Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Sound Spectrography”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants reveals new genes involved in the courtship song of Drosophila.

cacophony (cac), a mutation affecting the courtship song in Drosophila melanogaster, is revealed to cause temperature-sensitive (TS) abnormalities. When exposed to high temperatures (37 degrees), cac flies show frequent convulsions and pronounced locomotor defects. This TS phenotype seems consistent with the idea that cac is a mutation in a calcium-channel gene; it maps to the same X-chromosomal locus that encodes the polypeptide comprising the alpha-1 subunit of this membrane protein. Analysis of the courtship song of some TS physiological mutants showed that slowpoke mutations, which affect a calcium-activated potassium channel, cause severe song abnormalities. Certain additional TS mutants, in particular para(ts1) and nap(ts1), exhibit subtler song defects. The results therefore suggest that genes involved in ion-channel function are a potential source of intraspecific genetic variation for song parameters, such as the number of cycles present in "pulses" of tone or the rate at which pulses are produced by the male's courtship wing vibrations. The implications of these findings from the perspective of interspecific lovesong variations in Drosophila are discussed.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1983

Effects of physiological aging on vowel spectral noise.

Vowel spectral noise was studied in the sustained phonations of 48 men representing two levels of physiological condition (good and poor) within each of three chronological age groups (25 to 35, 45 to 55, and 65 to 75 years). Results indicated physiological condition was significantly correlated with noise rankings, whereas chronological age and noise were not significantly correlated. These findings support the notion that physiological condition is a significant variable to consider in the analysis of acoustic characteristics of voice.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Selected acoustic characteristics of speech production in very old males.

An understanding of the effects of advancing age on speech characteristics is crucial for those who study and serve the older population. The purpose of this study was to obtain a normative data base for the speech production characteristics of a group of very old men. Fourteen veterans 87 to 93 years old served as subjects, producing a total of 40 sentences at a conversational rate. Wide-band (300 Hz) spectrograms were created from high-quality tape recordings. Specified acoustic measures were made (consonant, vowel, and voice-onset time durations; and vowel formant frequencies and trajectory slopes) via digitizer and microcomputer Sonogram Analyzer program. Descriptive analysis of the selected measurements was performed to obtain a profile of speech production behavior for these subjects. Data were also compared to those of the young adult, Parkinson's disease patients, and younger elderly subjects studied by Weismer (1984a) and Weismer, Kimelman, and Gorman (1985). Performance of the older subjects was similar to that of the younger elderly in many cases, but in certain cases bore notable similarities to Parkinsonian speech. Theoretical implications of aging and disease are addressed.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The effect of music amplitude on the relaxation response.

The purposes of this study were (a) to ascertain how 3 different volume levels of music affect the relaxation response both psychologically (preference scores and self-report) and physiologically (heart rate), (b) to determine the amplitude preference for relaxation among young adults, and (c) to compare differences in preference response between music and nonmusic majors and between the genders. One hundred forty-four college-age music and nonmusic majors were participants in this study. Subjects listened to 27 minutes of music while relaxing. The amplitude of the music was changed every 3 minutes in a randomized order so that each subject received loud (80-90 dB) medium (70-80 dB) or soft (60-70 dB) music 3 times each during the experimental period for a total of 9 amplitude changes. A sample of subjects wore a small heart rate monitor on their wrist and chest during the procedure. Simultaneously with the selected listening, they were encouraged to turn a dial on a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) indicating their amplitude preference for relaxation. Self-report information was gathered at the beginning and end of the experiment. Results of the CRDI analyses indicate that overall, subjects showed overwhelming preference for the soft music in comparison to medium or loud. Males, however, preferred the loud music more than females, and music majors preferred softer music over non-majors who preferred louder music. There were no differences attributed to amplitude level in the analysis of heart rate data. Analysis of the self report data yielded a wide variety of responses concerning their individual preferences, not always consistent with the empirical measures. Overall, there was an increase in relaxation reported over the duration of the experiment. Response differentiation to loudness levels indicates a long line of useful research not only on relaxation and stress reduction in health related fields, but also on the effects of background amplitude of music while studying, driving, and engaging in other cognitive and motor tasks.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Perception of tension in music: musicians versus nonmusicians.

