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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Risk factors and coronary heart disease in Durban blacks--the missing links.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is still relatively uncommon in the black population of South Africa. We embarked on a study to determine the prevalence of risk factors leading to CHD in the black population of Durban. The study sample was selected from patients attending a dental clinic at a hospital. A total of 458 patients (age range 16-69 years) was studied. The prevalence of CHD was 2.4%. The percentage prevalences of selected risk factors were: hypertension (blood pressure > or = 140 mmHg systolic and/or > or = 90 mmHg diastolic) 28% (31.9% for males, 25.4% for females); protective levels of high-density lipoprotein/total cholesterol > or = 20%, 81.3%; diabetes mellitus 4.9% for males, 2.9% for females; smoking > or = 10 cigarettes per day 28.1% for males, 3.4% for females; obesity 3.7% for males 22.6% for females. We found the Minnesota Coding System for electrocardiographic changes of CHD and the Rose questionnaire to be unreliable for eliciting CHD in blacks. Hypercholesterolaemia is less common, and this may explain the low incidence of CHD in blacks. Epidemics of CHD as seen in Indian, coloured and white South Africans can still be prevented in the black population, but preventive measures must be instituted rapidly.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Financing of regional healthcare in Kazakhstan].

It is suggested in the paper how to finance stages of healthcare in Kazakhstan. The introduction of the Budget Code is expected to change the functioning of the financial department for the better.

Budgets↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of the p53 gene in human uterine carcinoma cell lines.

The inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 has been demonstrated in a variety of human tumors. In this study, we present a p53 gene analysis of 13 uterine carcinoma cell lines. Sequencing analysis of the entire coding region revealed mutations changing the p53 amino acid composition in all six endometrial carcinoma cell lines tested (Ishikawa, Hecl-A, Hecl-B, KLE, RL95-2, and AN-3). Of the seven cervical carcinoma cell lines, two (HT-3 and C-33A) contained p53 codon changes as well. We were unable to detect human papillomavirus in these two cell lines. By contrast, five human papillomavirus-positive cervical carcinoma cell lines (HeLa S-3, Caski, SiHa, C-4I, and ME-180) contained wild-type p53 gene sequences. We suggest that, in the human papillomavirus-positive cervical tumors, p53 inactivation occurred via the known mechanism of viral E6/cellular p53 protein association, whereas in all other tumors p53 function was compromised by changes in the amino acid sequence.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Postgraduate internship in gynecology and obstetrics for physician assistants: a 4-year experience.

Changes in the Hospital Code (405 Regulations) to limit the number of hours worked by residents have been implemented in New York state and may soon become a nation-wide policy. Although their goal is to guarantee quality of patient care and assure education for residents, the limitation of hours worked has increased manpower shortages, some of which could be resolved by using physician assistants with specialty training. To provide this training, a Postgraduate Internship in Gynecology and Obstetrics for Physician Assistants has been developed at the North Central Bronx Hospital and the Montefiore Medical Center. It is the first program of its kind at the postgraduate level to educate physician assistants specifically for practice in obstetrics and gynecology. The program consists of 3 months of didactic lectures to review and update knowledge on topics in medicine, surgery, gynecology, preoperative and postoperative care, cardiac and trauma life support, and critical care, followed by a clinical year similar to that of a rotating physician intern. We believe that such postgraduate educational opportunities in gynecology and obstetrics benefit both the individual physician assistant's growth and development and the level of care delivered, and may be an answer to staffing needs.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1990

Insertion of an extra codon for threonine is a cause of dihydropteridine reductase deficiency.

The mutation in a patient with dihydropteridine reductase deficiency has been located and characterized. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the coding sequence of human dihydropteridine reductase from the messenger RNA of skin fibroblasts. Chemical cleavage of mismatches indicated a mismatched thymine and cytosine at approximately 117 and 147 bases, respectively, from the end of the probe. Cloning and sequencing of the mutant PCR products revealed the insertion of the triplet ACT (threonine), after alanine 122 (base 390). Amplification of a small region around this mutation by using genomic DNA as the PCR target indicates that the mutation is completely within an exon. Unequal crossing-over at the second base in the preceding alanine codon and duplication of the bases CTA may be the mechanism of mutagenesis. The cleavage site 147 bases from the end of the probe corresponded to the conversion of guanine to adenine at base 420 (CTG to CTA) and does not alter the code for leucine. This change, which was also seen in another dihydropteridine reductase-deficient child and in a control subject probably represents a common neutral polymorphism.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Methodology of ECG interpretation in the Glasgow program.

