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PubMed2004

Specific anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies produced in inbred mice differring in their natural resistance to toxoplasmosis.

The laboratory diagnostics of T. gondii infections both in humans and animals relies mainly upon detection of specific antibodies. We studied the influence of the host genetic factors on the level and repertoire of antibodies produced in Toxoplasma infection employing as an experimental model two inbred mouse strains with different innate susceptibility to toxoplasmosis. Using polyvalent antigen preparations in ELISA and microagglutination we found no differences in the antibody levels in both strains. By comparison of the antibody profiles in immunoblot we determined mouse strain-specific and common toxoplasmosis markers.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Toxoplasmosis of the brain as an example of the opportunistic invasion of the women HIV positive].

Most toxoplasmosis infections occur in the brain. Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a specially serious complication in patients with AIDS. Similarly to other opportunistic pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii causes rapidly progressive, and often fatal disease in immunosuppressed patients. The diagnosis is difficult, since no sensitive and specific non-invasive diagnostic tests exist. The subject of our study is a 27-old female initially diagnosed with metastasis in central nervous system.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2001

[Peripheral blood lymphocytes T gammadelta in children with acute acquired toxoplasmosis].

The aim of the study was to determine the percentage participation of lymphocytes CD3TCRgammadelta in peripheral blood of children with acute toxoplasmosis. The study compromised 30 children aged 2-14 years. Increase of the percentage of CD3TCR gammadelta cells was observed in the group of children with clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis (mean value 5.7%) in relation to the comparative group (mean 4.4%), but in 12 children (40%) the mean value was 8.1%. Toxoplasma gondii infection produces a strong signal for activation of cells with gammadelta receptors. Examination of CD3TCRgammadelta cells may be helpful in the diagnosis of the acute phase of T. gondii infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Toxoplasmosis lymphadenitis presenting as a parotid mass: a report of 2 cases.

Toxoplasmosis manifesting as a parotid mass is rare; our review of the literature found only 6 previously reported cases. We report 2 new cases. Both patients presented with a small, mobile left parotid mass, and both were successfully treated with a diagnostic superficial parotidectomy. In both cases, the patient had been regularly exposed to cats and had recently eaten undercooked meat. When evaluating a parotid mass, otolaryngologists should be aware of the infectious causes of parotid swelling and lymphadenopathy and consider the possibility of toxoplasmosis when the history and pathologic findings are not suggestive of more common diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pyrimethamine alone as maintenance therapy for central nervous system toxoplasmosis in 38 patients with AIDS.

We retrospectively assessed the efficacy of maintenance therapy with pyrimethamine alone in 38 patients with AIDS and central nervous system (CNS) toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis was based on clinical presentation and compatible CT scan abnormalities with subsequent response to therapy. Survival analysis was performed by the product limit method of Kaplan-Meier. Fourteen patients received maintenance therapy with 25 mg pyrimethamine per day (group 1), and 24 patients were treated with 50 mg per day (group 2). The median survival from initiation of maintenance therapy until death or end of the study for the entire study population was 32 weeks. Median survival in group 1 was 28 weeks, as compared with 36 weeks in group 2 (p = 0.34). Relapses occurred in 12 patients, six in group 1 and six in group 2. There was no significant difference in failure-free survival between the two treatment groups (p = 0.09). One patient in group 1 and two patients in group 2 experienced severe toxicity, requiring discontinuation of therapy. All three patients relapsed and died. Two patients in group 2 who stopped treatment on their own initiative also had relapses. Thus, all five patients who discontinued therapy had relapses. Five of 13 patients in group 1 and two of 20 patients in group 2 relapsed during continuous therapy with pyrimethamine (p = 0.13); these seven patients responded to reintroduction of combination therapy (n = 6) or treatment with 50 mg pyrimethamine per day (n = 1). The results of our retrospective analysis suggest that maintenance therapy with oral pyrimethamine, 50 mg per day, in AIDS patients with CNS toxoplasmosis is effective.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Hydrocephalus and prominence of the choroid plexus: an unusual computed tomographic presentation of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS.

