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PubMed1988

Reduced yield of infectious pseudorabies virus and herpes simplex virus from cell lines producing viral glycoprotein gp50.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein gp50 is the homolog of herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D. Several cell lines that constitutively synthesize gp50 were constructed. Vero cells, HeLa cells, and pig kidney (MVPK) cells that produce gp50 all gave reduced yields of PRV and HSV progeny viruses when compared with the parent cell line or the same cell line transfected to produce a different protein. The reduction in virus yield was greatest at low multiplicities of infection. The Vero and HeLa cells that produce gp50 showed an even greater reduction in HSV yield than in PRV yield. This phenomenon may be an example in a herpesvirus of the interference observed in retroviruses or cross-protection in plant virus systems.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between cigarette yields, puffing patterns, and smoke intake: evidence for tar compensation?

The relationship between cigarette yields (of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide), puffing patterns, and smoke intake was studied by determining puffing patterns and measuring blood concentrations of nicotine and carboxy-haemoglobin (COHb) in a sample of 55 smokers smoking their usual brand of cigarette. Regression analyses showed that the total volume of smoke puffed from a cigarette was a more important determinant of peak blood nicotine concentration than the nicotine or tar yield of the cigarette, its length, or the reported number of cigarettes smoked on the test day. There was evidence of compensation for a lower tar yield over and above any compensation for nicotine. When nicotine yield was controlled for, smokers of lower-tar cigarettes not only puffed more smoke from their cigarettes than smokers of higher-tar cigarettes but they also had higher plasma nicotine concentrations, suggesting that they were compensating for the reduced delivery of tar by puffing and inhaling a greater volume of smoke. The results based on the COHb concentrations were consistent with this interpretation. If an adequate intake of tar proves to be one of the main motives for smoking, then developing a cigarette that is acceptable to smokers and also less harmful to their health will be much more difficult.

Carboxyhemoglobin↗
PubMed1990

Effect of sample volume on yield of positive blood cultures from adult patients with haematological malignancy.

Six hundred and sixteen blood samples from patients with haematological malignancy were each distributed equally among three identical cells in a Malthus Microbiological Growth Analyser. The mean (SD) volumes inoculated into sets in which one, two, or three of the three bottles were positive were 37.7 (10.1) ml, 37.4 (12.9) ml, and 37.7 (10.5) ml, respectively. Overall, clinically important organisms were isolated from one bottle only with 18 cultures, from two bottles only with 19 cultures, and from all three bottles in a set with 104 cultures. If the yield from a single bottle inoculated with a mean volume of 12.6 ml blood is taken as 100%, the yield from 25.2 ml in two bottles was 110.7% and the yield from 37.7 ml in three bottles was 115.6%. The increased yield from increased volume was considerably lower than that reported from unselected groups of patients, which suggests that the magnitude of bacteriaemia is greater in patients with neutropenia. The isolation of infecting organisms from the blood of patients with neutropenia is, however, particularly important in directing chemotherapy and consequently 45 ml blood samples from these patients continue to be requested.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Modification of standard proteinase K/phenol method for DNA isolation to improve yield and purity from frozen blood.

Research in medical genetics may frequently involve freezing of large numbers of peripheral blood samples. This is a convenient method for storing blood for subsequent DNA isolation and analysis. An area of potential concern is the low yield of DNA from blood samples that have been frozen. Here we report a modification of the widely used standard proteinase K/phenol DNA isolation method for improving the yield and purity of DNA from frozen blood samples, by an initial trypsinisation of whole blood before cell lysis to obtain lymphocytic nuclei and subsequent DNA purification. We report an increased total yield of DNA with pretrypsinised blood as well as improved purity. These results indicate that trypsinisation of thawed whole blood helps the deproteinisation process, reducing the amount of protein associated with the nuclear pellet. This modification to improve yield and purity of DNA from frozen blood samples should be useful to laboratories performing DNA based diagnostic work or studying molecular genetic mechanisms of disease.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed2002

Effect of a treatment with eprinomectin or trichlorfon on the yield and quality of milk produced by multiparous dairy cows.

