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PubMed2000

[Surgical treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis].

INTRODUCTION: Alveolar hydatid disease is an uncommon parasitosis found in the northern hemisphere, caused by the larval stage of a tapeworm growing in the liver: Echinococcus multilocularis. It behaves like a malignant tumor, producing liver necrosis and invading the biliary tract, main vessels and surrounding structures. METHODS: Review of the different therapeutic approaches in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis over 21 years in an epidemic area. RESULTS: The various surgical approaches (all types of hepatectomy, palliative surgical procedures and liver transplantation) were combined with medical, endoscopic and radiological interventional treatment. Recently, asymptomatic forms were more frequently encountered. CONCLUSIONS: The wide use of ultrasonography and specific serological tests have led to early diagnosis, allowing more curative hepatectomies.

Echinococcosis, Hepatic↗
PubMed2003

[52-year-old patient with subcutaneous space-occupying lesion in immunosuppression].

We report the case of a 52-years-old male patient, who was diagnosed with subcutaneous alveolar echinococcosis 6 months after liver transplantation for HCV-related cirrhosis. Nether the explanted nor the transplantated liver revealed an echinococcus focus. Therefore a rare primary extrahepatic manifestation was likely. Interestingly, the echinococcal larvae had developed protoscolices. The development of mature tapeworms in human is a rarity, which could be related to the immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation. The patient was curatively treated by surgical removal of the subcutaneous tumor and a postoperative therapy with albendazole. Furthermore, HCV reinfection (genotype 2b) was successfully treated with interferone alpha 2b and ribavirine for 6 months.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2003

[Detection of parasites and symptoms of parasitic diseases. 2: Parasites of the gastrointestinal tract, tissue and organ parasites, ecto- and skin parasites].

Intestinal parasites are Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, hookworms, ascaris, tape worms and others. As to organ parasites, their life-threatening courses are pointed out: amebiasis in the intestine, liver, lung and brain, toxoplasmosis in the brain, lung and heart muscle, including the danger for the child of a pregnant woman with an acute infection, West African sleeping sickness with encephalitis, the East African form with polyserositis, South American Chagas' disease with intestinal and myocardial involvement, visceral leishmaniasis Kala Azar, the filariasis Onchocerca volvulus with threatening blindness, the dog tapeworm with cysts and Echinococcus multilocularis with carcinoma-like infiltration of the liver and other organs, cysticercosis of the brain, eye and muscle tissue; partly generalizing parasitoses in immuno-suppressed including AIDS patients, finally skin parasites as causes of disease (e.g. scabies), and as potential carriers of pathogens.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2004

Case of megaloblastic anemia caused by intestinal taeniasis.

A 61-year-old eutrophic male was diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anemia. A modified Schilling test suggested intestinal malabsorption unrelated to intrinsic factor deficiency. Subsequent colonoscopy revealed the presence of a Taenia tapeworm. The anemia resolved within days under therapy with niclosamide and temporary vitamin B12 supplements. The present case suggests that, in addition to other well-known parasitic agents, e.g., Diphyllobothrium latum and Giardia lamblia, Taenia infestation can also be a cause of intestinal vitamin B12 malabsorption.

Anemia, Megaloblastic↗
PubMed2003

Echinococcosis granulosus/cysticus of the tibia.

Hydatid disease is caused by the parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus. There are three species: E. granulosus, E. alveolaris and E. voegeli. Only E. alveolaris and E. granulosus are important for human infections. These two species are totally divergent in their manner of infestation. Hydatid disease is a rare parasitic disease that primary involves the liver and the lung. Skeletal disease is rare, accounting for less than 2% of all hydatid lesions, and often presents as a clinical and radiologic diagnostic problem. The skeletal involvement is usually due to secondary extension after haematogenous spread of the infection. The vertebral column, the pelvis and the skull are most commonly involved. Treatment is also difficult because of the invasive nature of bony involvement and the spillage of fluid with subsequent contamination seeding. We present a case of primary hyatid cyst of the tibia. We point out the importance of considering osseous hydatidosis in the differential diagnosis of destructive bone lesions and the necessity of radical resection.

Bone Cysts↗
PubMed2006

Unusual location of hydatid cyst: soft tissue mass in the neck.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation caused by the larval form of the cestode worm Echinococcus. The most commonly encountered form of the disease is visceral hydatid cyst caused by Echinococcus granulosus or dog tapeworm. We hereby represent an unusual case of hydatid disease located in the neck region in a 22-year-old female patient.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Indications and results of liver transplantation for Echinococcus alveolar infection: an overview.

