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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Insulin-like growth factors: clinical experience in ovarian function.

Insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins have been shown to play major roles in the modulation of both normal and disturbed ovarian physiology. Identification of many of the actions of these peptides was initially characterized using animal models. However, an increasing body of evidence has emerged to clarify their contributions in human reproductive function. It is clear that at various stages of folliculogenesis, local steroid production acts in concert with intraovarian peptides to promote dominant follicle development. This review will discuss the physiologic role(s) of the insulin-insulin-like growth factor-insulin-like growth factor binding protein family in reproductive function and disorders of androgen excess.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed1998

Neonatal responsiveness to alcohol odor and infant alcohol intake as a function of alcohol experience during late gestation.

It has been previously suggested that maternal alcohol intoxication during the last days of pregnancy promotes fetal experiences that include chemosensory processing of the drug. In this study pregnant Wistar-derived rats were administered saline or one of two alcohol doses (1 or 2 g/kg) during gestational days 17-20. Immediately after birth, pups were tested in regard to motor-eliciting properties of the odor of amniotic fluid or alcohol, or of these stimuli presented as a configuration. Saline controls showed significantly shorter duration of overall motor activity and head movements when stimulated with the biological cue (amniotic fluid) than when exposed to a novel stimulus (ethanol alone or configured with the amniotic fluid). The opposite pattern was found in pups with prenatal experience with the higher alcohol dose. In a second experiment, the impact of similar alcohol treatments on infant consumption of different tastants, including alcohol and a configuration of sucrose and quinine, was tested. This configuration appears to mimic psychophysical properties of ethanol. Consumption of water, sucrose, or quinine was unaffected by the prenatal status of the subjects. Antenatal alcohol experience with the lower alcohol dose (1 g/kg) increased both alcohol and sucrose-quinine consumption. The 2 g/kg alcohol animals also ingested more sucrose-quinine relative to saline controls. As a whole, the results confirm the hypothesis that an intrauterine alcohol sensory memory selectively affects neonatal recognition of the alcohol's olfactory attributes and infant intake of either alcohol or solutions that share certain sensory equivalence with this psychopharmacological agent.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Coordination and dehydrogenation of PH(3) by 23 transition metal ions in the gas phase: FTICR experiments and density functional interpretations.

The reactions of 23 transition metal ions M+(g) with phosphane (PH(3)) have been investigated using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. Two main reaction pathways are observed, sequential dehydrogenation of multiple (up to nine) phosphane molecules, and addition of multiple (up to four) phosphane molecules. The addition and dehydrogenation reaction pathways are, for the most part, mutually exclusive for a particular metal. Dehydrogenation of phosphane is observed for metal ions toward the lower left of the transition block, and the addition process is predominant toward the top right. The dehydrogenation process is considerably faster than the addition, and sequentially produces the species MPH+, MP(2)(+), MP(3)H(+), MP(4)(+), etc. Density functional calculations were used to evaluate collision trajectories, reaction mechanisms, structures of intermediates (including a number of MoP(x)H(y)(+) species), and to identify the factors determining whether each metal reacts by dehydrogenation or addition. Insertion of M+ into P-H bonds is calculated to be a barrierless, exergonic process for only those metals which are observed to dehydrogenate phosphane molecules. A reaction mechanism involving the transfer of H atoms from P to M followed by the elimination of H(2) from M is profiled for Ru. The energetic origins of the metal influence on reaction type have been traced to the energy changes for the first stage migration of H from P to M. These experimental and theoretical results should be valuable in applications where PH(3(g)) is used in the generation of bulk and surface materials involving metal phosphides.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Instigative aggression as a function of past experience and target characteristics.

Third-party-instigated aggression was examined by manipulating the provocativeness of the same or a new target in Part 2 of a task. Effects of previous experience with aggression (i.e., interacting with partners supportive of or disapproving of aggression in Part 1) were also examined. Although the provocativeness of the target accounted for the most variance in the amount of aggression expressed, when the target in Part 2 was new, prior experience influenced aggression. Results are discussed in terms of and interactional model of behavior. The clearer the current situational demands (i.e., known, predictable target) were, the less the influence of past aggressive experience on continued aggression; the more ambiguous the current situation (i.e., new, unpredictable target) was, the more the influence of past aggressive experience on continued aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1998

Adult attachment style and individual differences in functional versus dysfunctional experiences of anger.

Three studies examined the association between adult attachment and anger. Study 1 examined attachment-style differences in self-reports of anger-proneness, anger expression, anger goals, and responses to anger. Study 2 assessed attachment style, physiological signs of anger, and attribution of hostile intent. Study 3 used a lexical-decision task for studying attachment-style differences in expected anger outcome. Secure persons scored lower in anger-proneness, endorsed more constructive anger goals, reported more adaptive responses and more positive affect in anger episodes, attributed less hostile intent to others, and expected more positive outcomes than insecure persons. For ambivalent persons, the anger experience also included lack of anger control and anger-in. For avoidant persons, it included high hostility, escapist responses, and lack of awareness of physiological signs of anger. The underlying action of working models is emphasized in the discussion.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Escape from deficits in sodium intake after thalamic lesions as a function of preoperative experience.

