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PubMed1995

Age-associated problems in nutrition.

From the chapters described so far, it is apparent that human beings may suffer many kinds of physiological declines during aging process. However, nutritional problems due to the physiological declines could be resolved by establishment of good eating patterns, intake of nutritionally balanced diet, appropriate nutrient supplementation of vitamins as well as minerals, and good nutrition program coupled with a regular exercise as mentioned in each chapters. Here is a Short Summary from the nutritional point of view for a longer, healthier, and more vital life. The balanced diet; especially the diet enhanced by vitamins E and B6 and trace mineral zinc is helpful for the elderly to prevent the declines in the immune system. The foods rich in vitamin D and calcium; they may help to prevent the elderly from osteoporosis. The foods with low fat, dietary cholesterol and sodium; these foods may be recommended for not only the elderly but also younger people to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The good quality of diet; it is important for the elderly to avoid the monotonous diet because of their appetite declines.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[The impact of the environment upon the respiratory tract]

OBJECTIVES: Air pollution has been a significant worldwide problem with repercussions in the respiratory tract, along the years. The main objectives of this review are to present results from studies on the harmful effects of allergens as well as of pollutants over the respiratory tract.METHOD: Published studies were analyzed in respect to each agent involved, either environmental pollutants or allergens.RESULTS: There has been a remarkable increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergies in Western countries children, during the last decades, which involves participation of many environmental factors. The house dust mites allergens followed by pet allergens have been classified as one of the most important causes of early sensitization, in genetically susceptible individuals. It became of utmost importance to determine the action of pollutants in the airways of asthmatic patients, once asthma is an inflammatory disease with an outstanding surge of inflammatory cells, affecting airway mucosal. Among the environmental agents, tobacco smoke, NO(2), O(3) and the CO are associated to the increase in morbidity, with specific harmfulness.CONCLUSION: There are evidences that the higher exposure to indoor allergens, to pollutants and irritants, associated to changes in diets, changes in the exposure pattern to infectious agents and the use of antibiotics are leading to an increase in respiratory diseases over the last 30 years.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

'The fat-encrusted colon'. A radiological abnormality of colonic mucosa occurring in patients with steatorrhoea.

The clinical and radiological features of six cases of fat-encrusted colon are described. In patients with steatorrhoea, despite standard colonic preparation, fat may adhere to colonic mucosa and produce a radiological appearance that simulates the changes of inflammatory bowel disease. Steatorrhoea was due to coeliac disease in five patients, the sixth being a case of primary sclerosing cholangitis. The initial radiological diagnosis at barium enema in all six patients was of inflammatory bowel disease. On the basis of this appearance surgery was advised in three patients, one of whom proceeded to laparotomy with a view to colectomy. The correct diagnosis can be established by familiarity with the radiological appearance and confirmed by repeating the barium enema examination after 5 days of a fat-free diet, when the colonic mucosal pattern returns to normal.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Understanding the Mediterranean diet. Could this be the new "gold standard" for heart disease prevention?

The traditional Mediterranean diet as outlined in this article is an ideal eating pattern for prevention of cardiovascular disease. The essence of this diet is the use of natural, whole foods and the avoidance of highly processed ones. We believe that current understanding and scientific evidence are adequate to recommend this diet widely as a practical, effective, and enjoyable strategy--the new "gold standard"--in heart disease prevention.