BACKGROUND: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) of the liver, caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, has the characteristics of a slow-growing liver cancer. It is one of the rare parasitic diseases for which a parasitolytic drug is not yet available, and AE is lethal in the absence of appropriate therapeutic management. Complete surgical resection of the parasite at an early stage of infection provides favourable prospects for cure, but, due to a long clinical latency, many cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, so that partial liver resection can be performed in only 35% of patients. Benzimidazole (BZM) treatment is given in inoperable cases but these compounds are only parasitostatic, and lifelong therapy is required. During the past 20 years some centres have considered liver transplantation (LT) for the treatment of incurable AE. METHODS: Our review summarizes the results of this experience based on a series of 47 European patients who received transplants between 1985 and 2002, tries to specify the real place of LT for AE, and underlines the measures that could be undertaken in the future to improve the results. RESULTS: Five-year survival was 71%. Five-year survival without recurrence was 58%. Major technical difficulties related either to previous laparotomies or to the loco-regional involvement were observed. The nine early deaths concerned AE patients with a long past-history of symptomatic AE (iterative cholangitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis). Five late deaths were directly related to ongoing AE, located in the brain in three cases, a very rare AE location that was not investigated before LT in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the pre-LT screening for distant AE metastases appeared insufficient in this series. Heavy immunosuppressive schemes, absence or delayed re-introduction of BZM after LT have clearly played a role in this unfavourable course. This unique experience indicates that, despite major technical difficulties, LT for incurable AE is feasible and could be discussed in very symptomatic cases. Before LT, interventional radiology should be preferred to repeated laparotomies. Pre-LT and post-LT BZM treatment is mandatory. A careful evaluation of possible distant metastases should be done before the decision for LT is made. After LT, the possibility of an ongoing AE must be permanently kept in mind. This could be reduced by lightening the immunosuppressants, carefully following the specific circulating antibodies, and applying a systematic radiological evaluation, not only to the graft but also to the lungs and the brain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Epidemiology of echinococcosis.

BACKGROUND: Various species and infraspecific forms of the cestode genus Echinococcus are causative agents of human echinococcosis. Pathology, epidemiology and geographical occurrence vary widely between the different Echinococcus taxa. As a general rule, those forms of echinococcosis that are transmitted mainly by wild animals are rather rare, due to limited contact between humans and wildlife. This is the case with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, the 'fox tapeworm' (except in regions where domestic dogs are heavily involved in the lifecycle), and for the South American endemic species E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli. On the other hand, most forms of cystic echinococcosis (CE) are transmitted in domestic lifecycles involving dogs and livestock and constitute an emerging public health problem, especially in regions with extensive livestock husbandry and non-supervised slaughter. METHOD: This review focuses on two fields where a wealth of new information became available in recent years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: New data demonstrate that ' E. granulosus', the causative agent of CE, is an assembly of several, rather diverse, species and genotypes that show fundamental differences, not only in their epidemiology, but also in their pathogenicity to humans. This fact may explain the unequal distribution of high-endemicity areas for human CE on regional scales, which previously, has been attributed to differences in human behaviour. In addition, new data suggest that E. multilocularis is expanding its geographical range in the northern hemisphere, and its transmission is intensifying, e.g. in central Europe. Moreover, the lifecycle (involving wild foxes and rodents) is rapidly becoming 'urbanised' due to the recent establishment of fox populations in cities and towns. This shift from sylvatic to synanthropic occurrence is likely to result in an increased pressure on the human population of infection from AE.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2002

The taenia solium glucose transporters TGTP1 and TGTP2 are not immunologically recognized by cysticercotic humans and swine.

Cysticercosis caused by the metacestode of the tapeworm Taenia solium causes economic losses in pork meat production, as well as being a human health hazard in some parts of the world. In order to determine if the glucose transporters TGTPI and TGTP2 are recognized by antibodies in the sera from cysticercotic humans and pigs, western blot assays were carried out using membrane fractions of insect cells expressing the two T. solium glucose transporters. Results demonstrated a complete lack of recognition of both TGTPs. These results are unexpected, because at least one transporter is present on the apical surface of the cysticercus tegument.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the pseudophyllidean cestode Eubothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779).

