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PubMed1996

Immunohistochemical study on the reactivity of workshop monoclonal antibodies with sheep lymph nodes.

Of the 302 monoclonal antibodies submitted to the Third Workshop on Ruminant Leukocyte Antigens, 167 have been tested for their reactivity on sheep lymph node sections, according to the APAAP immunohistochemical technique. Of the 57 monoclonal antibodies able to react on ovine tissue sections, only 37 induced a clear and well-contrasted staining. The more striking results are presented in this paper.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Flow cytometric analysis of the reactivity of workshop monoclonal antibodies on sheep lymph node cells, after infection with Salmonella abortusovis.

Of the 302 monoclonal antibodies included in the Third Workshop on Ruminant Leukocyte Antigens, 167 have been tested for their reactivity on uninfected and Salmonella-infected sheep lymph node leukocytes using FACS analysis. Only 47 of them showed specificities which could be related to those of some control monoclonal antibodies, such as the anti-CD5, anti-Ig light chain and anti-MHC Class II monoclonal antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Long-term survival in acute myelogenous leukemia: a second follow-up of the Fourth International Workshop on Chromosomes in Leukemia.

Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML, equivalent to acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia [ANLL]) who were studied at the Fourth and Sixth International Workshops on Chromosomes in Leukemia and who have long survival have been re-assessed to identify factors which may be associated with good prognosis in AML. In a long-term survivor (LTS) group, there were more cases than expected in each age decade below 50, more cases than expected with FAB type M3, and fewer cases than expected of secondary leukemia. Of the distribution of chromosome abnormalities, t(15;17), t(8;21), and inv/del(16) were over-represented, and -5, -7, and rearrangements of 11q were under-represented. Multivariate analysis of all patients showed that age group, cytogenetic classification, FAB type, and sex all had independent, significant effects on survival. A new observation from a very small subgroup of patients was that deletion of 7q without concurrent abnormality of chromosome 5 appeared to be associated with a good prognosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Measurement and significance of antibodies against GM1 ganglioside. Report of a workshop, 18 April 1989, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.

Twelve laboratories from the United States, Canada, France, Italy and Switzerland participated in a workshop to compare assays used to measure anti-GM1 antibodies, and to discuss the clinical significance of these antibodies. A panel of test samples containing varying amounts of anti-GM1 antibody was prepared by mixing varied proportions of normal serum with a serum containing a monoclonal IgM antibody that bound GM1 ganglioside. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data were supplied by eight laboratories and ten laboratories classified the sera as negative, weakly or strongly positive. Most laboratories correctly identified the two samples that contained the highest quantities of antibody, but there was considerable disagreement on the classification of the three samples with moderate or small amounts of antibody. The sensitivity of the assays varied considerably. The more sensitive assays did not use detergent in the washing buffers, and incubated the human serum with the antigen at 4 degrees C overnight. Several investigators have identified a subset of patients with lower motor neuron disease or multifocal neuropathy who have high titers of anti-GM1 antibodies. Many patients with neurological and non-neurological diseases have low to moderate levels of anti-GM1 antibodies, and the significance of these antibodies is unclear. There was general agreement that standardization of the ELISA assays is urgently required, and that distribution of a reference high-titered antiserum would facilitate this process.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1993

New approaches to the study of T cell autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis. Meeting report on the 2nd Workshop on T cell Autoimmunity in MS, Perugia, Italy, 26-28 November, 1992.

This report discusses some of the papers presented during the 2nd T Cell Autoimmunity in MS Workshop held in Perugia on November 26-28, 1992. The 'trait d'union' of the meeting was the awareness that recent studies have failed to uncover clear-cut differences in T cell reactivity to autoantigens between patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals. Hence, new strategies have been proposed to try to distinguish between 'pathological' autoimmunity in patients and 'natural' autoimmunity in healthy individuals. Furthermore, the studies have been extended to new potential autoantigens (myelin constituents other than myelin basic protein, superantigens, heat shock proteins) and new susceptibility genes such as those coding for transport-associated proteins (Tap-1 and Tap-2).

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1991

Multiple interactions at the natural killer workshop.

The cell surface receptors and their ligands that control natural killer (NK) cell adhesion, homing, cytokine secretion and target cell recognition are beginning to yield their secrets, as 'NKologists' adopt the same 'multiple interaction strategy' as the cells themselves. This report from the recent NK workshop updates progress on these receptors and on the origin, regulation and physiology of the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Monoclonal antibodies specific for human polymorphic cell surface antigens. I. Evaluation of methodologies. Report on a workshop.

Five techniques, the direct and the antiglobulin enhanced cytotoxicity assays, indirect immunofluorescence, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the radioimmunoassay, were evaluated in a workshop to determine their utility in studies of the interactions of monoclonal antibodies with HLA antigens expressed on lymphocytes. Several well-defined antibodies, both cytotoxic and noncytotoxic, were tested against well-characterized human lymphoid cells. All the methods suffer from some deficiency. The enhanced cytotoxicity assay, however, is most useful as a routine screening tool because of its ease and simplicity; whereas, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is most useful when dissection of antigenic structure is sought because it yields information on the quantities of the antigenic determinants expressed on the cell surface without requiring radioactive reagents.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1991

How sick a patient? Report of a workshop on cancer risk assessment.