Toxoplasmosis is a frequent cause of infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Computed tomography (CT) usually shows solitary or multiple parenchymal lesions, which are most often located in the cortex, the juxtacortical white matter and the basal ganglia. The authors describe a 30-year-old immunocompromised Haitian woman with pathologically proven CNS toxoplasmosis who presented with hydrocephalus and prominence of the choroid plexus; there was no evidence of focal parenchymal lesions in contrast-enhanced CT scans. An autopsy revealed diffuse destruction of the ependyma of the lateral, the third and the fourth ventricles. Necrosis was evident, and the periventricular tissues and the choroid plexus were infiltrated with neutrophils and macrophages. Pseudocysts of Toxoplasma were identified near the ventricular surface.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

Toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Abha, Saudi Arabia.

The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Abha, Saudi Arabia, was measured in pregnant women, by the indirect hemagglutination test. It was found to be still as high (31.6%) as reported previously, and the problem of toxoplasmosis in Saudi Arabia needs an organised health education and control program.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Hemichorea in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Toxoplasmosis abscess in the striatum].

Three HIV seropositive patients presented with cerebral toxoplasmosis which was treated by anti-infectious agents. After partial improvement, they developed hemichorea related to striatal infectious lesions. In AIDS patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis, autopsy series have reported a high incidence of basal ganglia abscesses, explaining the occurrence of involuntary movements such as hemichorea.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

[Congenital toxoplasmosis. Report of a case treated with spiramycin in the 24th week of pregnancy].

The Authors present one case of congenital toxoplasmosis; it was sustained by a primary maternal infection, contracted at the XXIII week of gestation. Even if we started the treatment with spiramycin at the XXIV week of gestation, both the prenatal ultrasound examination of the fetus, and the postnatal investigation of the newborn, showed that the young patient was affected by a severe form of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Female↗
PubMed1991

[Toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis].

Round table on toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis touch on treatment, pathogeny and involvement in biological diagnosis, antigenic structure and cellular immunity. The research of new toxoplasmicide molecules and that of pharmacological experimental models remain difficult. On the contrary, there is a large development in the parasitological diagnosis with PCR and in the immunological diagnosis with more targeted antigens produced by genetic engineering or by biochemical purification. A better knowledge of this antigenic structure will also enable to select protective molecules for vaccinations. This goal will be reached when our knowledge will be completed on the cellular immunity during toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Laser therapy of ocular toxoplasmosis].

The authors present the results of treatment by laser coagulation of inflammatory retino-choroidal foci in 32 persons with ocular toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis of Toxoplasma etiology was set on a basis of positive immunological reaction for Toxoplasma gondii antigen and after exclusion of other etiological factors. Among 42 eyes stabilization of the process after 1 intervention was observed in 34, i.e. in 89 p.c. (period of observation--up to 4 years). In the following 8 eyes arised the necessity to perform additional coagulations because of formation of fresh foci which appeared in 5 eyes after 6 months, in 2 eyes after 1 year and in 1 eye after 2 years since onset. The authors consider the application of laser coagulation in ocular toxoplasmosis as a favourable method together--or independently--with pharmacological treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Prevention and treatment of materno-fetal toxoplasmosis].

Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis is fundamental, and in France screening tests for primary infection are obligatory for pregnant women. All nonimmunized women should be encouraged to follow good dietary and general health rules until delivery. Nevertheless, the risk of seroconversion does exist but can be detected early through monthly serum tests. Spiramycin as initial treatment of maternal primary infection is an essential step in preventing parasite transmission to the fetus. Fetal antitoxoplasmosis antibodies and indirect signs of congenital abnormalities should be detected early by amniotic fluid and fetal blood tests before echographic evidence confirms the diagnosis. Pyrimethamine-sulfonamide therapy should be undertaken and modulated according to laboratory results in order to prevent or treat any possible fetopathy. Congenital toxoplasmosis can be prevented in utero through biological diagnosis and specific therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Ocular toxoplasmosis. Comparison between two biological methods to study aqueous humor].

To diagnose ocular toxoplasmosis with certainty is often difficult and requires anti Toxoplasma gondii antibodies screening in the aqueous humour. We evaluated the results obtained in 30 controls and 5 patients investigated, using the ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence techniques to determine Desmonts's C coefficient and the sera/aqueous humour densities ratio obtained with ELISA. None of the chorioretinitis-free controls showed a false positive result. Negative serum antibodies levels indicated an absence of ocular toxoplasmosis. The sensitivity of this method depends on several biological parameters, notably the extent of ocular inflammation. Evaluating the C coefficient by the ELISA technique increases this sensitivity.

