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PubMed1988

Application of a spatial dynamic model to urban populations.

The author applies P. Allen's intra-urban model "to the post-war evolution of the spatial distribution of employment and resident active population in a few French urban agglomerations. [She makes] a short presentation of the structure and of the main properties of this complex model. The results of the calibrations and the residuals of the simulations are then analysed."

Demography↗
PubMed1992

The effects of in- and out-migration on urban growth in Turkey (1965-85) and a comparison with the developed countries.

The author examines the relative weight of pull and push factors affecting rural-urban migration in Turkey. Data are from the 1970, 1980, and 1985 censuses. "The results of this study indicate that, for the Turkish case, the effects of migration on urban growth had been contrary to those found in the developed countries, but that, as Turkish development increased over the time period 1965-85, the effects of migration increasingly came to resemble those of developed countries."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Care of low birth weight babies in slums.

We studied 289 newborn infants from birth till one year of age. Low birth weight babies (less than 2.5 kg) were 52.9%. Boys suffered 9.7 episodes of sickness, and girls 8.6 episodes of sickness. The mean episodes of various sicknesses, and their impact on weight gain, feeding pattern and growth pattern are discussed. Six deaths were observed, of which 4 were among the low birth weight babies. Mortality in babies born less than 2 kg was 44.4% and above 2 kg was less than 1%.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Differential characteristics of adolescent pregnancy test patients: abortion, childbearing and negative test groups.

Studies of the consequences of adolescent childbearing report many negative sequelae, but the effects of induced abortion are less studied, and most studies lack appropriate controls for preexisting characteristics. This paper uses baseline data from the intake interview into a longitudinal study of 360 innercity black women (less than or equal to 17 years old) presenting for a pregnancy test at two sites in Baltimore to examine baseline differences between three groups: young women who terminated the index pregnancy and, as controls, those who carried to term and those whose tests were negative. They were interviewed before being told the test result. Education aspirations/achievement, economic well-being, sexual/contraceptive history, psychologic characteristics, and desire for a child were compared. Negative test patients often reveal characteristics suggesting a particularly high risk of pregnancy, e.g., more prior pregnancy tests and a greater desire to conceive. Implications are discussed, emphasizing the need to intervene after a negative pregnancy test with counseling to help avert a future undesired conception.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1989

A model for planning local contraceptive services.

Data were collected on abortion referral rates, single young maternity rates and uptake of contraceptive services in order to identify specific areas of unmet need in the Nottingham Health District. Comparisons were made between boroughs and in the City of Nottingham between electoral wards. There was a direct relationship between abortion rate, single young maternity rate and social disadvantage. Analysis of contraceptive usage suggested a more ineffective service in the inner city, which has implications for the more efficient use of resources in the future. Targeting of consumer acceptable services to residents of the inner city and teenagers in general was recommended as a result of the study. For future planning a more useful routine data set was developed to record the activity at family planning clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Hyperendemic pulmonary tuberculosis in a Peruvian shantytown.

Estimates of the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries are based on case reporting from local health laboratories or the annual risk of tuberculin skin test conversion. Because these methods are problematic, the authors used a multiple case ascertainment method to estimate the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis from 1989 to 1993 in a Peruvian shantytown of 34,000 inhabitants. Two methods, face-to-face interview of all local inhabitants and examination of local laboratory smear records, were used for case gathering. The number of missed cases was estimated by capture-recapture analysis. Survey cases with positive smears were matched to age- and sex-matched controls and interviewed about socioeconomic conditions. The average annual incidence per 100,000 population was 364 (95% confidence interval 293-528) by capture-recapture methods. For the city encompassing the shantytown, the Peruvian Ministry of Heath reported an average annual incidence of 134 cases per 100,000 population. The authors conclude that, in Peru, alarming clusters of pulmonary tuberculosis are masked by government reports that pool zones of disparate incidence. Existing estimators of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence based on tuberculin conversion rates may be invalid in such areas. Within these hyperendemic areas, persons suitable for intensive prophylaxis efforts cannot be reliably identified by housing and socioeconomic risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Urbanisation, poverty and employment: the large metropolis in the third world.

"The main purpose of this paper is to provide an overall review of the chief analytical as well as economic policy issues in relation to Third World cities in the light of the available theoretical and empirical studies on urbanisation, poverty and employment in the developing countries.... Part I...provides basic information on urbanisation in the Third World...[and] outlines the nature and extent of urban poverty in these large cities and considers the impact of the world economic crisis on the urban poor. Part II of the paper discusses the most important structural features of urbanisation in relation to economic development....Finally, Part III briefly examines policy issues in relation to urbanisation and poverty in the Third World's large cities."

Demography↗
PubMed1991

The Bedouin Infant Feeding Study: study design and factors influencing the duration of breast feeding.

A longitudinal study of infant feeding practices, growth and morbidity among Bedouin Arab infants residing in the Negev, Israel, was conducted during a 3-year period (1981-1983). Follow-up samples were restricted to healthy newborns. The majority of newborns are breast fed at birth but, by 2 months, 50% are also introduced to a milk supplement. Based on the bivariate analysis using the logrank test to examine the factors associated with exclusive versus partial breast feeding during the first 6 months, those born during the wet cool months are exclusively breast fed longer than those born during the dry season. More traditional women, living in tents rather than houses or huts, exclusively breast feed for at least 6 months. In a multiple logistic regression model, parity, house type and birth season are independently associated with the odds of exclusively breast feeding for the first 6 months of life. Factors influencing the duration of any breast feeding for the first 18 months include: house type, place of residence, birthweight, and whether the infant was stunted at 6 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Magic and myth of migration: a case study of a special economic zone in China.

The town of Shenzhen, China, experienced rapid economic and demographic growth following the government's creation of four Special Economic Zones in 1980. The role of migration in the Shenzhen phenomenon is examined as a practicum for policymakers and demographic specialists. Specifically, the paper is concerned with "the sources and mechanisms of migration, and characteristics of migrants to Shenzhen in order to clarify the relationship between rapid economic growth and its demographic consequences in China. It also briefly assesses the problems associated with migration to Shenzhen and how they may affect the city's future."

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Migration through the rural-urban hierarchy: Canadian patterns.

"The objective in this study has been to produce...a comprehensive inventory and analysis of the transfer of Canada's population between the rural and urban sectors and of the pattern of population exchange between the various levels of the urban hierarchy. The hierarchical exchanges have been investigated both for Canada's rural-urban system in the aggregate and for the regional subsystems operating within each of the five major geographic divisions of the nation: the Atlantic Region, Quebec, Ontario, the Prairies, and British Columbia. Differences in the pattern of movement through the hierarchy have also been explored for age-specific groups of the population, including young adults, the middle-aged, and the elderly." Data are from the 1976 Canadian census and cover the period 1971-1976. (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Some demographic aspects of urban sprawl in Montreal from 1971 to 1991 and the implications for metropolitan management].

"Urban sprawl over the last two decades has changed the relationships between the central city and its suburb, as the urban character of the suburb asserts itself. Data on migrations and commuting inside Montreal show diminishing contracts between the suburbanites and the central city, indicating that Montreal...is experiencing this process of 'urbanization' of its suburb as well. However, the downtown area keeps a large part of its attractiveness: it is still visited by many suburbanites who nevertheless live in a different environment." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Americas↗