Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “THYROID GLAND”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

[State of the rat thyroid gland in coarctation of the abdominal aorta].

In order to study connections between blood vessels and follicular thyrocytes, the method of modulation (a purposeful change of state in one element with registration of states in other elements of the system) was used. In rats chronic increase of blood stream was produced in the thyroid gland; in 15 days it was 54% as high as in the control. The volume of the vascular bed increased by 28% and that of follicles by 26%. Volumetric ratio between the thyroid epithelium and colloid did not changed. Follicular thyrocytes grew high and the nuclear volumes of these cells increased. Thyrocytes greately varied in their height. The number of mast cells in the thyroid gland remained the same. Iodine absorption by the thyroid gland increased as it is dependent on the volume of the vascular bed of the organism (+0.82). The data obtained demonstrate a significant connection existing between the follicular thyrocytes and blood vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cystic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a new sonographic sign.

Cystic thyroid lesions are generally considered to be benign and managed by repeated aspiration and/or biopsy. We report characteristic sonographic signs in eight cases of cystic papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland. In all eight cases, ultrasonography (US) revealed mostly cystic lesions with solid excrescences protruding into the cyst. These nodules contained multiple punctate echogenic foci suggesting calcification. In three of these cases the initial fine needle aspiration biopsy was negative. The 'calcified nodule in cyst' sign was found to be very specific for cystic thyroid carcinoma in a review of the ultrasound findings in 115 patients with nodular thyroid lesions. Careful evaluation and/or surgery should be recommended in patients who have such characteristic sonographic findings even if the fine needle aspiration result is negative.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Sonography of the thyroid gland in children].

The total volume of the thyroid gland is 1.2/1.0 ccm in male/female newborns; it increases with age up to 7.4 ccm in boys and 7.5 ccm in girls (13-16 years). The relation of total thyroid volume and body surface area is without a significant sex difference 4.5/4.8 ccm/sqm in newborn and about 4.8 ccm/sqm in children aged more than 9 years. Thyroid disorders to be discussed are a cyst, a nodule with an echo-free centre, connatal athyreosis and goitre.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Autoradiographic localization of slow turnover iodocompounds within the follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland.

In addition to thyroglobulin, several low molecular wt iodinated glycopeptides are present in the thyroid gland. Some of these compounds are considered to be slowly metabolized remnants of intracellular lysis of engulfed colloid droplets. In this paper we present autoradiographic evidence obtained by light microscopy, suggesting that breakdown products of thyroglobulin digestion can indeed be located within the thyroid cells. The thyroid glands of rats were labeled with 125I to approach isotopic equilibrium. The tracer was then withdrawn from the otherwise unchanged high-iodine diet, and thyroidal radioactivity was washed out for 80 days. Autoradiographs of glands containing 10% or less of the tracer present at equilibrium showed the bulk of 125I within the follicular cells while the colloid was only slightly labeled. An additional finding was the presence of dense radioactive inclusions in the lumina of many follicles. They are assumed to represent clusters of thyroglobulin molecules not readily available to pinocytosis. In addition to autoradiographic evidence, the identity of intracellularly located radioactivity with slow-turnover enzyme-resistant iodocompounds is supported by double labeling experiments, using 125I as the "old" tracer, accumulating within the cells, and 131I as the "new" label representing intraluminal 19 S thyroglobulin. Experimental manipulations which tended to deplete the thyroid of thyroglobulin, increased the 125I/131I ratio in the gland as predicted by the working hypothesis. Thus, this paper describes a new kind of autoradiographic ring reaction due to a hitherto barely considered intracellular organic iodine pool.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Proteolysis of human growth hormone by rat thyroid gland in vitro: application of electrospray mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing to elucidate a metabolic pathway.