The effects of a strategic antiparasitic treatment against Hypoderma species and other parasites on the milk yield, composition, and somatic cell counts of 742 multiparous dairy cattle were investigated on 79 farms in a Hypoderma species-endemic area in western Switzerland; 357 of the cows were treated with eprinomectin, 252 with trichlorfon, and 133 were left untreated. The treatments were given between October and early December 1998, on average 53 days before calving. Milk yield, fat, protein and somatic cell counts were measured once a month until the end of lactation. Eprinomectin and trichlorfon significantly increased milk yield during the first month after treatment compared with the control cows by 2.14 (P < 0.001) and 2.50 kg per day (P < 0.001), respectively. Initially, the difference between the eprinomectin- and trichlorfon-treated animals was not significant, but the effect of eprinomectin on milk yield was persistent, whereas the effect of trichlorfon decreased significantly by 0.12 kg per day per month (P < 0.05). The somatic cell counts increased significantly slower in the treated cows than in the control cows (P < 0.05). Milk composition was not affected by the treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Milk yield in lines of mice selected for growth or maternal ability.

Two experiments were conducted to measure milk yield as a correlated response to selection for increased 12-day litter weight (maternal lines) for 13 generations and increased and decreased body weight gain from 21 to 42 days of age (postweaning gain lines) for 12 to 14 generations. Milk yield was measured from day 6 to day 21 of lactation by separating litters from their dams for 6 h, then weighing litters before and after a 1.5 h suckling period. Average total milk production was 30.3 +/- 0.9 g and 28.6 +/- 1.1 g in maternal and control lines, respectively. This difference was not significant (P greater than 0.05). Differences among gain lines were significant (P less than 0.01) in the second experiment with average production of 44.1 +/- 1.4 g for increased gain lines, 22.5 +/- 0.9 g for the decreased gain line and 31.2 +/- 1.0 g for the control. These results indicated that response to selection for increased 12-day litter weight was not associated with increases in milk yield, but sizable changes inmilk yield accompanied bi-directional selection for early postweaning gain.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Applied studies of plant meridian system: I. The effect of agri-wave technology on yield and quality of tomato.

Agri-wave technology is a new agricultural technology based on the plant meridian system, that focuses on measurement of plant sound characteristics. The basic principle of agri-wave technology is to improve the yield and quality of plants such as vegetables, flowers, and fruit trees by broadcasting sound waves of certain frequencies and spraying a compound microelement fertilizer on the leaves. The application of agri-wave technology on tomatoes remarkably stimulates growth of their seedlings. Fresh weight of the branch, stems, and leaves of the treated tomatoes is significantly (59.53%, P < 0.0001) higher than that of the control group. Sampling survey results indicate that agri-wave technology accelerates the ripeness of tomatoes. The fresh weight of ripe tomatoes treated with this technique is 30.73% higher than that of the untreated (P = 0.0018), while the fresh weight of the treated unripe tomatoes is 27.29% lower than that of the untreated unripe group (P = 0.0020). Yield surveys show that the yield of treated plants is 13.89% (p < 0.0001) higher than that of the control group. Moreover, with agri-wave technology treatment the storage period of tomatoes is almost doubled. Analysis of tomato nutrition shows that agri-wave technology has increased their sugar content by 26.19%, vitamin A and niacin (an antifavours vitamin) by 55.39% and 92.31% respectively. There is no difference concerning vitamin B1, B2, and D content between the two groups, and vitamin C and E contents decreased by 2.10% and 12.69%, respectively. Among the analyzed 33 minerals of tomatoes, 26 increased in content, while 7 decreased. In conclusion, agri-wave technology has promoted the growth of the tomato, increased its yield, and improved its quality.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Small (</=2-cm) subpleural pulmonary lesions: short- versus long-needle-path CT-guided Biopsy--comparison of diagnostic yields and complications.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare the diagnostic yield and complications associated with the use of short versus long needle paths for computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy of small subpleural lung lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the institutional review board, and the requirement for informed patient consent was waived. The medical and imaging records of patients who underwent CT-guided biopsy of subpleural pulmonary nodules measuring up to 2 cm in diameter were reviewed. The study included 176 patients (79 men, 97 women; age range, 18-84 years) who were divided into two groups: In group A, a direct approach in which the needle traversed a short lung segment was used. In group B, an indirect approach involving the use of a longer needle path was used. Diagnostic yield, accuracy, and pneumothorax and chest tube placement rates were compared between the two groups. Two-tailed t tests and Pearson chi(2) tests were used to analyze continuous and categorized variables, respectively. RESULTS: Group A comprised 48 patients; and group B, 128 patients. The mean needle path length was 0.4 cm in group A and 5.6 cm in group B. The short-path approach necessitated more needle punctures (mean, 2.9 vs 1.8 with long-path approach, P < .001) through the pleura. The diagnostic yield in group A was significantly lower than that in group B (71% vs 94%, P < .001), particularly in patients with small (0-1-cm) nodules (40% in group A vs 94% in group B, P < .001). The frequency of postbiopsy pneumothorax was identical (69%) in the two groups. However, more group B than group A patients required chest tube placement for treatment of pneumothorax (38% vs 17%, P = .006). CONCLUSION: Use of long-needle-path biopsy of subpleural lesions resulted in a higher diagnostic yield, especially for small nodules. However, compared with the short-needle-path technique, this approach was associated with a higher frequency of chest tube placement for pneumothorax.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of abdominal lesions: diagnostic yield for different needle tip configurations.

