to the patients who underwent operations in the period from March 20th to April 19th 2000. Saturation was measured by pulse oximeter at the moment of arrival in the recovery unit prior to the provision of oxygen. Patients were classified in four groups according to average saturation and they were grouped by ASA and the anaesthetic technique employed. The statistical treatment was carried out with Student's t and variance analysis. RESULTS: The sixty three per cent of patients showed a saturation of > or =95%; 26.4% slight desaturation; 6.3% moderate desaturation and 1% severe desaturation. The average of saturation of the ASA III patients showed significant differences with the ASA II and ASA I patients (p=0.004). Patients with general anaesthetic showed a desaturation with significant differences with respect to the other anaesthetic techniques employed (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ASA III patients and those subjected to general anaesthetic require oxygen provision during transport from the operation site to the recovery ward.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2005

Mountaineers' risk perception in outdoor-adventure sports: a study of sex and sports experience.

The purpose of this study was to examine mountaineers' (expert, less-experienced, nonparticipant) risk perception in 19 outdoor-adventure sports related to their sex and sports experience. A total of 299 experienced mountaineers (90 women, 209 men), 321 less-experienced mountaineers (110 women, 211 men) and 193 volunteers nonparticipants in sport (95 women and 98 men) took part. Data were collected with items on a Likert-type 5-point scale. Test-retest over 15 days ranged from .64-86. A two-way variance analysis of sex x group showed that men's mean risk perception was lower than that of women for orienteering, mountain biking, rowing, surfing, sailing, nordic skiing, tour skiing, snowboarding, parachuting, and cliff jumping. Also, experienced mountaineers' mean risk perception was lower than that of those less experienced.

Accidents↗