Diet↗
PubMed2004

Nutritional status of schoolchildren in an urban area of Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: As in many other Asian countries, Sri Lanka is in the phase of a rapid demographic, nutritional and epidemiological transition. As a result dietary habits and lifestyle are changing. These have led to new health problems in the region. Childhood overweight and obesity are examples of such problems. OBJECTIVE: To provide information on the nutritional status of 8-12 years old schoolchildren in an urban area of Sri Lanka. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seven schools situated in the city of Colombo were randomly selected. They showed a fair representation of children of all social levels. Fifty students from each grade (years 4, 5, 6, 7) of each school were randomly selected. Their height was measured using a stadiometer to the closest 0.1cm and weight measured using an electronic weighing scale (Seca, France) to the closest 100 g. Calibration was checked with a standard weight at each 25 measurements. Information regarding behaviour, feeding practices and socioeconomic factors were obtained by a questionnaire filled by the parent or the guardian. To define obesity and overweight, sex and age specific body mass index (BMI) criteria recommended by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used. The age and sex specific BMI 5th percentile from revised NCHS (2000) growth charts were used to define thinness. Weight and height Z score of less than -2 from the median of height for age and weight for age derived using the ANTHRO software (CDC, USA) were used to define stunting and underweight respectively. Data were analysed using Epilnfo 2000 (CDC, USA) computer package. RESULTS: Anthropometric data of 1 224 children (48% boys), and feeding practices and behaviour pattern data of 1 102 children (44% boys) were analysed. Obesity prevalence among boys (4.3%) was higher than in girls (3.1%). The prevalence of thinness was 24.7% in boys and 23.1% in girls. 5.1% of boys and 5.2% of girls were stunted. 7.0% of boys and 6.8% of girls were underweight. 66% of obese children and 43.5% of overweight children belonged to high-income category (monthly family income more than Rs. 20,000). Apart from family income, behaviour patterns did not significantly influence the nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: Although the data are not representative of the entire country, nutritional transition is evident in the city of Colombo. Obesity and overweight in older children are some emerging nutritional problems that may be the consequence of emerging patterns of the lifestyle and diet in response to social and cultural changes.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1978

Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia.

The proposition that lifestyle is a major determinant of community health is explored by contrasting the features of a rural subsistence community in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and the features of the community in urbanized, industrialized Australia. Reference is made to differences in physical environment, housing, work, social situation, human relationships, patterns of disease, population statistics, diet, growth, obesity, physical fitness, blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, salt intake and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and signs of degenerative changes in various tissues. The Papua New Guinea community is seen as a self-reliant, self-contained, socially cohesive subsistence society whose members are well adapted to their physical and social environment, free from major degenerative cardiovascular diseases, with little overt psychiatric illness, but with a heavy burden of infectious disease, with marginal nutritional levels of degenerative disease and disease from psychological stress. It is clear that health, in its fullest sense, is not the prerogative of any one type of society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of calcium supplement on superoxide dismutase and malonaldehyde of disuse osteoporosis in young rats].

Effects of Ca supplement on the bone mineral density(BMD), red blood cell superoxide dismutase(SOD), plasma malonaldehyde(MDA) of disused osteoporosis were studied in this paper. Twenty five healthy pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, groups 2-5 were reproduced with patterns of animal osteoporosis. The diet in groups 1-2 was the basic diet, while the groups 3-5 experiment diets were supplemented with Ca. Selected 3 young rats, live with the mother rate each brood. The BMD, red blood cell SOD, plasma MDA were measured 37 d later. The results showed that BMD level of young rats in Ca supplement groups is higher than vigorous groups (P < 0.05). The MDA in vigorous group was higher than Ca supplement, groups(P < 0.01) and SOD was lower than high biologic calcium group(P < 0.05). It was suggested that Ca supplemented certain effect on red blood cell SOD, plasma MDA of disused osteoporosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Insulin and insulin resistance.

As obesity and diabetes reach epidemic proportions in the developed world, the role of insulin resistance and its consequences are gaining prominence. Understanding the role of insulin in wide-ranging physiological processes and the influences on its synthesis and secretion, alongside its actions from the molecular to the whole body level, has significant implications for much chronic disease seen in Westernised populations today. This review provides an overview of insulin, its history, structure, synthesis, secretion, actions and interactions followed by a discussion of insulin resistance and its associated clinical manifestations. Specific areas of focus include the actions of insulin and manifestations of insulin resistance in specific organs and tissues, physiological, environmental and pharmacological influences on insulin action and insulin resistance as well as clinical syndromes associated with insulin resistance. Clinical and functional measures of insulin resistance are also covered. Despite our incomplete understanding of the complex biological mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance, we need to consider the dramatic social changes of the past century with respect to physical activity, diet, work, socialisation and sleep patterns. Rapid globalization, urbanisation and industrialization have spawned epidemics of obesity, diabetes and their attendant co-morbidities, as physical inactivity and dietary imbalance unmask latent predisposing genetic traits.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Life style of adult diabetics of patients attending outpatient clinics.

