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PubMed1978

Pili-mediated attachment of Corynebacterium renale to mucous membrane of urinary bladder of mice.

Corynebacterium renal strain 115 with numerous pili became attached in vivo to the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder of mice 10 to 30 times more frequently than did that of C renale American Type Culture Collection 19412, which showed few pili. Antipili serum-treated C renale strain 115 was not recovered from the membrane in as large amounts as was untreated bacteria. Antisomatic serum-treated strain 115, on the other hand, was recovered from the membrane in amounts similar to untreated bacteria. Untreated organisms became attached to the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder more effectively than did the antipili serum-treated bacteria, as seen on scanning electron micrographs. It may be concluded that C renale strain 115 attaches itself to the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder om mice by the pili.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Patterns of epithelial proliferation revealed by continuous administration of bromodeoxyuridine during urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats.

The patterns of epithelial proliferation in the urinary bladder during carcinogenesis were examined sequentially in rats given drinking water supplemented with 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) for 12 weeks and then water without BBN for 18 weeks. Animals received 120 micrograms of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) per hour continuously via an osmotic minipump for 4 days before sacrifice and labeled cells were detected immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibody against BrdU. Two types of BBN-induced epithelial lesions were distinguishable: reversible changes characterized by proliferation of basal cells only, and irreversible changes with high and irregularly distributed incorporation of label throughout the epithelium. Simple hyperplasia, and papillary or nodular hyperplasia consisted of areas of reversible and/or irreversible changes, whereas papilloma and cancer consisted of areas of irreversible changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effect of hormones and of an osmotic gradient on the structure and properties of mammalian foetal urinary bladder in vitro.

1. Water and isotope fluxes were measured by incubating urinary bladders of foetal pigs and sheep in vitro in the presence and absence of a concentration and osmotic gradient. The structure of the urinary bladder of foetal pigs under various conditions was studied by electron microscopy. Its ultrastructure was found to be closely similar to that of foetal sheep. 2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (0-2 U. ml-1) enhanced the enlargement of intercellular spaces caused by dilute mucosal medium in pig bladders; prolactin (1 u. ml-1) prevented osmotic dilatation of the intercellular spaces. 3. The hydraulic conductivity, Lp, was estimated to be 0-5 X 10 (-7) cm.s-1atm-1 in sheep and pigs at about 100 days gestation; the ratio of osomotic to diffusional permeability, (LpRT/VW)/PD, in the presence and absence of ADH, was 2-1 and 1-6 respectively. These are similar to the values found in fish gills. 4. Prolactin reduced bulk flow of water to zero in seven out of eight bladders investigated. Incubation with ADH or vasotocin (55 mu. ml-1) in the presence of prolactin restored water flux to 22% and 45% of control values respectively. 5. There was no significant net flux of sodium from mucosa to serosa in pig bladder except in the presence of prolactin. No net flux of sodium occurred from mucosal to serosal side of pig or sheep bladders in the presence of an adverse electrochemical gradient, although in sheep the permeability ratio was significantly greater than one. 6. The diffusional flux ratio for water remained unity under all conditions; vasotocin increased unidirectional fluxes and prolactin reduced them. The flux ratios were unaffected by the direction of bulk fluid flow, probably because diffusion was rapid compared to flow: the ratio of diffusional flux to volume flow was between 11 and 18.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report].

A 60-year-old male was referred to our hospital with a complaint of asymptomatic gross hematuria. Cystoscopic examination revealed a non-papillary broad-based tumor on the posterior wall of the urinary bladder. Computed tomography revealed no evidence of metastases. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) was performed and muscle invasion was detected by histological examination of the specimen. Total cystectomy and ileal conduit formation were performed at the preoperative diagnosis of T2-3N0M0. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the specimen revealed small cancer cells with hyperchromatic nucleus and scanty cytoplasm growing in the muscle layer of the urinary bladder and in the left obturator lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry for neurospecific enolase showed diffuse staining in the cytoplasm of cancer cells, and ultrastructural study showed dense core granules. From these findings, the patient was diagnosed with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder at the stage of pT3bpN1M0. Three courses of adjuvant chemotherapies with cis-platinum (CDDP) and etoposide were administered. The patient is still alive with no evidence of any recurrence at 22 months after the operation. This case suggests that treatment with combined total cystectomy and adjuvant CDDP and etoposide chemotherapies is effective against neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder with regional lymph node metastases.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2003

Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging with clinical and pathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes the MR imaging features of carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder with clinical presentation and pathologic correlation in three adults. CONCLUSION: Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder is a rare and aggressive tumor that has a clinical presentation similar to that of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging features are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

A new total substitute urinary bladder.

A surgical technique for the creation of an antireflux reservoir type substitute urinary bladder using the distal part of the ileum and aimed at meeting the demands expected of its normal counterpart is presented. Two male patients who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy with pelvic node dissection without urethrectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are discussed herein. Variations in the creation of the reservoirs in both patients are described and the preliminary results reported.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1990

Length-tension relationship of urinary bladder strips from streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus or the consumption of 5% sucrose in place of drinking water cause an increase in rat urinary bladder capacity and mass. Length-tension curves were generated using bladder body strips isolated from control, diabetic, or sucrose-drinking rats to determine whether the length-tension relationship was altered by the bladder hypertrophy associated with diabetic and nondiabetic diuresis. In addition, we compared the data using three different methods of expression: (1) absolute grams tension developed; (2) grams tension/100 mg tissue, and (3) grams tension/mm2. The cross-sectional area of strips from diabetic rats was increased compared to the other two groups. The length-passive tension curves for all three groups increased with increasing tissue length to a plateau. No optimal resting length for generation of active tension was found. Strips from diabetic and sucrose-drinking rats reached the plateau at a slightly larger passive tension than did strips from control rats. In addition, strips from diabetic and sucrose-drinking rats generally developed a greater active tension than did strips from control rats depending on the method of data presentation used. The data suggest that the complex nonlinear arrangement of smooth muscle fibers in the bladder wall results in the unusual length-tension curves generated by urinary bladder strips (as compared to skeletal or vascular smooth muscle). This relationship would be of benefit in the urinary bladders of early-stage diabetic patients before neuropathy development, where the stretching of the bladder wall would allow accommodation without any compromise of bladder function. The data indicate that comparisons of bladder strip function from control and diabetic rats should be done at passive tensions of greater than or equal to 2 g to ensure that maximal active tension is generated.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Role of aromatic amine acetyltransferases, NAT1 and NAT2, in carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in the human urinary bladder.

The metabolic activation and detoxification pathways associated with the carcinogenic aromatic amines provide an extraordinary model of polymorphisms that can modulate human urinary bladder carcinogenesis. In this study, the metabolic N-acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to N-acetyl-PABA (NAT1 activity) and of sulfamethazine (SMZ) to N-acetyl-SMZ (NAT2 activity), as well as the O-acetylation of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (OAT activity; catalyzed by NAT1 and NAT2), were measured in tissue cytosols prepared from 26 different human bladder samples; then DNA was isolated for determination of NAT1 and NAT2 genotype and for analyses of carcinogen-DNA adducts. Both PABA and OAT activities were detected, with mean activities +/- SD of 2.9 +/- 2.3 nmol/min/mg protein and 1.4 +/- 0.7 pmol bound/mg DNA/min/mg protein, respectively. However, SMZ activities were below the assay limits of detection (< 10 pmol/min/mg protein). The levels of putative carcinogen-DNA adducts were quantified by 32P-postlabeling and averaged 2.34 +/- 2.09 adducts/10(8) deoxyribonucleotide phosphate (dNp). Moreover, the DNA adduct levels in these tissues correlated with their NAT1-dependent PABA activities (r = 0.52; P < 0.01) but not with their OAT activities. Statistical and probit analyses indicated that this NAT1 activity was not normally distributed and appeared bimodal. Applying the NAT1:OAT activity ratios (N:O ratio) allowed arbitrary designation of rapid and slow NAT1 phenotypes, with a cutpoint near the median value. Within each of these subgroups, NAT1 correlated with OAT (P < 0.05); DNA adduct levels were elevated 2-fold in individuals with the rapid NAT1 or NAT1/OAT phenotype. Examination of DNA sequence polymorphisms in the NAT1 gene by PCR have demonstrated that an NAT1 polyadenylation polymorphism is associated with differences in tissue NAT1 enzyme activity; accordingly, NAT1 activity in the bladder of individuals with the heterozygous NAT1*10 allele was 2-fold higher than in subjects homozygous for the putative wild-type NAT1*4 allele. Likewise, DNA adduct levels in the mucosa of the urinary bladder were found to be 2-fold (P < 0.05) higher in individuals with the heterozygous NAT1*10 allele (3.5 +/- 2.1 adducts/10(8) dNp) as compared to NAT1*4 homozygous (1.8 +/- 1.9 adducts/10(8) dNp). Thus, these data provide strong support for the hypothesis that NAT1 activity in the urinary bladder mucosa represents a major bioactivation step that converts urinary N-hydroxy arylamines to reactive N-acetoxy esters that form covalent DNA adducts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1984