Four fine-needle aspiration biopsy needles with different tip configurations were used in 133 patients with abdominal lesions. The 20-gauge needles were used in random sequence by several physicians. The specimen from each of the 522 needle passes was evaluated by two cytopathologists for adequacy to render a diagnosis and for the presence of cell block material. The Franseen needle produced a 16% and 9% better yield for diagnostic material than did the cut biopsy and spinal needles (P less than .05), respectively. The Westcott needle was better than the cut biopsy needle by 13%, and the spinal needle produced an 11% better yield than did the cut biopsy needle. Differences did not exist in liver biopsies but were present in pancreatic biopsies. The spinal needle was the least successful in yielding cell block material. Use of the cut biopsy needle resulted in the largest proportion of inadequate specimens, except its yield in cell blocks in the liver was 25% higher than that of the Westcott needle. The authors conclude that not all unusual designs for 20-gauge needle tips render results superior to those of the simple spinal needle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Large-core biopsy guns: comparison for yield of breast tissue.

PURPOSE: To compare seven large-core, long-throw, 14-gauge biopsy guns for yield and quality of breast tissue obtained. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A two-phase, randomized and blinded study was performed. In the first phase, four fully automated 14-gauge biopsy guns (BIP, Manan, Biopsy, and ASAP) and one semiautomated device (Temno) were used to obtain breast cores from a cadaver. Samples were assessed for volume, number of fragments, and crush artifact. In the second phase, seven biopsy guns (previously mentioned guns plus Monopty and Ultra-Cut guns) were used to obtain cores from a breast parenchyma model. These cores were then evaluated for weight, volume, and number of fragments. RESULTS: The mean specimen volume of cadaveric breast tissue obtained was 17.9 mm3 for the BIP gun, 17.8 for the Manan gun, 14.9 for the Biopsy gun, 14.1 for the ASAP gun, and 9.9 for the Temno gun. The Temno gun obtained statistically significantly smaller volumes than all other guns. For the breast parenchyma model, mean obtained volumes were 24.5, 24.1, 16.2, 21.7, 17.5, 20.0, and 15.2 mm3, respectively. The BIP and Manan guns yielded statistically significantly larger cores than all other guns except the ASAP. CONCLUSION: Yields of breast tissue provided by each biopsy device differed statistically significantly. BIP and Manan biopsy guns yielded the greatest volume of core tissue, which may facilitate histopathologic diagnosis from breast biopsies performed with imaging guidance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of single mammalian proximal tubule cells: effects of hypotonic shocks on cell yield and function.

Nord et al. [Am J Physiol 1986; 250:F539-F550] proposed a method to give a high yield of proximal tubule cells by exposing a suspension of rabbit cortical tubules to a hypotonic shock in calcium-free media. The present study describes the effects of both amplitude and duration of the hypotonic treatment on some transport-related characteristics of individual cells as compared to the starting tubule suspension. The averaged cell yield increased by an order of magnitude when the osmolality of the hypotonic solution was varied in four steps from 200 (C200 cells) to 70 mosm/kg H2O (C70 cells) while the proportion of trypan blue-positive cells progressively decreased from 33% for C200 cells to 9.5% for C70 cells. An increase in duration of the hypotonic shock from 0.5 to 6 min did not change the cell yield of C200 cells while it significantly increased that of C70 cells by 61%. Basal and ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption (QO2) increased by 57 and 155%, respectively, from C70 to C200 cells but was approximately one order of magnitude smaller than the QO2 measured for tubule suspension. Intracellular ATP content averaged 5.5 +/- 0.8 nmol/mg for the starting tubule suspension, 4.6 +/- 0.8 nmol/mg for C70 cells but only 1.3 +/- 0.1 nmol/mg for C200 cells. The maximal velocity for phloridzin-sensitive alpha-methyl glucose transport averaged 13.7 +/- 1.7 nmol min-1 mg-1 for C70 cells and only 6.3 +/- 1.3 nmol min-1 mg-1 for C200 cells which is approximately one order of magnitude smaller than what can be expected from a tubule presenting a good access to luminal membrane. We conclude from these results that, in the process of isolating individual cells from a polarized epithelium, membrane transport rates have decreased by one order of magnitude and this reduction is intensified by a large hypotonic shock. In comparison with C200 cells, the cells obtained with a large hypotonic shock give a high yield, a larger proportion of trypan blue-negative cells and their lower overall transport rate allows the cells to maintain a better electrochemical gradient for Na and a higher intracellular ATP level.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1991