The present study was carried out to determine the points of shortage regarding knowledge and lifestyle pattern of adult diabetics towards diet regimen, weight control, exercise, complications prevention and self management. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two health centers in two areas, with two different social classes, in Helliopolis District. It included 300 the better the knowledge score but the practice score did not differ. The present study revealed that attendants to EI-Nozha and Hykstep health unit outpatient clinics had deficient knowledge related to diabetes management and prevention of complications. They also had low levels of self-care practices, which might adversely affect the course of the disease. The fact that knowledge affects behavior predicts that they will acquire higher levels self-care practices once they acquire sound knowledge.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of long-term dietary restriction on body temperature are modified with increasing age.

Effects of long-term dietary restriction on body temperature and its circadian changes were investigated in 3.5- and 14.5-month-old male Long-Evans rats. Animals were either fed and libitum or kept on a restricted diet for 8 weeks. Purina Lab Chow was constantly available to the ad libitum-fed groups, while half portions of their daily food consumption were given to age-matched diet-restricted groups every day. A highly significant lowering of body temperature in middle-aged diet-restricted (MR) rats was not observed until their food intake had been restricted for 5 weeks compared with that of the middle-aged ad libitum-fed (MA) group as well as that of the young diet-restricted (YR) rats. Eight weeks after diet restriction, both the circadian pattern of body temperature and its diurnal peak-trough difference remained almost unchanged in all four groups, while the average body temperature of MR rats was greatly lower than that of the YR group and that of MA animals. No significant difference in average body temperature was found between the young ad libitum-fed (YA) rats and the MA group. These data suggest that the average body temperature and its circadian changes in ad libitum-fed rats, at least before the age of 14.5 months, is not age-related, while the effect of dietary restriction on body temperature may be modified with increasing age.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1986

[Characteristics of the water-electrolyte metabolism of hypertension patients with stable hypertension and the principles of diuretic therapy].

Different levels of water-salt metabolism control were studied in patients with stable essential hypertension (SEH). The sample was found to be highly heterogeneous in terms of the magnitude of the body's water-filled spaces in relation to plasma renin activity (PRA) and the cooking salt gustatory sensitivity threshold, examined in the presence of various salt diets and diuretic treatments. Three patterns of response to salt loads were identified in SEH patients with respect to sodium and water elimination by the kidneys: the first was identical to that of normal subjects, while the second one featured increased, and the third one, decreased, diuresis and natriuresis. Prostaglandin E2 and kallikrein were shown to be involved in the formation of the second- and third-type renal response to excessive salt. Differential treatment of EH patients with diuretics alone or, where necessary, in combinations with small-dose beta-blockers or vasodilators provides effective BP control for some 1.5 to 2 years in 65% of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Kinetics of mobilization of neutrophils and their marrow pool in protein-calorie deficiency.

Migration of marrow neutrophils under basal conditions and their mobilization, following subcutaneous implantation of cover slips, were investigated in groups of protein-deficient rats, using 3HTdR with sequential autoradiography of the peripheral blood smears. Animals fed a protein-rich diet served as controls. The pattern of appearance of labeled neutrophils in the blood was identical in the two groups under basal conditions. However, a higher percentag of labeled neutrophils appeared earlier in the blood following cover slip implantation in the deficient rats as compared to controls. The inflammatory exudate on the cover slips was low throughout the period of observation in deficient animals, with a delay in the appearance of monocytes. A pool of mature neutrophils resides in the bone marrow. It is proposed that in PCM there is atrophy of all neutrophil compartments, including that of the marrow pool, associated with a proportionate reduction in the efflux of cells from one compartment to another. This proportionate reduction in efflux would explain the normal kinetics of migration of neutrophils under basal conditions in the deficient rats in spite of a reduction in the marrow pool. On the other hand, in cover slip-implanted deficient rats, appearance of larger numbers of labeled neutrophils in the blood is attributed to a reduction in size of the marrow pool. This hypothesis is substantiated by the experiments in protein-deficient monkeys in which estimation of the marrow pool of neutrophils revealed a marked reduction in the deficient animals. It is further proposed that a diminuation of the marrow pool of neutrophils and retarded mobilization of cells at the site of inflammation are important mechanism responsible for the increased susceptibility of the malnourished host to infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Food patterns of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators.