The present studies were designed to provide structural characterization of peptide metabolites of biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH) formed by rat thyroid gland proteases in vitro. Electrospray ionization mass/spectrometry (ESI-MS) and N-terminal sequencing were used to characterize the peptide metabolites. The predominant enzyme in the thyroid gland preparations was a chymotrypsin-like serine protease which was biochemically similar to rat mast cell protease-I. Metabolic intermediates were formed by cleavage of hGH exclusively at Tyr/Phe/Leu-Xaa bonds. After a 5- or 45-min incubation of hGH with thyroid gland S9 pellet fraction, the majority of metabolites formed were two-chain variants of hGH having masses ranging from 16,002 to 22,143 Da. These metabolites were formed as a result of proteolysis in the large disulfide loop region of hGH in combination with processing at Tyr42-Ser43. Based upon the time-related appearance and structural characterization of these intermediates, a sequence of metabolic events is proposed. The initial event appears to be cleavage by the chymotrypsin-like protease between Tyr143-Ser144 to form a two-chain hGH. This intermediate is then cleaved between Tyr42-Ser43, liberating the N-terminal peptide, Phe1-Tyr42. Two other metabolites were generated as a result of the deletion of the peptides Lys140-Tyr143 and Ser144-Phe146 from the large loop region. The identification of similar metabolites truncated by a single amino acid at the carboxyl terminus indicated the action of a carboxypeptidase on these metabolic products. After a 4.5-hr incubation, the protease isolated from the S9 pellet fraction degraded hGH to > 20 small peptides, having masses < or = 2300 Da.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Anaplastic (sarcomatoid) carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Anaplastic (sarcomatoid) carcinomas of the thyroid gland (ACT) seem to be decreasing in frequency. During the past 45 years, a threefold to fourfold diminution in the number of ACT cases has been seen internationally. Despite this fact, these tumors continue to pursue a lethal course in virtually all cases. Clinically, ACT are characterized by rapidly growing neck masses, often in patients who have had long-standing thyroid nodules or goiters. Microscopically, ACT shows a mixture of fusiform and pleomorphic tumor cells, with widespread permeation of surrounding cervical tissues. Osteoclast-like giant cells, intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations, and divergent differentiation into chondro-osseous, vascular, or myogenic tissues also may be observed in ACT histologically. The common presence of admixed foci of differentiated thyroid cancer in ACT suggests that the latter neoplasm arises through the mechanism of "clonal evolution." Keratin is observed immunohistologically in roughly 80% of cases, further supporting this contention. Because the incidence of ACT has inversely paralleled increasing use of thyroid surgery in general, it may be hypothesized that early removal of hyperplastic or neoplastic thyroid tissue aborts the previously mentioned "dedifferentiation" phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Differential indications for thyroid gland operation].

Although the case for thyroid surgery is based on morphologic and physiologic criteria, it is mainly based on individual therapeutic goals. The goals are influenced by various biographic, medical and personal facts and by many environmental conditions. Thus, there is no rationale for cataloguing indications. With the euthyroid goitre the indication for surgery is usually given by the size of the thyroid gland, especially since it has become clear in various studies that with drug therapy the achievable size reduction is rather small. With Graves' disease the pros and cons of the three main methods, surgery, medical treatment or radioiodine, have to be considered in each case. Surgery is mainly indicated when the goal is a rapid and reliable normalization of the hormonal status. Thyroid autonomy is a clear-cut case for radioiodine. Only isolated autonomous nodules can equally well be treated by surgery. In addition, a case for surgery is given when besides the autonomy a large goitre is present. A special indication is iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis that cannot be normalized by medical treatment. All kinds of thyroid carcinoma, with very few exceptions, usually have to be operated on as the first choice.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[Reparative regeneration of the steppe turtle thyroid gland].

In 100 mature tortoises (Testudo horsfieldi Gray) reparative peculiarities and dynamics of histogenesis of the thyroid gland were studied under the conditions of its partial resection. The most intensive reparative processes were observed on the injured surface of spring--summer group of animals. The source of the thyroid parenchymal proliferation in reptiles are thyrocytes in destroyed follicles, proliferates and intrafollicular islets from the adjacent parts of the organ. During winter season, revascularization and proliferation of epithelium is inhibited, thus resulting in delay of the organ's regeneration. In intact part of the thyroid gland, hypertrophy and hyperplasy of thyrocytes, increasing number of small follicles are observed. This demonstrates compensatory rearrangements of the remaining part of the organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Histiocytosis X involving thyroid gland: a case report.

Diffuse histiocytosis X involving thyroid gland is rare. A 10-year-old boy with progressively enlarged neck mass, skin rash over scalp and face, splinter hemorrhage, otitis externa, episodes of pneumothorax and abnormal liver function was hospitalized. Thyroid scan showed a nonfunctioning mass in the right lobe of the thyroid and needle aspiration biopsy suspected histiocytosis X. Right thyroid lobectomy was performed and revealed histiocytosis X in light and electron microscopic examinations.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1975

The effects of testosterone administered neonatally on the incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein by thyroid gland of rat: a neonatal priming.