Music therapists are often highly trained musicians who deal with diverse populations, most of whom do not have formal musical training. Questions may arise regarding the issue of a therapist's ability to understand, and predict, the musical perceptions and preferences of a client when their own background is so different. The current work is a look at a series of studies using various musical stimuli and comparing responses of musicians and nonmusicians to perceived "musical tension." Subjects (N = 126) included adult musicians and nonmusicians as well as a case study of a father/daughter. All subjects listened to recordings through individual headphones and were physically isolated from other subjects to ensure individuality of responses. Subjects, whether adults or children, were given instructions telling them that they were about to hear a piece of music and that they would be using a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial to trace the musical tension they heard. No specific definition of musical tension was given to any of the subjects. In effect, individual subjects supplied their own definition, either knowingly or unknowingly, in the absence of a formal one. Results indicated that group perceptions of the points at which tension and its release were strongest are remarkably similar between musicians and nonmusicians (correlations ranged from r =.71 to r =.95). Within at least the western art music tradition the likelihood that perceptions of group responses to tension and release in music could be predicted is high. These data indicate that therapists, trained as musicians, might be able to predict with some accuracy the responses of their clients who are not trained musicians.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effects of a music therapy voice protocol on speech intelligibility, vocal acoustic measures, and mood of individuals with Parkinson's disease.

This study examined the effects of a Music Therapy Voice Protocol (MTVP) on speech intelligibility, vocal intensity, maximum vocal range, maximum duration of sustained vowel phonation, vocal fundamental frequency, vocal fundamental frequency variability, and mood of individuals with Parkinson's disease. Four female patients, who demonstrated voice and speech problems, served as their own controls and participated in baseline assessment (study pretest), a series of MTVP sessions involving vocal and singing exercises, and final evaluation (study posttest). In study pre and posttests, data for speech intelligibility and all acoustic variables were collected. Statistically significant increases were found in speech intelligibility, as rated by caregivers, and in vocal intensity from study pretest to posttest as the results of paired samples t-tests. In addition, before and after each MTVP session (session pre and posttests), self-rated mood scores and selected acoustic variables were collected. No significant differences were found in any of the variables from the session pretests to posttests, across the entire treatment period, or their interactions as the results of two-way ANOVAs with repeated measures. Although not significant, the mean of mood scores in session posttests (M = 8.69) was higher than that in session pretests (M = 7.93).

Affect↗
PubMed2004

A new method to measure the acoustic surface impedance outdoors.

In the European countries noise pollution is considered to be one of the most important environmental problems. With respect to traffic noise, different researchers are working on the reduction of noise at the source, on the modelling of the acoustic absorption of the road structure and on the effects of the pavement on the propagation. The aim of this paper is to propose a new method to measure the acoustic impedance of surfaces located outdoors, which allows us to further noise propagation models, in order to evaluate exactly the noise exposure.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2004

Hypothesis of acoustic characterisation of a 'life place'.

In this job a hypothesis of descriptive mathematical model is described that permits to characterize the destined areas to the conservation of the nature and the life places ("biotope"), to the aim to define the degree of existing problems, from the acoustic point of view. In agreement with European Directive 2002/49/CE (Attached I), the additional acoustic indications more adapted to the characterization of "silent zones in opened campain" have been characterized. Primary purpose of the present study is to recognize and to characterize single present sources of noise in a life place, distinguishing living natural sources from those unliving ones, and anthropic technological ones from those anthropic social ones, concentrating the attention on the definition of a weighting criterion for the produced acoustic impact from several elements of pressure that interact on a protected natural area. The data collection is in course; the result will serve to define the intervals of the acceptability classes.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2004