OBJECTIVE: To compare actual food intake of elderly people in Europe and further identify food patterns, which mediate favourable or unfavourable nutrient intakes from cluster analysis of pooled data. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of food patterns of participants of the SENECA follow-up study (1993). SETTING: Twelve traditional European towns. SUBJECTS: Men (n = 647) and women (n = 710) aged 74-79 y in 1993. METHODS: Food intake data were assessed using the same validated dietary history technique in all SENECA towns. Cluster analysis was used to classify subjects into groups based on similarities in dietary variables. RESULTS: A northern and southern European eating pattern emerged. The southern food pattern appeared to be the most healthful being rich in grain, vegetables, fruit, lean meat and olive oil. The north-south gradient did, however, not systematically segregate into the same clusters. All dietary profiles were represented in all sites. The four dietary profiles, identified by cluster analysis, were: 'Lean and green eaters': high carbohydrate and vitamin C intake, 'gourmands': high intake of energy and nutrients, 'milk drinkers': high intake of calcium and vitamin B2 and 'small eaters': marginal energy and nutrient consumption. Marital status, education, smoking, health status and physical activity level differed between clusters. CONCLUSIONS: A north-south gradient of food patterns was identified. The southern diet agreed better with guidelines for healthy eating. A sufficient energy intake seemed, however, to be necessary for an adequate nutrient intake, beside a good choice of food types.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Geographic variability of alcohol-related mortality in Italy in the period 1980-1990].

From the original records of the Italian Central Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) alcohol-related deaths in Italy during the 1980-1990 period were estimated applying alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs), derived from the national and international literature, to a list of alcohol-related diagnoses. Age-adjusted mortality rates direct method) were computed for each year sex and geographic region. Alcohol-related years of potential life lost (YPLL) to age 70 were estimated only for 1990. In 1990 overall alcohol-related deaths were 18,033 (males: 12,937; females: 5,096), accounting for 3.3% of all deaths in Italy (males: 4.6%: females 2.0%. Over 200,000 YPLL (males: 162,318; females 38,367) to age 70 were attributable to alcohol-related causes each death contributing on average with 11.1 YPLL (males: 12.5; females: 7.5). Among individual causes of death, chronic disease (malignant neoplasms and liver diseases) represent 65% of ARM, while intentional and unintentional injuries account for almost 35% of ARM According to the decreasing temporal trend of alcohol intake in Italy, during the 1980-1990 period, ARM decreased by 17% in both sexes (from 51.3 x 100,000 to 42.4 in males from 18.1 to 15.2 in females). Geographic variability of ARM in Italy suggests that in Central regions some protection factors concomitant with alcohol and hepatitis viruses exposure (diet, type of alcoholic beverage, pattern of alcohol make genetic factors) could account for the reduced risk of alcohol-induced biologic damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Are complicated forms of celiac disease cryptic T-cell lymphomas?