A report by the U.S. Government Office of Management and Budget (OMB) criticized the way health, safety, and environmental regulation of potential cancer causing substances is conducted by federal agencies, especially the Environmental Protection Agency. Cancer risk assessment--this report indicates--is governed by arbitrary policy assumptions and procedures improperly disguised as scientific and is designed to overestimate risk. Unwarranted economic burdens of ensuing regulation may then adversely affect standards of living and ultimately the very health and longevity that regulation is presumed to safeguard. An interdisciplinary workshop generally agreed with the OMB position and sharpened criticism of the procedures and scientific pretensions in the regulation of potential carcinogens. Various options for change were discussed, although it was felt that the success of detailed remedies would require a wider political, administrative, and scientific discourse.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1991

Harmonization of criteria documents for standard setting in occupational health: a report of a workshop.

The paper presents the most important points of the discussion, recommendations, and conclusions of a workshop on harmonization of criteria documents (CDs) for standard setting in occupational health, with emphasis on standard setting in the European Community (EC). The objectives were to achieve harmonized CDs and to develop a mechanism for international cooperation. The discussion focused on three broad topics: contents of CDs; collection, assessment, and evaluation of data; and procedures for the preparation and exchange of CDs on specific chemicals. Annex A on the various procedures for standard setting by EC Member States, countries outside the EC, and international organizations and Annex B on the proposed contents of the CDs are also included.

European Union↗
PubMed1988

Cellular aspects of breast cancer: workshop report.

It has not been possible in this review to cover all the submitted posters nor indeed all the points discussed during the workshop session. It is hoped, however, that major points of interest have been presented and that areas where there is consensus and areas where controversy remains concerning the clinical value of particular investigations have been highlighted. It is also hoped that some new potential growth areas for investigation of tumour biology have been defined.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Summing up the International Workshop on the Application of Tissue Culture in Toxicology.

A summary is given of the present state of the use of tissue cultures in toxicology, as it emerged from the workshop. The need for better education in in vitro toxicology and for extensive comparison of results with those from in vivo studies is pointed out. Some of the important difficulties in the application of tissue cultures to toxicological problems are highlighted, as are the needs for basic research on tissue cultures and those for better communication between scientists, legislators, money sources and laymen.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Historical perspective and current trends in emission microscopy, mirror electron microscopy and low-energy electron microscopy. An introduction to the proceedings of the Second International Symposium and Workshop on Emission microscopy and Related Techniques.

Emission microscopes and related instruments comprise a specialized class of electron microscopes that have in common an acceleration field in combination with the first stage of imaging (i.e., an immersion objective lens, also called a cathode lens or emission lens). These imaging techniques include photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM or PEM), electron emission induced by heat, ions, or neutral particles, mirror electron microscopy (MEM), and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), among others. In these instruments the specimen is placed on a flat cathode or is the cathode itself. The low-energy electrons that are emitted, reflected, or backscattered from the specimen are first accelerated and then imaged by means of an electron lens system resembling that of a transmission electron microscope. The image is formed in a parallel mode in all of the above instruments, in contrast to the image in scanning electron microscopes, where the information is collected sequentially by scanning the specimen. A brief history and introduction to emission microscopy, MEM, and LEEM is presented as a background for the Proceedings of the Second International Symposium and Workshop on this subject, held in Seattle, Washington, August 16-17, 1990. Current trends in this field gleaned from the presentations at that meeting are discussed.

China↗
PubMed1996

Workshop summary: food safety: meat- and fish-borne zoonoses.

In this workshop, J.P. Dubey (USA), Th. Hiepe (Germany), and P. Deplazes (Switzerland), were invited speakers. The main areas covered were toxoplasmosis, microsporidiosis, trematode infections, taeniosis/cysticercosis and trichinellosis. The public health and economic impact of meat- and fish-borne parasitic zoonoses is considerable in terms of morbidity and even mortality in humans as well as in losses due to reduced productivity in animals and condemnation of parasitised meat and fish. In this context, the increasing demands of consumers for meat and fish free of pathogens and chemical residues has to be considered. Among the parasitic zoonoses some are widespread and frequent, for example toxoplasmosis. About 30-50% of women of child-bearing age are at risk of acquiring the infection during pregnancy with the potential of prenatal infection and severe disease of the foetus. In addition, toxoplasmosis plays an increasing role as an AIDS-associated infection. There are some recent indications that Toxoplasma infections acquired by adults by ingestion of sporulated oocysts may be more pathogenic than cyst-induced infections. In such cases, eye lesions are quite frequent and were previously thought to be predominantly acquired by prenatal infection (J.P. Dubey, USA). Fish- or crustacean-borne trematodes (species of Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Paragonimus, intestinal flukes) infect about 39 million people, and about 550 millions are at risk (WHO, 1995). Other zoonotic infections are less frequent but may cause severe and lethal diseases, for example Taenia solium cysticercosis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1992

A report of the consensus workshop panel on the treatment of brain metastases.