Validation of a new system of tracheal sound analysis for the diagnosis of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the validity of a novel method of using tracheal sound analysis for the diagnosis of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis in consecutive patients. SETTING: A sleep clinic in a general hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 383 patients who were referred for suspected sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and underwent diagnostic polysomnography with sufficient quality. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Ordinary polysomnography with simultaneous tracheal sound recording was performed. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was calculated as the number of apnea and hypopnea events per hour of sleep. Tracheal sounds were digitized and recorded as power spectra. An automated computer program detected transient falls (TS-dip) in the time series of moving average of the logarithmic power of tracheal sound. We defined the tracheal sound-respiratory disturbance index (TS-RDI) as the number of TS-dips per hour of examination. We also calculated the oxygen desaturation index (the number of SaO2 dips of at least 4% per hour of examination). The TS-RDI highly correlated with AHI (r = 0.93). The mean (+/- SD) difference between the TS-RDI and AHI was -8.4 +/- 10.4. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the TS-RDI when the same cutoff value was used as for AHI were 93% and 67% for the AHI cutoff value of 5 and 79% and 95% for the AHI cutoff value of 15. The agreement between the TS-RDI and AHI was better than that between the oxygen desaturation index and AHI. CONCLUSIONS: The fully automated tracheal sound analysis demonstrated a relatively high performance in the diagnosis of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. We think that this method is useful for the portable monitoring of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Esophageal stethoscope placement depth: its effect on heart and lung sound monitoring during general anesthesia.

UNLABELLED: Although the esophageal stethoscope has been used for many years, the effect of the depth of placement on the quality of the sounds obtained has never been investigated. The amplitude and frequency characteristics of the first and second heart sound and of inspiratory and expiratory breath sounds were determined at various stethoscope depths (from the distal tip) in 17 healthy anesthetized adults. The amplitude for each type of sound varied markedly with depth. Maximal amplitude for S1 was at 34 +/- 3 cm, for S2 at 27 +/- 2 cm, for inspiratory breath sound at 28 +/- 2 cm, and for expiratory breath sound at 26 +/- 2 cm. There was a positive linear correlation between the depth of maximal amplitude of these sounds and patient height. Peak frequency, in general, did not change with depth. We conclude that investigators should measure and document depth when performing studies involving the esophageal stethoscope. IMPLICATIONS: Analysis of sound from the esophageal stethoscope at various depths reveals that placement depth greatly affects the sounds. A depth of 28-32 cm is recommended for clinical use; S1, S2, and inspiratory and expiratory sounds have a high amplitude in that range.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effect of halothane on the amplitude and frequency characteristics of heart sounds in children.

UNLABELLED: Although continuous auscultation has been used during surgery as a monitor of cardiac function for many years, the effect of anesthetics on heart sounds has never been quantified. We determined the root mean squared amplitude and frequency characteristics (peak frequency, spectral edge, and power ratios) of the first (S1) and second (S2) heart sounds in 19 healthy children during induction of anesthesia with halothane. In all patients, halothane decreased the amplitude of S1 (R2 = 0.87 +/- 0.12) and S2 (R2 = 0.66 +/- 0.33) and the high-frequency components (>80 Hz) of these sounds. These changes were clearly audible and preceded decreases in heart rate and blood pressure. The spectral edge decreased for S1 in 18 patients (R2 = 0.73 +/- 0.24) and for S2 in 13 patients (R2 = 0.58 +/- 0.25). Peak frequency did not change. The rapidity with which myocardial depression and its associated changes in heart sound characteristics occurred confirms that continuous auscultation of heart sounds is a useful clinical tool for hemodynamic monitoring of anesthetized infants and children. IMPLICATIONS: Heart sound characteristics can be used to monitor cardiac function during halothane anesthesia in children. The changes occur rapidly and precede noticeable changes in heart rate and blood pressure.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Neural representation for the temporal structure of sound patterns.

Responses to infrequently exchanging two segments of a complex tonal pattern were tested for the presence of the mismatch negativity event-related brain potential component. This component is elicited when an auditory stimulus differs from the sensory memory trace of the previously presented repetitive sound. Because the segments exchanged in the tonal pattern differed from each other only in their durations, the elicitation of the mismatch response revealed that the temporal structure of sound patterns is encoded in the traces underlying the mismatch process. Results showing that the mismatch response was elicited even when the tonal patterns were presented continuously (i.e. without silent intervals separating successive patterns) demonstrate the automatic detection of periodicity in the acoustic stream.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Brain potentials as objective indexes of auditory pitch extraction from harmonics.

Complex tones such as vowels expressed by the human voice vary both in fundamental pitch (harmonic periodicity) and spectrum shape (vowel type). Three different pitches and spectra were combined into nine auditory stimuli. Latencies of cerebral evoked potential components decreased significantly as pitch increased, whereas they remained constant with spectrum shape. Because the fundamental (direct clue about pitch value) was purposely omitted from stimuli, these results reflect feature extraction processes. They also demonstrate that brain potentials can be used as objective indexes of perceived pitch.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Performance evaluation of implantable artificial organs by sound spectrum analysis.