Benign polyps with prostatic-type epithelium of the urethra and the urinary bladder. A suggestion of histogenesis based on histologic and immunohistochemical studies.

The clinicohistologic features of seven urethral and four urinary bladder polyps with prostatic-type epithelium are described. The average age of the patients was 50 years. Seven patients had prior cystoscopies and in none of them was the lesion noted initially. Histologically the lesions were papillary or polypoid and the surface was lined predominantly by prostatic-type epithelium with interspersed transitional epithelial cells or by transitional epithelium with interspersed prostatic-type epithelial cells. The prostatic-type columnar cells contained foamy, faintly eosinophilic cytoplasm, which stained strongly for prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. In all the lesions, there were prostatic acini in the underlying fibrovascular stroma, which was devoid of smooth muscle. The intermingling of prostatic-type cells and transitional epithelium, on the surface of the polyps, the absence of lesions at previous cystoscopies, the coexistence of cystitis cystica glandularis (a metaplastic lesion), and the older age group of our patients suggest that the prostatic-type epithelium in the polyps of urethra and urinary bladder is an acquired lesion, most likely a metaplastic response of transitional epithelium, which embryologically was multipotential.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2006

Alterations of M(2)-muscarinic receptor protein and mRNA expression in the urothelium and muscle layer of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat urinary bladder.

Diabetes associated alterations of M2-muscarinic receptors (M2-mAChR) in the urothelium and muscle layer of the urinary bladder were studied using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups; group I: normal control rats; group II: STZ-induced diabetic rats, 2 weeks after induction. The bladder was divided into urothelium and muscle layer by microdissection. Tissue M2-mAChR protein levels were measured by Western blotting. Expression of the mRNA that encoded M2-mAChR was estimated using the method of reverse transcription combined with polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). M2-mAChR protein and mRNA expressions were found in both the urothelium and muscle layer of the rat urinary bladder. In control rats, the M2-mAChR protein expression ratio in the urothelium and muscle layer was 1:1.66; that for mRNA was 1:0.97. Two weeks after induction of diabetes, the M2-mAChR mRNA expression in the urothelium and muscle layer were significantly increased by 44.4% (P<0.01, n=8) and 28.6% (P<0.01, n=8), respectively. Correspondently, the bladder M2-mAChR protein levels were significantly increased by 33.3% (P<0.001, n=8) in the urothelium and 25.3% (P<0.01, n=8) in the muscle layer of the diabetic rats. In conclusion, M2-mAChR mRNA and protein are expressed in both the urothelium and muscle layer of the rat urinary bladder. STZ-induced diabetes increases mRNA and protein expression of the M2-mAChR in the urothelium as well as the muscle layer.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metastatic invasive mole in the urinary bladder.

