Fluorine and titanium and the organic material of dental enamel.
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Age Factors↗
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Results for “TOOTH DISCOLORATION”
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Oral health of patients with cystic fibrosis and their siblings.
Caries prevalence, oral hygiene index, submandibular gland hypertrophy, occlusion, dental hypoplasia, and staining of permanent teeth were evaluated in 63 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who were maintained on a regimen of broad-spectrum antibiotics and oral pancreatin, and the findings were compared with those of their near-aged siblings. Gland hypertrophy and dental staining were increased in patients with CF whereas caries was significantly decreased. No other significant differences were found.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Ceramic hydroxylapatite as a plaque growth and drug screening substrate.
A new polycrystalline form of hydroxylapatite, CHA, has been shown to closely mimic dental enamel, in vitro, in regard to rate and degree of plaque formation and effectiveness of antiplaque drugs. The material has successfully been exploited as a standardized hydroxylapatite plaque growth substrate in conjuntion with a mass antidental plaque drug screening program.
Apatites↗
Investigations into black extrinsic tooth stain.
An investigation has been carried out into the nature of the black pigment in black extrinsic tooth stain. The results suggest that the black material is a ferric salt, probably ferric sulfide, formed by the reaction between hydrogen sulfide produced by bacterial action and iron in the saliva or gingival exudate.
Adolescent↗
Effects of alexidine.2HCL mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis after six months.
Two-hundred and fourteen subjects ranging in age from 22 to 63 years used either a mouthwash that contained 0.035% w/v alexidine.2HCL (2-ethylhexyl bisbiguanidine dihydrochloride) or a placebo twice daily on a doubleblind basis for six months in conjunction with routine oral hygiene procedures. The results indicated that alexidine.2HCL was safe and was statistically more effective in producing a clinically significant reduction in gingivitis than was the placebo.
Adult↗
Cariostatic activity of (1,6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]-hexane) in conventional rats.
The antimicrobial and cariostatic activities of the dihydrochloride and dihydrofluoride salts of alexidine (1,6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]hexane) were compared to those of chlorhexidine acetate and sodium fluoride in rats implanted orally with Streptococcus mutans 6715 and fed a cariogenic diet. Experimental caries was significantly reduced by the continuous administration of low concentrations of biguanides via the drinking water, but this was accompanied by increased staining of the molars. Very high biguanide concentrations, applied infrequently, directly to the molars, effectively reduced caries and resulted in less staining. A combination of alexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride offered no advantage over either drug alone. Alexidine salts prevented the progressive increase in implanted S. mutans, whereas chlorhexidine acetate practically eliminated the micro-organism from the oral cavity. Sodium fluoride had no effect on the implanted flora. It was concluded that alexidine salts are comparable in cariostatic activity to chlorhexidine. The tooth staining accompanying the use of bisbiguanides can be reduced by adjusting the concentration of the drug and its frequency of application.
Animals↗
Ability of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride to catalyze browning reactions in vitro.
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Benzalkonium Compounds↗
The use of the beagle dog as a dental stain model.
Two studies were conducted to assess stain accumulation in beagle dogs following four wk of treatments with water or chlorhexidine. Clinical stain assessments were made by two examiners using different grading procedures. Both scoring methods demonstrated increased stain associated with chlorhexidine usage, and the results for both examiners appeared to be reproducible from one study to the other.
Animals↗
Effects of chlorhexidine and four antimicrobial compounds on plaque, gingivitis, and staining in beagle dogs.
Solutions containing 0.2% of a bis-biguanide, chlorhexidine (positive control), and four bis-amidinourea antimicrobial agents were tested in beagle dogs in a 12-week study. The five agents significantly reduced clinical plaque and gingivitis scores, and gingival fluid volumes in treated dogs, compared with water. All compounds reduced the stain area scores compared to water controls. Stain intensity scores were higher for chlorhexidine than for the four new antimicrobial agents and the water controls. There were no overt behavioral changes. Histological examination of oral tissues revealed no irritation.
Adamantane↗
In vitro removal of stain with dentifrices.
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Animals↗
Effects of sequential calcium phosphate-fluoride rinses on dental plaque, staining, fluoride uptake, and caries in rats.
Oral rinses which included (1) an acidic calcium phosphate solution containing 0.7 M Ca, 1.9 M PO4, and saturated with respect to CaHPO4 . 2H2O, and with a pH of 2.0, followed by (2) a 0.52 M fluoride solution, from NaF or SnF2, were provided to rats once daily for seven days. The investigation consisted of two studies: In the first study, the amounts of dental plaque on the tooth surfaces and fluoride concentrations in the outer enamel were assessed seven days after the last treatment; in the second study, the extent of dental caries was evaluated seven weeks after the last treatment. All rinse sequences containing fluoride provided significant caries protection. The acidic calcium phosphate treatment markedly enhanced the ability of the enamel to acquire fluoride without change of surface morphology. Only the rinse sequences that included stannous fluoride showed significant plaque suppression.
Animals↗
Determination of rpm, time, and load used in oral prophylaxis polishing in vivo.
Clinically relevant values for revolutions per minute (rpm), time, and load should be used when one evaluates effects of abrasive slurries on teeth. However, in the past, these variables have not been measured in vivo to determine clinical means. This study describes an instrument and computer software which monitored rpm, time, and load used by 29 clinicians during routine oral prophylaxes performed on 76 patients. Grand means and standard deviations determined for the three variables were: rpm, mean = 2571 (s = 739): time per tooth surface, mean = 4.5 sec (s = 2.9); and load, mean = 145 g (s = 66). Mean rpm, time, and load used on facial and lingual surfaces of the 32 teeth were also determined. Statistical tests showed that rpm was not altered significantly by tooth location, surface, or type and amount of deposit, but time was affected significantly by tooth location, surface, and amount of calculus; load was affected by tooth location, surface, and amount and intensity of stain.