Albumins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxoplasmosis and heart transplantation.

Our experience of toxoplasmosis in a series of 33 heart transplant cases was reviewed. One fatal infection was observed in a "mismatched" seronegative recipient of a heart from a seropositive donor. Two similar mismatched cases were given pyrimethamine prophylaxis and remained well. One organ recipient was found to have primary toxoplasmosis during the immediate preoperative assessment. The patient was treated with conventional therapy and remained asymptomatic in the postoperative period. Secondary reactivation of chronic infection and diagnostic confusion caused by passively acquired antibody associated with blood transfusion were not recorded. False reactions were noted in dye and latex agglutination test results.

Antibodies, Protozoan↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fetal toxoplasmosis. In utero treatment with pyrimethamine sulfamides].

The mothers of 52 cases of toxoplasmic fetopathy diagnosed in utero by fetal blood and/or amniotic fluid sampling were treated with the combination pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine (or sulfisoxazole) and by spiramycine. The infants were compared with 51 other infants with congenital toxoplasmosis whose mothers had received spiramycine alone. Patients of both groups received the same pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine and spiramycine treatment after birth. Parasitologic examination of the placenta was positive in 42 and 76.6% of patients, in group I and group II respectively. The newborns had specific IgM in 17.4 and 69.2% of cases respectively in both groups. These differences were significant. The mean specific IgG titer was significantly reduced at birth and 4 to 6 months of age in the first group. Patients in group I had more often subclinical infection than patients of the comparison group: 57% vs 33.3%. They had less often a high cerebro-spinal protein content during the first week. Prenatal treatment with pyrimethamine-sulfadrugs resulted in a less progressing infection at birth. However in cases with clinically patent toxoplasmosis, the frequency of overt localizations and their sequellae was not significantly altered. This might be related to a relatively late onset of the treatment. The pyrimethamine-sulfadrug combination given to mothers of proved infected fetuses can be rewarding. The indication might be extended to well-documented seroconverted mothers if, in the future, the acquired experience and necessary pharmacological studies bring the proof of its innocuousness.

Drug Therapy, Combination↗
PubMed1991

[Studies on the determination of the circulating antigen in experimental toxoplasmosis].

This paper reports on the regular pattern of growth and decline of the circulating antigen (CA) determined by I-ELISA in experimentally infected rabbits. Toxoplasma antigen was demonstratable in the circulation in 64.7% rabbits 1 day after tachyzoite inoculation and the level of the CA in sera from infected rabbits showed an increase on d4 and reached its peak level on d10-13 after inoculation but declined soon thereafter. CA was not detectable on days 60 to 90 after inoculation. The results suggest that determining CA is a useful means for diagnosing active toxoplasmosis and that I-ELISA might be a promising approach to detect CA in toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Kumaon region of India.

To determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis, 200 random serum samples were collected from the villages of Kumaon region of Uttar Pradesh (India). These samples were tested for antitoxoplasma antibodies using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test. Sera of 800 patients clinically suspected to have toxoplasmosis who attended a major hospital in New Delhi were also screened for these antibodies. The results showed that toxoplasma infection in Kumaon population is quite high (57%); the seroprevalence in women being as high as 77 per cent--the highest reported so far in India. The results indicate the need for urgent epidemiological measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy: an analytical study in Zagazig, Egypt.

The sera of 72 women with a history of abortion (sporadic or habitual abortion) or perinatal complications were examined for Toxoplasma antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). It was found that 27.8% of them were positive for toxoplasmosis with geometric mean titre of 1/64. Also sera of 34 women with normal obstetric history as a control group were examined. 11.8% of them were positive for toxoplasmosis with geometric mean titre 1/16. The difference between the control group and complicated group was found to be statistically significant. The histopathological picture of placenta of positive cases showed characteristics of toxoplasmic placentosis with detection of the organism in fixed paraffin sections using HX and E, PAS or Giemsa stains.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