The fine structure of the mature spermatozoon of the pseudophyllidean tapeworm Eubothrium crassum, a parasite of salmonid fishes, has been studied by transmission electron microscopy for the first time. The mature spermatozoon of E. crassum is filiform and tapered at both extremities. It contains two axonemes of unequal length showing the 9 + "1" pattern of Trepaxonemata. The anterior extremity exhibits a crested body 50-100 nm thick. It spirals around the outside of the anterior region of the spermatozoon. The nucleus is electron-dense, exhibiting a fibrous appearance in its middle (the broadest) region. The cortical microtubules are of two types and are situated parallel to the spermatozoon axis. The cytoplasm is slightly electron-dense and contains numerous electron-dense granules in region II of the spermatozoon. A ring of electron-dense, centred microtubules surrounds the axoneme, together with the underlying ring of moderately electron-dense, subjacent submicrotubular material in region V. The anterior and posterior extremities of the spermatozoon lack cortical microtubules and contain a single axoneme. Our results reveal several peculiarities, in which the spermatozoon of E. crassum differs from those of other pseudophyllidean cestodes.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the proteocephalidean cestode Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786).

The fine structure of the mature spermatozoon of the proteocephalidean tapeworm Proteocephalus torulosus, a parasite of cyprinid fishes, was studied by transmission electron microscopy for the first time. The mature spermatozoon of P. torulosus is filiform and tapered at both extremities. It contains two axonemes of the 9+"1" type and of unequal length. The anterior extremity of the spermatozoon bears a helicoidal crested body approximately 100 nm thick. Cortical microtubules of two types lie parallel to the spermatozoon axis. The nucleus is a fine cord of condensed chromatin. The slightly electron-dense cytoplasm contains electron-dense granules in regions II and III of the spermatozoon. The anterior and posterior extremities of the spermatozoon contain a single axoneme. The mature spermatozoon of P. torulosus differs from that of other Proteocephalusspecies in the presence of a single crested body and in the morphology of its posterior end.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Reinvestigation of the spermatozoon ultrastructure of the cestode Proteocephalus longicollis (Zeder, 1800), a parasite of salmonid fish.

The reinvestigation of the fine structure of the mature spermatozoon of the proteocephalidean tapeworm Proteocephalus longicollis, a parasite of salmonid fish, has shown new characters not described previously for this species. They include a helicoidal crested body, 60-100 nm thick and localised at the anterior extremity of the spermatozoon. Also new is the finding that cortical microtubules in P. longicollis spermatozoon are of two types. The nucleus situated in the middle part of the gamete is rod-shaped anteriorly, but it is wound around one of the axonemes posteriorly. It is newly observed that both the anterior and posterior extremities of the spermatozoon of P. longicollis contain a single axoneme. The ultrastructural characteristics of the mature spermatozoon of P. longicollis coincide in their main features with those of the spermatozoon of P. torulosus, a parasite of cyprinid fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Polymerase chain reaction for detection of patent infections of Echinococcus granulosus ("sheep strain") in naturally infected dogs.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of eggs of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus ("sheep strain") was evaluated with primers derived from mitochondrial sequences. Specificity of these primers was confirmed by investigating DNA of other strains of E. granulosus and of 14 helminth species which inhabit the intestines of dogs. This PCR assay was used to investigate 131 purged dogs from Kazakhstan. Eighteen dogs harboured Echinococcus worms, ten of them in mixed infections with Taenia spp. Coproantigen detection was positive in 15 and taeniid eggs could be recovered from 13 of these specimens. Eight of the egg-containing samples were positive in the PCR for E. granulosus and four in a Echinococcus multilocularis -specific PCR revealing one mixed infection. Egg-containing faeces from two dogs harbouring both Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp. were negative in both PCRs. The combination of egg isolation and PCR will also be of value in epidemiological studies when investigating environmental samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ultrastructural characters of the spermatozoon of the cestode Corallobothrium solidum Fritsch, 1886 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), a parasite of the electric catfish Malapterurus electricus.

The fine structure of the mature spermatozoon of the corallobothriine tapeworm Corallobothrium solidum Fritsch, 1886 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) from the electric catfish Malapterurus electricus from the Nile River in Egypt was studied by transmission electron microscopy for the first time. The filiform spermatozoon of C. solidum contains two axonemes of unequal length and a typical 9 + "1" trepaxonematan pattern. A single helicoidal crested body (30-200 nm thick) is localized at the anterior extremity of the gamete. The cortical microtubules line the periphery of the cell, largely parallel to the long axis of the spermatozoon and exhibiting signs of twisting at the beginning of region II. The nucleus, in the form of an electron-dense (largely in gametes of testes) and/or fibrous cord (largely in gametes from male reproductive ducts and seminal vesicle), coils in a spiral through the middle part (region III) of the spermatozoon. The cytoplasm contains electron-dense granules in regions II, III and partly in region IV. The cytoplasm of some spermatozoa exhibits an apparently higher electron-density at the end of the nucleated region (III), and continuously toward the middle part of region IV. The anterior and posterior extremities of the spermatozoa have a single axoneme. The ultrastructural features of the mature spermatozoon of C. solidum mostly coincide with those of the spermatozoon of other proteocephalideans, especially the gangesiine Electrotaenia malopteruri parasitizing the same host.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The effect of a nitric oxide donor on the synthesis of cGMP in Hymenolepis diminuta: a radiometric study.