Computers↗
Factors relating to dental stain formation in the rat.
A series of studies was conducted to investigate the use of the rat as an in vivo model for studies of dental stain and to identify dietary factors which influence stain formation in this model. It was determined that appreciable amounts of stain formed on the molar teeth of rats provided a synthetic diet containing lactalbumin, and the amount of stain increased throughout a four-week test period. Stain formation was also observed when rats were provided their diet by gastric intubation. Topical applications of chlorhexidine generally resulted in an increase in stain formation, as did the presence of tea in the drinking water. These studies support the use of the rat for investigations of dental stain.
Animals↗
Photo-oxidation of tetracycline adsorbed on hydroxyapatite in relation to the light-induced staining of teeth.
In an attempt to understand the chemistry of the light-induced staining of children's teeth by tetracycline, we studied the photo-chemical behavior of tetracycline adsorbed on hydroxyapatite, as a simple model of enamel. Tetracycline was strongly bound by hydroxyapatite to give a pale yellow material which, under ultraviolet light, showed a bright yellow fluorescence (lambda max 525 nm). On exposure of this material to the radiation from a medium-pressure mercury lamp, the fluorescence gradually disappeared, and a red-purple product was formed. Photo-acoustic spectroscopy was employed to follow the disappearance of tetracycline and the concomitant formation of the red-purple product, the spectrum of which (lambda max 530 nm) led to the conclusion that it was 4 alpha, 12 alpha-anhydro-4-oxo-4-dedimethylaminotetracycline (AODTC). This assignment was supported by the observation that 1 mole of oxygen was absorbed per mole of adsorbed tetracycline converted to the red-purple product. It is suggested that the formation of AODTC on hydroxyapatite probably takes place by a mechanism of photo-oxidation similar to that already proposed for solutions of tetracycline, and that the formation of AODTC in children's teeth is responsible for the light-induced staining caused by tetracycline.
Child↗
Dental caries and staining after twenty-eight months of rinsing with stannous fluoride or sodium fluoride.
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of daily mouthrinsing with aqueous solutions of 0.05% NaF or 0.1% SnF2 on dental caries and tooth staining. The study population consisted of 437 children, aged from 12 to 15 years at baseline, residing in a non-fluoridated community. By stratified random sampling, the subjects were divided into two groups, one group rinsing daily under supervision for 28 months with the NaF solution and the other with the SnF2 solution. The SnF2 group exhibited four to five times as much extrinsic stain as did the NaF group, although the stains were quite mild and not explicitly distinguishable between groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of total DMFS. However, the increment of pit and fissure caries was 0.9 surfaces fewer for the SnF2 group (p = 0.04), while the increment of smooth surface caries was 0.6 surfaces fewer for the NaF group (p = 0.04). These data suggest that there may be a difference in mechanism of action between SnF2 and NaF rinses.
Adolescent↗
A bacteriological study of rampant caries in children.
We undertook a microbiological study, in children, of dental plaque from sound surfaces or associated with rampant caries, both black-colored and unstained. Improved selective media allowed for the enumeration of bacteria belonging to specific genera or species present in plaque samples. A nearly similar bacterial distribution was found in both types of rampant caries. Aciduric flora, Streptococcus mutans, Veillonella, and Lactobacillus predominated in plaque over the lesions, whereas extracellular polysaccharide-producing streptococci other than S. mutans, as well as Actinomyces, were more abundant in plaque from sound surfaces. However, more lactobacilli and Actinomyces were recovered from pigmented lesions than from the unstained ones. These findings suggest that the microbial flora associated with black-pigmented lesions did not strongly differ from that observed over unstained caries lesions.
Actinomyces↗
The clinical effects of a mouthrinse containing 0.1% octenidine.
The purpose of this three-month clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of a 0.1% octenidine mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis, extrinsic dental stain, and the oral soft tissues. A total of 451 adult volunteer subjects was initiated into the study and given baseline dental examinations. The subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to gender, plaque, and gingivitis scores. The subjects then received a dental prophylaxis and were provided with dentifrice, toothbrushes, and either a mouthrinse containing 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride as the active ingredient or a similar placebo mouthrinse. Subjects were instructed to rinse with their assigned product for 30 s twice each day. Examinations were repeated at six weeks (soft-tissue assessment, gingivitis) and three months (soft tissues, plaque, gingivitis, dental stain). The results showed that the group rinsing with 0.1% octenidine had significantly less plaque (39%), gingivitis (50%), and bleeding sites (60%) than the group using the control product, but had significantly higher stain formation and experienced longer prophylaxis times to remove the stain. The oral soft-tissue examinations revealed no differences in the groups in either the numbers or types of lesions noted.
Adolescent↗
The effect of an experimental chewable antiplaque preparation containing chlorhexidine on plaque and gingival index scores.
This clinical cross-over trial investigated the effects of a chewable preparation containing chorhexidine-fluoride-xylitol, xylitol control tablets, or chlorhexidine mouthwash, twice daily, on plaque and gingival index scores of subjects refraining from mechanical cleaning of their teeth. Both preparations containing chlorhexidine were found to be efficient antiplaque agents when compared with the control. There was no statistically significant difference between the tablet preparation and conventional chlorhexidine rinsings with respect to the recorded parameters. Thus, an efficient antiplaque preparation can be made in tablet form, which may have advantages in instances where use of mouthwash solutions is impracticable.
Administration, Oral↗