We report an unusual case of invasive mole metastasized to the urinary bladder. The patient presented with hematuria one month after evacuation of a molar pregnancy. The serum chorionic gonadotropin levels regressed spontaneously following transurethral cystoscopic resection of the tumour. Metastasis of an invasive mole to the urinary bladder has not been previously reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Pharmacological experiments in aged rat urinary bladder. I. The responses to acetylcholine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol].

To investigate the etiology of unstable bladder in elderly people, we performed pharmacological experiments using the body of the rat urinary bladder. Responses to acetylcholine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol were examined in vitro in aged rats (16 and 24 months old) in comparison with young rats (6 months old). The results of the present study were summarized as follow: 1) The body weight of 16 and 24 months rats was significantly greater than that of the control. 2) There was no significant difference in the response to acetylcholine among three age groups. 3) The contraction strength of 16- and 24-month-old rat urinary bladder induced by norepinephrine was significantly greater than that of the control. 4) The relaxation response of the detrusor strips induced by isoproterenol in 24-month-old rats was significantly smaller than that of the other two groups. It is concluded that responses to alpha-adrenergic agonists were enhanced in the aged rat urinary bladders. In the assumption that a similar change occurs in the human bladders, the age-related increase in the responsiveness to alpha-adrenergic agonists is one of the etiologies or contributing factors for unstable bladder.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1986

Metabolic changes due to experimentally induced rupture of the bovine urinary bladder.

Metabolic changes were studied in the serum, saliva and peritoneal fluid of 5 healthy yearling feedlot steers after experimentally induced urinary bladder rupture. There were statistically significant decreases in serum, saliva and peritoneal fluid sodium and chloride values and significant increases in serum, saliva and peritoneal fluid urea nitrogen, creatinine and phosphorus values. Serum calcium, pH, bicarbonate, and base excess decreased significantly. Potassium did not change significantly in serum but did increase significantly in the saliva. The hemogram and peritoneal fluid analysis failed to provide clinicopathologic evidence of peritonitis. The average time of death or euthanasia after bladder rupture was 13.6 days with a range of 8-21 days. No single biochemical parameter could be identified which would allow prediction of the approaching time of death or duration of the disease process. There was no peritonitis at necropsy indicating that urine was not irritating to the bovine peritoneal cavity. Extracellular replacement fluid with or without sodium bicarbonate supplementation appeared to be the fluid of choice for correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances in steers with ruptured urinary bladders. The ratio between serum and peritoneal fluid creatinine concentrations appears to be valuable for the clinical diagnosis of ruptured urinary bladders in steers.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Clinical study of grade 3, superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the treatment of grade 3 superficial (stage pTa and pT 1) transitional cell carcinoma (T.C.C.) of the urinary bladder, retrospective analysis was performed with special reference to tumor prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 1971 to september 1995, 51 cases with grade 3 superficial T.C.C. of the urinary bladder were treated. The survival rates and prognostic factors of these patient were analyzed. RESULTS: Five year survival rate of grade 3, superficial tumors was 92.3% and showed significantly better prognosis compared to patients with pT 2 and pT 3 tumors of grade 3 (p < 0.001). As a initial treatments, transurethral resection (TUR) was conducted in 45 patients (88%). Intravesical recurrence was observed in 20 of 45 patients (44%) and 12 of 20 patients (60%) were recurred within 1 year. Non-recurrent rates of the patients treated with TUR were 69.6% at 1 year, 58.8% at 3 year, 49.7% at 5 year, respectively. No significant differences were noted regarding factors of tumor size, figures and a number of tumor. Of the 51 patients, 10 (19.6%) progressed beyond stage T 2 and 6 died with the disease. Survival rates at 10 years follow up in patients with non-papillary and papillary tumor were 57.1% and 97.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that TUR should be performed as a initial treatment for the patients with grade 3 superficial T.C.C. of the urinary bladder. However, non-papillary tumors should be considered of more intensive treatment like as radical cystectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy or irradiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Development of N-butyl-N-(hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced tumors in the partially resected, proliferating rat urinary bladder in dependence upon the time of onset of stimulated DNA synthesis.