The consensus workshop on management of brain metastases focused on several broad issues concerning the patient with brain metastases. These issues included: What are the goals of treatment? Who should not be treated with radiation? What are the optimal treatment regimens? What are the areas of controversy where future investigations may be useful? The brain consensus panel attempted to develop guidelines for radiation oncologists through use of a decision tree format. Existing data to support management decisions, particularly those regarding radiation treatment, were reviewed. Data regarding cost of treatment as well as data regarding explicit quality of life measures were felt to be very important but were largely not available and therefore played little scientific role in the guideline development. Areas where controversy existed and where consensus could not be reached were identified.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

National Institute on Aging, NIH, Workshop on Alternative Animal Models for Research on Aging.

The characteristics of various animal models and their relevance for aging studies have been briefly discussed above. These are summarized in tabular form in Tables 1A-1F. The appropriate choice of a model for studying aging depends on a multitude of factors, but the most important characteristics appear to be relevance to human aging, manipulability of the genetic system, availability of physiological characterization data, and ease and cost of husbandry. Whereas most of the organisms discussed here do not satisfy all these criteria, they do offer some special opportunities, for example the ability to study calcium metabolism in female birds; to manipulate the rate of aging in lizards; and to study the genetics of life span in insects (e.g., Drosophila) and/or nematodes. We hope that the information collected here will prove useful to gerontologists with special interests related to human aging, and readers are encouraged to contact the various participants of this workshop for additional information.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Workshop on the qualitative and quantitative comparability of human and animal developmental neurotoxicity, Work Group I report: comparability of measures of developmental neurotoxicity in humans and laboratory animals.

Assessment measures used in developmental neurotoxicology are reviewed for their comparability in humans and laboratory animals, and their ability to detect comparable adverse effects across species. Compounds used for these comparisons include: substances of abuse, anticonvulsant drugs, ethanol, methylmercury, lead, PCBs, and ionizing radiation. At the level of functional category (sensory, motivational, cognitive and motor function, and social behavior), close agreement was found across species for all neurotoxic agents reviewed, particularly at high exposure levels. This was true even though the specific end points used to assess these functions often varied substantially across species. In addition, it was found that: 1) the U.S. EPA Developmental Neurotoxicology Test Battery presented at the Workshop would have identified the hazard to humans of exposure to the above compounds, although it may have underestimated human risk in some cases; 2) assessment of developmental neurotoxicity should involve evaluation of all categories of function; 3) for most compounds reviewed, the neurotoxic effects of prenatal exposure cannot be attributed to maternal toxicity, and exposure at or just below the threshold for such toxicity is an appropriate upper level for developmental neurotoxicity testing; 4) maternal exposure during the postnatal period poses a number of serious methodological problems; and 5) animal studies would better parallel human studies if more emphasis was placed on evaluation during development.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Improvement of separation efficiency and concentrate purity of the Fresenius cell separator AS 104: results of a multicenter study. Haemapheresis Scientific Workshop Group of DGTI.

The aim of this multicenter study, initiated by the Haemapheresis Scientific Workshop Group of the DGTI was to evaluate separation protocols for the cell separator AS 104, marketed by Fresenius, using modified software and parameters which were believed to allow a more effective platelet collection with a significantly lower leukocyte contamination of the concentrates. Plateletpheresis data from 950 runs in ten hemapheresis centers, using virtually the same equipment, identical pheresis protocols, and cell counting methods were registered and statistically analyzed for each center and machine-related differences. Additionally, the counting methods of the centers were controlled by bi-weekly external cell count trials, and the plateletpheresis data were corrected using the results of these cell count trials, to obtain a comparison of the two versions of the protocol independent of the center effect. For protocol (or software version) 4.1, 610 runs were registered. The results of cell countings (chamber) are (given as means+/-standard deviations) 3.452x10 11+/-1.009x10 11 for the platelet yield (or thrombocyte yield), 9x10 6+/-23x10 8 for leukocyte contamination, and 17x10 6+/-70x10 6 for the erythrocyte contamination, and 53%+/-13.5% for the extraction efficiency, respectively. For software version 4.4 with 340 runs, the results are 3.642x10 11+/-0.974x10 11 for the platelet yield, 15x10 6+/-74x10 8 for leukocyte contamination, 20x10 6+/-44x10 6 for erythrocyte contamination, and 59%+/-12.4% for the extraction efficiency, respectively. For the leukocyte and erythrocyte contaminations, the means and standard deviations must be interpreted carefully since the statistical distribution showed a considerable skewing of the data. From the automatic counts, marginally smaller means were found. The data were corrected by the values from the ring study; and for these mathematically corrected data, statistical tests showed a significant improvement in the extraction efficiency from software version 4.1 to 4.4. At the same time, the leukocyte contamination was significantly lower with version 4.4.

Blood Component Removal↗