The formation of cGMP in homogenates of the adult rat-tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta was followed with a radiometric assay during 3 h after stimulation with the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX). The level of cGMP was stable in worms incubated with IBMX during the first hour. After 3 h of incubation, the level of cGMP had declined by 27%. Addition of SNP stimulated the formation of cGMP during the first hour of incubation. After 3 h of incubation, a two-fold decline in cGMP formation was observed. The rate of nitric oxide (NO) release by the worm was determined by a spectrophotometric assay for the accumulation of nitrites and nitrates, the stable degradation products of NO, using the Griess reaction. The results are discussed from the perspective of the current concept on the role of the nitrergic mechanisms in the flatworm nervous system.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed2005

The effect of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) cysticercoids on the weight change, frass production, and food intake of the intermediate host, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera).

Parasitism results in nutritionally related changes in hosts, often leading to altered feeding behavior. Infected hosts that increase their feeding also increase their probability of reinfection. To study this, I used a beetle (Tenebrio molitor)-tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) system. Infected and uninfected male and female beetles were individually housed in vials with food. Each beetle's weight change, food intake, and frass production were measured over 24-h periods at 3, 7, 12, and 16 days postinfection. Treatment (infection) had no effect on weight change, but males lost more weight and produced more frass than females. Additionally, treatment had no effect on food consumption, but males had a higher food intake than females. These results suggest that infection status will not alter the probability of reinfection, but males will be more susceptible to infection than females. However, despite the male's greater food intake during the experimental infection period, parasite loads did not differ between males and females.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Apoptosis patterns in experimental Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps strobilae from golden hamsters.

Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) patterns of two taeniid species, Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps, were explored in adult tapeworms grown in golden hamsters. Animals were fed either ten viable T. solium cysticerci from naturally infected pigs or from T. crassiceps WFU strain maintained in Balb/c mice. Adult strobilae were recovered from the intestine at different times after infection and either frozen at -70 degrees C or fixed in paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde. Frozen sections were processed using the DNA fragmentation fluorescent TUNEL reagents and examined in an epifluorescent microscope. Fixed tissues were processed for light and electron microscopy. Typical apoptotic cells were found in the central core of scolex and strobilar tissues, mainly in the germinal tissue and subtegumentary areas. By the TUNEL technique, cells exhibited the characteristic fluorescent images of condensed nuclear chromatin. By light microscopy of thick sections stained with toluidine blue, we found a number of small rounded cells which had lost their cytoplasmic bridges and had shrunken nuclei with aggregated chromatin, cells which were found interspersed with normal syncytial cells. Similar cell morphology was confirmed by electron microscopy. Stunted viable worms, recovered with longer mature specimens, had very short strobilae and exhibited a large number of apoptotic cells in the germinal neck tissues. The results are consistent with the syncytial nature of these parasites, and strongly suggest that cell proliferation and PCD in these adult cestodes are continuous processes of the germinal tissue and tegumentary cytons.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Vitellogenesis in two spathebothriidean cestodes.

Vitellogenesis in two spathebothriidean tapeworms, dixenous adult Cyathocephalus truncatus and monoxenous progenetic Diplocotyle olrikii, has been examined using transmission electron microscopy and cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate for glycogen. Each vitelline follicle consists of vitellocytes at various stages of development and one irregularly shaped interstitial cell. Projections of the interstitial cell enclose the vitellocytes and extend as a cytoplasmic sheath on the follicular periphery. An outer thin fibrous layer (= extracellular lamina) covers the cytoplasmic sheath in C. truncatus, but lacks in D. olrikii. Maturing and mature vitellocytes contain vitelline material in the form of single small shell globules that gradually fuse and give rise to the large shell globule clusters. Morphology of shell globule clusters differs slightly in both species. In addition, single "lamellar" granules are present in the cytoplasm of vitellocytes of C. truncatus, but not in D. olrikii. Both electron lucent and electron dense lipid droplets are present in the vitellocytes of C. truncatus, whereas only electron dense lipids occur in D. olrikii. A single lipid droplet turns up occasionally in the nuclei of some of the vitellocytes of C. truncatus. The ultrastructural features of vitellogenesis in spathebothriideans resemble those reported previously in "lower" cestodes, especially in pseudophyllideans.

Animals↗