Tumor development was investigated in the partially resected, proliferating urinary bladder of rats in dependence upon the onset of stimulated de novo DNA synthesis related to carcinogen dosing. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) was used as carcinogen and administered by gavage in three fractionated doses (100 mg/kg body weight each) either during the phase of the most pronounced proliferation of the urothelium 30, 45 and 70 h after one-third resection of the bladder or 24 h and 1 week prior to partial cystectomy. When BBN was given during most increased DNA synthesis subsequent to one-third resection, the incidence of bladder tumors was reduced to 8.7% compared with 19.6% found in control animals with a non-resected, quiescent bladder. Tumor formation was neither inhibited nor enhanced when BBN was initially administered, followed by partial cystectomy 24 h or 1 week after the last carcinogen dose, yielding tumor incidences of 18.2% and 22.5%, respectively. Thus, the feeding of BBN during the period of maximum DNA synthesis inhibited tumor development in the partially resected bladder, while stimulation of cell replication subsequent to carcinogen administration did not influence the carcinogenic process initiated. The results obtained indicate that time of onset of stimulated DNA synthesis related to carcinogen dosing is the decisive factor in modifying urothelial carcinogenesis in the proliferating urinary bladder.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Local high-frequency hyperthermia of the Brown-Pearce carcinoma in the urinary bladder of rabbits (author's transl)].

The effect of a conductive high-frequency hyperthermia on a model tumor in the urinary bladder of rabbits (Brown-Pearce Carcinoma) was studied at a temperature of 43 degrees C, and with an application time of 30 min. The frequency used was 500 kHz, wattage 30-300 and wavelength 600 m. This resulted in the homogeneous warming of the urinary bladder tissue, in contrast to the results obtained when warm water was injected. Essential test results included: (1) a temperature gradient of max. 6.7 degrees C from the tumor center to the lumen of the urinary bladder, the tumor favoring the higher temperatures; (2) a prolongation of the survival time for animals with heat-treated tumors as opposed to the control animals. After transplantation heat-treated tumors evolved to receptor animals considerably less often than did untreated tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ultrasonographic examination of the left kidney, the urinary bladder, and the urethra in cows.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the position, dimensions and structure of the left kidney, the urinary bladder and the urethra in cattle by use of ultrasonography. The left kidney, the urinary bladder and the urethra of 12 healthy, Swiss Braunvieh cows were examined transrectally using a 5.0 MHz linear transducer 10 times within two weeks. The lobulation of the kidney in cattle could be visualized ultrasonographically. The echogenicity of various renal structures differed. The renal cortex was hyperechoic in comparison to the relative hypoechoic renal medullary pyramids. The urinary bladder was always visible but its diameter varied greatly. The vertical diameter of the left kidney was 6.2 +/- 1.0 cm in the region of the renal hilus. In 7 cows the thickness of renal cortex and medulla was between 2.0 and 2.3 cm. The diameter of the renal sinus varied from 1.1 to 2.5 cm. The interassay coefficients of variation of the variables measured varied between 8.5 and 16.5%. It was concluded that the ultrasonographic values determined in this study can be used as references for the diagnosis of morphologic changes in the bovine left kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Distribution of P2X(1) and P2X(3) receptors in the rat and human urinary bladder.

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is known to play a significant role as a neurotransmitter in smooth muscle. There is evidence to show that ATP can cause bladder contractions and may also be involved in the processing of sensory information in the urinary bladder. These effects are likely to be mediated by P2X receptors, namely P2X(1) and P2X(3), respectively. This study set out to investigate their distribution in rat and human urinary bladders. P2X(1) receptor immunoreactivity was found on detrusor muscle fibres and P2X(3) receptor immunoreactivity was found in the urothelium of both species. This is the first demonstration of a non-neuronal localisation for P2X(3) receptors. No clear evidence was found for the presence of P2X(3) receptors on calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing sensory nerves and therefore P2X(3) receptors may not have a direct role in the mediation of sensory responses to ATP in the urinary bladder.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