We assessed the clonality of duodenal mucosal T cells in patients with celiac disease and controls. Fifteen adult patients were studied. Four patients had a complicated celiac disease, 3 did not respond to a gluten-free diet, and 2 had an ulcerative jejunitis (including 1 patient with nonresponsive celiac disease). Seven patients had an untreated celiac disease responsive to a gluten-free diet. Histological examination of duodenal biopsies of these 11 patients showed benign-appearing celiac disease without evidence of lymphoma. Four patients with nonulcer dyspepsia and normal duodenal biopsies served as controls. TCRgamma gene rearrangements were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction on DNA extracted from duodenal biopsies. Major clonal rearrangements of the T-cell receptor were found in 4 cases, all with complicated celiac disease. Monoclonality was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the junctional region in 3 cases and by hybridization with clone-specific oligoprobes. Patients with celiac disease responsive to gluten-free diet had mainly a polyclonal pattern, with 1 of them having an oligoclonal rearrangement. An oligoclonal pattern was also observed in 2 control patients. Three patients with complicated celiac disease evolved to T-cell lymphoma with liver (n = 2) or bone marrow (n = 1) invasion. Identical clones were found in the enteropathic duodenojejunum and peripheral blood in the patient with large-cell lymphoma with bone marrow invasion. This study suggests that complicated celiac disease is a cryptic T-cell lymphoma.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Teeth and diet of Australopithecines (hypothesis on the evolution of man)].

The dental pattern allows a taxonomic assignment of a primate and some deductions about his food preference and survival behaviour. The purpose is to define the Hominid's diet and behaviour, through a dental study. The Australopithecines teeth pattern was human like and quite different from Pongid pattern. Author indicates differential dental marks of A. robustus, A. gracilis and Homo Habilis, and infers, also by environmental knowledge, that they, very likely, were fruits, roots, graminivorous eaters, using their hands in preparing the food with rudimental skill. Their diet maybe was carnivorous too and their teeth were'nt quite specialized. Instead A. Robustus teeth were super-specialized for hard, coriaceus, vegetal food, and so their molars are enormous and powerful, while lacked in advanced hand skill. Homo Habilis shows dental small size like present human's teeth. Very likely, they were able to prepare food by tools, with better manual skill, and their diet had more variety (onnivorous). With hominization increasing, the teeth were decreasing in size and were loosing specialization, while hominids were gaining another functional skillness.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immature sucking patterns in infants of mothers with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate immaturity of sucking patterns of infants of mothers with diabetes. STUDY DESIGN: Term infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (16 mothers managed with insulin and 31 with diet alone) were compared with 55 matched healthy infants (control group). Sucking patterns were recorded and analyzed for number of sucks and bursts and averages maximum suck pressure, number of sucks per burst, suck width, and time between bursts. The measurements were made for feedings of 5 minutes duration with Kron's Nutritive Sucking Apparatus on the third day of life. RESULTS: Relative to the control group, newborns of the insulin-treated mothers averaged 5.2 fewer bursts and 42 fewer sucks (P = .013 and P = .04, respectively). No differences were noted for other variables tested. There were no differences in sucking patterns between newborns of diet-managed mothers and control newborns. CONCLUSION: Poorer sucking patterns were found among infants of insulin-managed mothers with diabetes. The present findings indicate some degree of neurologic immaturity during the early neonatal period.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1985

Diet and nutrition as risk factors for cancer.

Involvement of diet and nutrition as risk factors for human cancers has been established by two general types of evidence. Epidemiological studies in human populations have identified associations between patterns of incidence for various forms of cancer and diet composition or food consumption patterns. Such associations are particularly evident in studies on migrant populations and in patterns of geographic localization of specific forms of cancer. Reduction in gastric cancer (and increase in colon cancer) incidence has been observed in immigrants from Japan to the U.S. via Hawaii with concurrent change in dietary habits. High fat consumption has been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer, and evidence is accumulating that suggests increased intake of dietary fiber (or some specific component of it) may be associated with diminished risk of colorectal cancer. Laboratory studies have demonstrated the existence of dietary constituents that might impact cancer risk in people consuming them. Substances in this class fall into two general categories: genotoxic carcinogens/mutagens; and protective factors which inhibit experimentally-induced chemical carcinogenesis in animals. Numerous naturally-occurring carcinogens/mutagens have been identified. Examples include aflatoxins, cycasin, and bracken fern carcinogen(s), among others. Genotoxic substances associated with the use of intentional food additives are the N-nitroso compounds formed as nitrosation products from nitrite. Potential carcinogenic risk from food constituents also comes from mutagens found in foods as natural components, or formed in the course of cooking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Carcinogens↗