In this paper, a sound spectrum analyzing method was proposed to pre detect malfunctions of implantable artificial organs, such as an electromechanical total artificial heart (TAH) or prosthetic valves, without any percutaneous invasion. For this purpose, a sound detecting device was developed using a high sensitivity condenser microphone with a frequency range of more than 13 kHz. Output signals of this device are sampled at 100 kHz maximally, and sampled data are stored in an IBM PC (SamBo, Korea). To remove environmental noises in the measured sound, an adaptive least-mean square algorithm was employed. Using the squared value of the sound signal, the best position where only sounds from mechanical components can be measured was found. The sound spectrum was obtained by the periodogram spectral estimating method. Experiments were performed with this system, and the results indicated that: 1) by using an adaptive noise cancelling algorithm, a more noise-free signal can be obtained; 2) the harmonics from the mechanical components of a pendulum type electromechanical TAH were approximately 1.3 KHz; 3) a spectral change was observed when we compared the power spectral densities of a normal and failed TAH; 4) the spectral shift to higher harmonics occurred with an increase in heart rate; and 5) the sound propagation properties of tissue were investigated with animal experiments. The method proposed was found to be applicable in the detection of implantable artificial organ mechanical failure by sound spectrum analysis without the need for percutaneous invasion.

Acoustics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptual significance of the CID W-22 carrier phrase.

The 2-part study provides evidence that the carrier phrase "You will say..." contains perceptual cues which can be used by the listener to help identify place of initial consonant articulation for many test words, and when these cues are removed, the test words in isolation constitute a mre difficult word discrimination test. In the first experiment, test words beginning with voiceless stop consonants were truncated from their carrier phrases, and the phrases alone were presented to 10 normally hearing listeners. Results demonstrated above chance performance by listeners for identification of place of initial consonant articulation for the deleted test words solely on the basis of carrier phrase cues. In the second experiment, acoustically identical W-22 words with and without carrier phrases were presented to 10 normally hearing listeners at a O dB signal-to-noise ratio. A significant difference was observed in word discrimination scores for the 2 lists that can be attributed to deletion of carrier phrase cues.

Cues↗
PubMed1990

A guide to the effective use of otoacoustic emissions.

Otoacoustic emission test instruments are now entering routine audiological practice. Two general classes of technique are in use in laboratory work--those employing spectrum analysers to observe the continuous generation of OAEs, both stimulated or unstimulated, and those using transient stimulation and waveform averaging to extract a delayed OAE or "cochlear echo" waveform from ear canal sound. Both methods have particular advantages in clinical applications. The transient OAE type of method has proved very effective in screening applications, particularly in neonates. It is possible to perform noninvasive screening acoustic cochleography in about a minute. The technique is also useful for characterizing cochlear mechanical status prior to long term monitoring. Achieving routinely reliable OAE test performance in clinical and screening applications under nonideal conditions makes special demands on the instrumental design and the response evaluation procedures. The essential requirements are reviewed and discussed in a general and specific context. We have tried to meet these requirements in a transient evoked otoacoustic emission system (the ILO88) which we designed to operate with a personal computer. We report on our design of probe, and our use of evaluation procedures for probe fit, and response quality. Signal processing methods have been developed to reject noncochlear acoustic responses, and to optimise the rejection of patient noise. Examples of its clinical use, and the practical problems typically encountered are given here.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Evoked otoacoustic emissions in normal-hearing infants and children: emerging data and issues.

Evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs) are a promising tool for evaluating cochlear status in children. Preliminary data from normal-hearing subjects ranging from birth to 29.9 years old are discussed. EOAEs are present and robust in infant ears. However, there is a statistically significant decrease in EOAE amplitude for a fixed stimulus level with increasing age even in a carefully screened sample. At the present time it is unclear if these age-associated changes are due to normal developmental changes in the external and/or middle ear acoustics, normal developmental changes in cochlear mechanics and/or everyday cochlear wear and tear. Issues related to further application of evoked emissions to pediatric populations are discussed.

Adolescent↗