This paper describes the methods currently used in Glasgow Royal Infirmary for computer analysis of electrocardiograms. The software is designed to analyse from 3 to 15 simultaneously recorded leads, with facilities for analysis of rhythm and serial changes. Options for Minnesota Code (with serial comparison) and XYZ lead interpretation are available.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1989

[Problems in the documentation of autopsy findings on death certificates for stillborn babies and deaths of babies under one year of age].

Analysis of 311 death certificates issued on stillbirths and deaths below one year of age, between 1979 and 1984, together with checks on all clinical data in them revealed a great number of erroneous entries by pathologists. These included using of wrong printed lines, reference to wrong ICD classes, disagreement between verbal notes and ICD code, statement of unimportant changes as causes of death, and mistakes in defining basic diseases. Error rates are reported and discussed. Pathologists quite often failed to take sufficient advantage of the possibility of stating a multicausative background of death.

Cause of Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Molecular drift of rotavirus during attenuation].

The genome structure and polypeptide composition of a rotavirus virion isolated from piglets is described. Proteins p90 and p38 were localized in the external capsid of the virion, and the group-specific antigen of rotaviruses, protein p42, in the internal capsid. Minor polypeptides p116, p98, and p92 were associated with the virus core. A scheme of the structure of porcine rotavirus virion is proposed on the basis of the virion ultrastructure and localization of viral proteins in the capsid. Attention is drawn to the fact that the "wild" strain of swine rotavirus which is virulent for piglets differed in electrophoretic mobility of at least 3 segments of virus genome from the same strain which had undergone 70 passages in cell culture. The virus with altered RNA-segments showed no virulence. The change in the molecular weight of the RNA-segment 4 correlated with the change in polypeptide p90 coded for by it. In the authors' opinion, variability of the major product of protein p90 proteolysis caused the loss of rotavirus virulence for the naturally susceptible host.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The expression of human tumor necrosis factor in E. coli.

cDNA of human natural TNF (n-TNF) obtained by stimulating human leukemic B cell line (Ball-1) with Sendai virus was cloned. Valine-started-TNF (V-TNF) gene was constructed from the cDNA and expressed in E.coli HB101 under the control of a trp promoter by the induction of 3-indoleacrylic acid. The expression level of V-TNF clone was about 10% of the total E.coli protein. On the other hand, the expression level of glutamine started-TNF (Q-TNF) gene having the same SD-ATG sequence which was constructed from V-TNF gene was as low as about 1/20 of that of V-TNF. The nucleotide sequence around ATG (-4 approximately +12) of Q-TNF gene was randomly changed without modifying the coded amino acid sequence, resulting to obtain high expression clones as similar TNF protein yield as that of V-TNF. These clones possessed A residue rich sequence around the initiation codon ATG. These results show that some correlation might exist between the high expression rate and A residue rich sequence around the initiation codon.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Bicycle ergometer and echocardiographic study in healthy subjects and patients with angina pectoris after administration of L-carnitine: semiautomatic computerized analysis of M-mode tracing.

The discovery tha carnitine takes an active part in the transportation of long-chain acyl residues across the inner mitochondrial membrane dates back to 1958. It has been shown experimentally tha a reduction in myocardial carnitine content takes place after 15-30 min of ischemia. L-carnitine was administered orally in doses of 3 g/day for 30 days to 16 subjects with effort-induced angina and to 14 healthy subjects. A bicycle ergometer exercise test revealed a 1.5 mm (mean) depression of the ST-T segment in the angina subjects after pharmacological wash-out and a 1 mm depression in the same subjects after carnitine treatment. M-code echocardiography showed positive changes in a number of ventricular function parameters in the angina subjects and also, to a lesser extent, in the healthy controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Facial expressions of emotion in mother-infant interaction.

Face movements of infants 2 months of age when they are interacting with their mothers give evidence both for innate representation of the mother as a partner in communication and for an emotional system that evaluates her expressions and regulates their interpersonal contact. Although the facial neuro-motor system is immature in infancy, it can generate many expressions that compare closely with those by which adults transmit emotions and control engagements and relationships. It also expresses rudiments of special motivation for speaking. Even newborns show clear evidence of organized facial expressions defining distinct communicative states that respond to maternal care. Emotional communication is multimodal; as infants gain in perceptuo-motor and cognitive powers, they both express and respond to simultaneous signals of affect in multiple channels of voice, gesture and postural change. Face expressions form but part of a stream of motor evidence of central affective state and its changes. Mothers present to infants a form of expressive activity (baby talk) that has clearly marked synchronous visible and audible features. The precocious expressive capacities and sensitivities of infants and maternal fostering of them would appear to be a human adaptation to facilitate development of observational learning and language. Developments in the first year expand the scope of communication and play without changing the fundamental emotional code by which infant and familiar caretakers construct and defend their special relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Environmental carcinogens: mechanisms of action and occurrence. Some aspects (author's transl)].