Relationship of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function to tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yield of cigarettes.

The data from consecutive surveys of the Tucson Epidemiologic Study (1981-1988) were used to evaluate the relationship in cigarette smokers of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function to tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (CO) yields of the cigarette. There were 690 subjects who reported smoking regularly in at least one survey, over age 15. After adjustment for intensity and duration of smoking and for depth of inhalation, the risk of chronic phlegm, cough, and dyspnea were not related to the tar and nicotine yields. In 414 subjects with pulmonary function tested in at least one of the three surveys the spirometric indices used were significantly related to the daily dose of tar, nicotine, and CO (product of the cigarette yield and daily number of cigarettes smoked). The effects were more pronounced for past than for current doses. However, the differentiation of pulmonary function due to various yields of cigarettes was small in comparison to the difference in pulmonary function between smokers and nonsmokers.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The diagnostic yield of vitrectomy specimen analysis in chronic idiopathic endogenous uveitis.

PURPOSE: The low diagnostic yield of vitrectomy specimen analysis in chronic idiopathic uveitis (CIU) has been related to the complex nature of the underlying disease and to methodologic and tissue immanent factors in older studies. In an attempt to evaluate the impact of recently acquired analytic methods, the authors assessed the current diagnostic yield in CIU. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of consecutive vitrectomy specimens from patients with chronic endogenous uveitis (n = 56) in whom extensive systemic workup had not revealed a specific diagnosis (idiopathic) and medical treatment had not resulted in a satisfying clinical situation. Patients with acute postoperative endophthalmitis served a basis for methodologic comparison (Group 2; n = 21). RESULTS: In CIU, a specific diagnosis provided in 17.9% and a specific diagnosis excluded in 21.4%. In 60.7% the laboratory investigations were inconclusive. In postoperative endophthalmitis, microbiological culture established the infectious agent in 47.6%. In six of eight randomly selected cases, eubacterial PCR identified bacterial DNA confirming the culture results in three, remaining negative in two with a positive culture and being positive in three no growth specimens. A double negative result never occurred, suggesting a very high detection rate, when both tests were applied. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic yield of vitrectomy specimen analysis has not been improved by currently routinely applied methods in recent years in contrast to the significantly improved sensitivity of combined standardized culture and PCR analysis in endophthalmitis. Consequently, the low diagnostic yield in CIU has to be attributed to insufficient understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Cytology of bronchial biopsy rinse fluid to improve the diagnostic yield for lung cancer.

Sampling techniques are combined during bronchoscopy to increase the diagnostic yield for endobronchial malignant tumours. Bronchial biopsy provides the definitive histological diagnosis in most cases, but accompanying cytological procedures such as washing, brushing, needle aspiration or imprint cytology can increase diagnostic yield. In this prospective study, a different cytological technique, that could enhance the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy without increasing its time or cost, was tested. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed in 93 patients suspected of having pulmonary neoplasms. Bronchial biopsies were initially placed in a balanced salt solution. When bronchoscopy was finished, all visible tissue fragments were removed and placed in formalin to undergo histopathological examination and the rinse fluid was sent for cytological examination. Washing was performed routinely but no cytological brushing was employed. Eighty-two patients had final diagnoses of malignant neoplasm. In four (4.8%) of these patients, the only positive result came from the cytological examination of the bronchial biopsy rinse fluid. No false-positive results were found. The agreement with the histological results was 81.8%. The addition of bronchial biopsy rinse-fluid examination increased the sensitivity of bronchoscopy from 65.8% to 70.7% (McNemar's p=0.009). The cytological study of bronchial biopsy rinse fluid offers reliable positive results in an additional 4.8% of cases, thus enhancing bronchoscopic diagnostic yield for malignant endobronchial tumours while neither prolonging the procedure nor increasing costs.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic parameters for lactation traits of milking ewes: protein content and composition, fat, somatic cells and individual laboratory cheese yield.