Rats were castrated on day 2 after birth, given one injection of testosterone pronate (TP: 2.5 mg) or oil just after operation and then received TP or oil when adult. 3H-Leucine was injected intravenously 2.5 hours before killing. The incorporation of labelled amino acid into protein was investigated in the thyroid glands. Males receiving TP both neonatally and when adult incorporate twice as much labelled leucine into protein as compared to their counterparts. Grain density was highest in the thyroid gland of early hormone treated rats when challanged with testosterone in adulthood. Thyroid gland priming by early hormone treatment has been discussed.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of prophylactic postoperative 131I therapy for extended differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Varying survival rates have been reported for differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland. The rate, however, does progressively decrease over a longer period of time than the usually reported five-year survival rates. Significant local invasion outside the thyroid capsule and of blood vessels yields a poorer prognosis, and mortality is largely attributed to distant metastasis. To improve the long-term survival rate, 1) sharp dissection with ample safety margin including resection of the neighboring organs, 2) reconstruction of the sacrificed organs, if possible, and 3) postoperative prophylactic radioiodine therapy, were adopted for invasive well-differentiated carcinoma for a period of 10 years. Of the 191 well-differentiated carcinomas operated on, in a series of 486 consecutive thyroid operations, 33 patients underwent this prophylactic radioactive iodine therapy (dose amount up to 300 mCi) following ablative surgery including, in several patients, mediastinal dissection. Periodical whole body survey by sodium iodide 131I showing no signs of recurrence up to five years except in three patients indicating two suspected lung metastasis and one death from bone metastasis, demonstrated that this is a promising method for the treatment of invasive well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland, although further long-term analysis is required.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Osteoclastomalike anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid diseases are common among the female population in Iran; the main one is endemic colloid goiter. Thyromegaly can be due to neoplastic and nonneoplastic disorders. The clinical distinction between benign and malignant tumors of the thyroid gland is sometimes difficult. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) study can be used as a preliminary step for identifying such lesions. CASES: Two female patients aged 54 and 62 years were admitted to Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, with the chief complaint of weight loss, rapid enlargement of the thyroid gland for the last few months and pressure symptoms in the neck. Clinically these cases were diagnosed as malignant thyroid lesions. However, for further diagnosis the tumors were aspirated. The smears revealed numerous osteoclastlike giant cells with intranuclear inclusions and numerous, isolated oval to spindle-shaped malignant cells. The smears were diagnosed as osteoclastlike anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. CONCLUSION: FNA is useful in the diagnosis of osteoclastomalike anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1985

Studies on quantitative morphology. IX. Component distribution in the thyroid gland of a hamster.

Morphometric investigations were performed on equidistant stage sections of a hamster thyroid gland, which led to the following conclusions: In sections of the outer regions there are observed higher relative colloid percentages and lower data for the epithelium in relation to the values of sections of the middle part. Therefore the ratio epithelium: colloid is higher in the central region. There are high negative correlation coefficients for the comparison of these main constituents, but low values are calculated between the relative interstitium percentages and the epithelium: colloid ratio. Both of the lobes of the thyroid gland showed different volumes, but nearly the same composition. Up to a section distance of approximately 500 micron most of the relative colloid percentages of bodies, constructed by all requisite section areas and the corresponding section distances, are laying in a range of +/- 5% in relation to the value, which was calculated from all sections with a distance of always 20 micron. For the epithelium percentages such a borderline was found near 400 micron. A sharper criterion is the ratio epithelium: colloid. All data beneath a section distance of 200 micron are lying in a +/- 5% range, since +/- 10% borderlines are not exceeded up to 500 micron. This corresponds to about 5 sections per lobe in this example, which were measured in less than half an hour.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Choriocarcinoma metastasis in the thyroid gland.

We report a 34-year-old woman with intrathyroid metastasis of choriocarcinoma associated with pulmonary and brain metastasis. The patient presented with a solitary thyroid nodule. Needle biopsy showed anaplastic malignant cells. Pathologic evaluation after thyroidectomy showed choriocarcinoma in the thyroid gland and the patient subsequently underwent combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy with satisfactory response. This is only the third reported case of metastatic choriocarcinoma in the thyroid gland and emphasizes this rare clinical presentation of choriocarcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Thyroid gland hematoma after blunt cervical trauma.

Thyroid hematoma is a rare cause of airway obstruction in victims of blunt trauma. The case of a 34-year-old woman who developed orthopnea after a low-energy motor vehicle accident is described. Presenting greater than 24 hours after her accident, the patient noted dysphagia, tracheal deviation, and postural dyspnea. The diagnosis of thyroid gland hematoma was made with a combination of fiberoptic laryngoscopy, cervical computed tomography, and great vessel and carotid angiography. Invasive airway management was not required. The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy and recovered without complications.

Accidents, Traffic↗