New aspects on the mechanism of action of known environmental carcinogens are described. These compounds are not active as such, but are bioactivated in the mammalian metabolism via chemically reactive intermediates to electrophilic reactants, forming with information-bearing biopolymeres covalent bonds. This change in the genetic code is in agreement with the mutation hypothesis of carcinogenesis. Aflatoxin B1, N-nitroso compounds and benzo(a)pyrene are taken as examples. "Threshold levels", e.g. no-effect-levels derived from animal experiments with all their inherent limitations, are compared with data from human exposure to benzo(a)pyren, aflatoxine, N-nitroso compounds and vinyl chloride. The difficulties of such risk evaluations are discussed.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1982

[Ethics in pediatric research].

As shown in this article there is a continuous change of the ethical code in the research on humans, and there are correlations between research, ethics and society at any given time. The application of ethical principles during experiments on children are discussed by four selected examples of the past and the present: vaccination against smallpox, vaccination against hepatitis B, metabolic mass screening of newborns, and bone marrow transplantation for children. Means are proposed, how ethical problems can be considered in pediatric research without unnecessary administrative expenditure.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed1983

[The effect of combined step-by-step rehabilitation on work capacity of patients who had myocardial infarction (a USSR-East Germany cooperative study)].

The effect of combined rehabilitation on the recovery of working capacity was studied in 304 post-infarction patients in Moscow and 294 in Berlin. All the patients were male and below 65 years of age. Combined stepwise rehabilitation promoted the recovery and maintenance of working capacity in myocardial infarction survivors. A number of factors, such as middle and old age, occupations involving moderate and hard physical work, aggravated course of myocardial infarction, and first-class or fourth-class ECG changes by the Minnesota Code were shown to have negative effects on working capacity.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Standardized Minnesota coding of electrocardiographic findings for purposes of cooperative research on ischaemic heart disease.

For purposes of cooperative research on multifactorial prevention of ischaemic heart disease, a standardization system was elaborated in the USSR for classification of ECG findings according to the Minnesota code. The system includes instruction about the coding rules, experimental coding, analysis of faulty codings, and finally a control test consisting in encoding several series of 200 ECG findings each. For assessing the encoder's qualification the criterion was accepted of less than 20% cases of discordance with the standard code of "ischaemic" ECG changes. It was found that after the initial instructive course it was necessary to gain experience with encoding at least 1 000 ECG to qualify the candidate for the specified expert level. The necessity is emphasized of continual surveillance of the quality of ECG classification by the encoders in different centres, and the possibility of reaching a satisfactory level of unification is declared.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1995

Office managers: nobody knows the trouble they see.

Computers, code revisions, and patients' changing expectations have added responsibility and a new level of complexity to the job of medical office manager. How are you and your office manager coping? Some experienced managers relay their views of this rapidly changing field.

Pennsylvania↗
PubMed1995

Identification of an enhancer responsible for tumor marker gene expression by means of transgenic rats.

The glutathione transferase P (GST-P) gene is known for its specific expression during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis of the rat and is used as a tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. We have shown recently that the upstream 2.9-kb region of the GST-P gene is sufficient for conferring tumor-specific expression of the gene in vivo (S. Morimura et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 2065-2068, 1993). To further identify crucial sequence elements regulating the unique expression of this gene, we have established six independent lines of transgenic rats bearing distinct areas of the GST-P gene that are connected to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase coding region and analyzed changes of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity during the course of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. We demonstrate here that the enhancer, glutathione transferase P enhancer I, that is located 2.5 kb upstream of the GST-P gene is required and sufficient for its tumor-specific expression of the gene among other controlling elements. This approach to transgene expression could be used to define other enhancers, the activity of which is dependent on cellular changes such as carcinogenesis, development, and differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Physiopathology of cardiac insufficiency. Biological factors of adaptation and disadaptation of the heart to chronic mechanical overload].

The advent of molecular biology techniques has profoundly changed pathophysiological concepts of myocardial hypertrophy and overload-induced heart failure. Heart failure is a consequence of the limits and imperfection of biological adaptation to mechanical overload. Factors including fibrosis, senescence, ischemia, inflammation, catabolism and hormonal response may contribute to myocardial dysfunction. In humans changes in the genes coding for myosin are observed only in the atrial myocardium, in association with diastolic left ventricular function. In most animal species, alteration in proteins involved in intracellular calcium movement and autonomic nervous dysfunction are responsible for both reduction of Vmax and arrhythmias associated with myocardial hypertrophy. Moreover, myocardial fibrosis is a major determinant of enhanced left ventricular stiffness and arrhythmogenicity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