The effects of some environmental variation factors and the genetic parameters for total milk traits (fat content, protein content, casein content, serum protein content, lactation mean of individual laboratory cheese yield (LILCY), lactation mean of somatic cell count (LSCC), and milk yield) were estimated from the records of 1,111 Churra ewes. Genetic parameters were estimated by multivariate REML. Heritability for fat content was low (0.10) as is usually found in the Churra breed. Heritabilities for protein content, casein content, serum protein content, LILCY, milk yield and somatic cell count were 0.31, 0.30, 0.22, 0.09, 0.26 and 0.11, respectively. The highest heritability estimates were for protein and casein contents. Casein content is not advisable as an alternative to protein content as a selection criterion for cheese yield improvement; it does not have any compelling advantages and its measurement is costly. Our results for LSCC indicated that efforts should focus on improving the level of management rather than selecting for somatic cells, in the actual conditions of the Churra breed.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Mechanical design of mussel byssus: material yield enhances attachment strength

The competitive dominance of mussels in the wave-swept rocky intertidal zone is in part due to their ability to maintain a secure attachment. Mussels are tethered to the substratum by a byssus composed of numerous extracellular, collagenous threads secreted by the foot. Each byssal thread has three serially arranged parts: a corrugated proximal region, a smooth distal region and an adhesive plaque. This study examines the material and structural properties of the byssal threads of three mussel species: Mytilus californianus, M. trossulus, and M. galloprovincialis. Tensile tests in general reveal similar material properties among species: the proximal region has a lower initial modulus, a lower ultimate stress and a higher ultimate strain than the distal region. The distal region also yields at a stress well below its ultimate value. In whole thread tests, the proximal region and adhesive plaque are common sites of structural failure and are closely matched in strength, while the distal region appears to be excessively strong. We propose that the high strength of the distal region is the byproduct of a material designed to yield and extend before structural failure occurs. Experimental and theoretical evidence is presented suggesting that thread yield and extensibility provide two important mechanisms for increasing the overall attachment strength of the mussel: (1) the reorientation of threads towards the direction of applied load, and (2) the 'recruitment' of more threads into tension and the consequent distribution of applied load over a larger cross-sectional area, thereby reducing the stress on each thread. This distal region yield behavior is most striking for M. californianus and may be a key to its success in extreme wave-swept environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Loss of milk yield due to Akabane disease in dairy cows.

Akabane disease is an infection with clinical signs of congenital malformation and abortion in ruminants. Abnormal parturitions caused by Akabane disease result in great economic loss. The purpose of this study is to estimate the reduction in the milk yield from abnormal parturition due to Akabane disease. The data were collected from 33 Holstein cows on 11 farms. The animals had abnormal parturitions during the period from September 1998 to March 1999, and were diagnosed as having Akabane disease. The mean and standard deviation of the rate of reduction in the milk yield of 33 cows after abnormal parturition caused by Akabane disease was -11.4 +/- 14.9%. The means and standard deviations of the rate of reduction of four cows calving abnormally at 220-239 days of gestation, nine cows calving abnormally at 240-270 days of gestation, and 20 cows calving abnormally at 271-300 days of gestation were -26.6 +/- 24.7%, -14.7 +/- 11.0%, and -6.9 +/- 12.3%, respectively. In this study, we demonstrated that the rate of reduction in the milk yield in cows affected by Akabane disease was -11.4 +/- 14.9%, but values as high as -26.6 +/- 24.7% were reached in the comparison with the milk yield obtained after normal parturition.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2004

Unused natural variation can lift yield barriers in plant breeding.

Natural biodiversity is an underexploited sustainable resource that can enrich the genetic basis of cultivated plants with novel alleles that improve productivity and adaptation. We evaluated the progress in breeding for increased tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) yield using genotypes carrying a pyramid of three independent yield-promoting genomic regions introduced from the drought-tolerant green-fruited wild species Solanum pennellii. Yield of hybrids parented by the pyramided genotypes was more than 50% higher than that of a control market leader variety under both wet and dry field conditions that received 10% of the irrigation water. This demonstration of the breaking of agricultural yield barriers provides the rationale for implementing similar strategies for other agricultural organisms that are important for global food security.

Analysis of Variance↗