Saline and water intakes in response to treatments with a natriuretic agent and a mineralocorticoid were studied in intact rats and in rats with lesions centered in the taste delay of the thalamus. Intact rats responded to the treatments by increasing both saline and water intake. Rats with thalamic lesions that had never drunk saline prior to induction of the lesions generally did not increase their saline intake in response to the treatments but showed normal increases in water intake. In contrast, rats with thalamic lesions that had drunk saline prior to induction of the lesions showed normal increases in both saline and water intake. Preoperative experience of sodium need did not protect rats against the lesion-induced deficit.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis experience better bowel function and quality of life after ileorectal anastomosis than after ileoanal pouch.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life with emphasis on bowel function in patients undergoing either total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) or restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 151 patients operated on in our department between 1971 and 2000 were analysed retrospectively. Since 42 patients had to undergo reoperations, a total of 194 bowel procedures were performed. The final operative breakdown was: 48 IRA, 62 IPAA, 33 total proctocolectomies and 8 other procedures. By the end of the period under consideration, 40 patients had died, 28 had been lost to follow-up, 83 patients were still alive and of these 76 were analysed. Continence function and quality of life with emphasis on overall bowel function (Wexner (WS)-, Jostarndt (JS)-, Oresland (OS)- and Pemberton (PS)-scores) were recorded in 59 patients (22 IRA and 37 IAP). RESULTS: Continence and bowel function were significantly better after IRA than after IPAA (mean scores: WS, 1.1 vs 5.4, P=0.001; JS, 32.5 vs 24.7, P=0.0001; OS, 2.9 vs 7.9, P=0.0001), as was quality of life (PS, 25.6 vs 19.6, P=0.001). The mean values for each single item of all 4 scores were consistently better after IRA. Neither gender, age nor type of pouch-anal anastomosis (stapled vs hand-sewn) had a significant influence on outcome. IPAA patients with uneventful follow-up (n = 27) had better mean values for all 4 scores (WS, 4.2 vs 7.3; JS, 26.1 vs 23.1; PS, 20.4 vs 17.7; OS, 6.6 vs 9.9) than those with postoperative complications (n = 10; 27%), but statistical significance was reached only in the OS (P = 0.026). No such difference was seen after IRA (14% complication rate). CONCLUSION: The significantly better continence after IRA resulting in superior patient comfort and quality of life must be balanced against the oncological disadvantage of this procedure. On the basis of large patient population studies, genotype-phenotype correlations with respect to the risk for rectal cancer may need to be taken into account. Postoperative complications may have a lasting negative effect on outcome after IPAA.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1999

Validation of animal experiments on ciliary function in vitro. II. The influence of absorption enhancers, preservatives and physiologic saline.

Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is one of the most important parameters of mucociliary clearance. Previously, we demonstrated that mucosa from chicken embryo trachea is a good substitute for human ciliated epithelium to study the effects on CBF of substances that are used clinically. In this study, we examined the effect on CBF of four excipients for nasal drug formulations: the absorption enhancers methylated beta-cyclodextrin 2% and sodium taurodihydrofusidate 1%, the preservative benzalkonium chloride 0.01%, and physiologic saline. We also examined the effect on CBF of the cryopreservative dimethyl sulfoxide, which is used to protect ciliated epithelium prior to storage in liquid nitrogen. Results obtained with chicken embryo trachea were compared with those of cryopreserved human mucosa taken from the sphenoidal sinus. For all of the substances tested, the effects on CBF of chicken material were comparable to those measured on human material. Benzalkonium chloride had a stronger ciliostatic effect on human tissue. After 60 min, however, the effect of that substance on CBF was similar in both tissues. We conclude that chicken embryo trachea can be used as a substitute for human ciliated mucosa when studying ciliary activity in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Types of hypnotically (un)susceptible individuals as a function of phenomenological experience: towards a typology of hypnotic types.

Subjects were 194 nursing students who experienced the HGSHS A (Shor & Orne, 1962) in which was embedded a 2-minute sitting quietly interval subsequent to the eye catalepsy item, but prior to the "counting out" sequence. After the HGSHS:A, subjects completed the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI) (Pekala, 1982, 1991c) in reference to the sitting quietly interval embedded in the hypnotic induction ceremony. Subjects were divided into low and high susceptible groups. K-means cluster analysis of the subjects' responses to the PCI revealed nine different cluster groups. These groups had different patterns of phenomenological experiences that cut across individual subjects' actual HGSHS:A scores. Implications of the above for (a) working with clients who may not score that high on standard behavioral measures of hypnotizability (such as the HGSHS:A), or (b) understanding how hypnosis "works," are discussed.

Adult↗