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PubMed1998

The development of deaf and hard of hearing children identified early through the high-risk registry.

The high-risk registry was used as a screening device for identifying hearing loss for many decades in Colorado. It reportedly missed approximately 50% of all infants with congenital sensorineural hearing loss (Mehl & Thomson, 1998; Parving, 1993; Watkins, Baldwin, & McEnery, 1991). Little is known about the developmental characteristics of this population. This article describes children identified through the high-risk registry. These children have been divided into two groups according to their age of identification: (a) deaf and hard of hearing children identified before age 6 months, and (b) deaf and hard of hearing children identified between ages 7 and 18 months. The children identified before age 6 months and receiving intervention at an average of 2 to 3 months after identification of hearing loss had significantly higher levels of receptive and expressive language, personal-social development, expressive and receptive vocabulary, general development, situation comprehension, and vowel production. The high-risk registry used for newborn hearing screening has been replaced by universal newborn physiological hearing screening in the state of Colorado.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Do parent practices to encourage academic competence influence the social adjustment of young European American and Chinese American children?

The predominant early childhood education philosophy in the United States views formal academic instruction as inappropriate and harmful to the social development of young children. Chinese American immigrants to the United States, however, have been found to teach their young children in more formal ways, to be more directive, and to structure their children's use of time to a greater degree (C. S. Huntsinger, P. E. Jose, F.-R. Liaw, & W.-D. Ching, 1997). Forty European American (20 boys, 20 girls) and 36 2nd-generation Chinese American (18 boys, 18 girls) 1st- and 2nd-grade children and their mothers, fathers, and teachers participated in the Time 2 data collection of this longitudinal study to assess whether the formal academic environment provided by Chinese American parents is linked to poorer social adjustment in their children. Regressions showed that parents' work-oriented methods influenced academic performance but not social adjustment of their children.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[The dilemma of the 2d primary molar].

Extensive carious lesions in primary molars often confront the dentist with a dilemma: extraction or restoration. The primary molar constitutes an important element in the development of the dentition. If extraction is considered, the dentist should be aware of the possible risks towards malocclusion or malposition. In order to understand these consequences a brief summary of normal dentition development is given, followed by a description of factors influencing development of dentition after premature extraction of a second primary molar. Premature extraction causes a disturbance in the eruption of the successor and migration of the neighbouring teeth. The eruption of the bicuspid can be delayed or accelerated according to the stage of root formation. The rate, amount and direction of migration depends on the extracted element, time of loss, spacing or crowding, eruption sequence, dental relationship, intercuspation, interaction of soft tissues and dental arch, supra-occlusion and the leeway space. To conclude the treatment modalities of pulp pathologies in primary molars are outlined. In children with deep carious lesions a treatment plan involves the child's medical history and social development as well as orthodontic, preventive and restorative aspects.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Young adult patients with a history of pediatric disease: impact on course of life and transition into adulthood.

PURPOSE: To assess the course of life of young adults who grew up with a chronic or life-threatening disease, and to compare their course of life with that of peers from the general population. Optimal transition from pediatric to adult health care requires knowledge of the psychosocial history of patients grown up with a pediatric disease. METHODS: A total of 508 young adults from the general Dutch population and 650 patients, aged 18-30 years, participated: 348 survivors of childhood cancer, 93 patients with anorectal malformations, 72 patients with Hirschsprung's disease, 61 patients with oesophageal atresia, 76 patients with end-stage renal disease. They completed the Course of Life Questionnaire, which retrospectively assesses the achievement of developmental milestones (autonomy, psychosexual and social development), and risk behavior (antisocial behavior, substance use and gambling). RESULTS: The young adults grown up with a chronic or life-threatening disease proved to have achieved significantly fewer milestones, or at older age than their peers, in all course-of-life domains. The course of life of young adults grown up with esophageal atresia was not delayed compared with that of their peers, whereas that of survivors of childhood cancer and patients with end-stage renal disease was delayed most. CONCLUSIONS: Health care providers should help to minimize the harm for children who grow up with a chronic or life-threatening disease by encouraging parents to stimulate social contacts and autonomy. Attention should especially be directed at children and adolescents growing up with childhood cancer or with end-stage renal disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Mothers of children with chronic conditions: supportive and stressful interactions with partners and professionals regarding caregiving burdens.

Ninety mothers appraised the specific sources and types of social support they received in relation to specific types of demands of caring for a child with a chronic condition. Qualitative data were collected during home interviews with the mothers of children with diabetes, spina bifida, or cystic fibrosis. Virtually all of the mothers described primary caregiver demands that were directly related to the child's condition, such as physical care, health care in illness situations, and the child's psychological and social development. Many mothers also reported secondary demands related to their own needs, family roles and relationships, and the mother's activities outside the home. Mothers experienced gaps in the support provided for specific caregiving burdens and encountered stressful interactions with their partners and health professionals in particular.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Adolescent substance use outcomes in the Raising Healthy Children project: a two-part latent growth curve analysis.

Raising Healthy Children (RHC) is a preventive intervention designed to promote positive youth development by targeting developmentally appropriate risk and protective factors. In this study, the authors tested the efficacy of the RHC intervention on reducing adolescent alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use. Ten public schools, which comprised 959 1st- and 2nd-grade students (54% male students, 18% minority, 28% low socioeconomic status), were matched and assigned randomly to either intervention or control conditions. A 2-part latent growth modeling strategy was used to examine change in both use-versus-nonuse and frequency-of-use outcomes while students were in Grades 6-10. Results indicated significant (p < .05) intervention effects in growth trajectories for frequency of alcohol and marijuana use but not for use versus nonuse. These findings provide support for preventive interventions that take a social development perspective in targeting empirically supported risk and protective factors and demonstrate the use of 2-part models in adolescent substance use research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Strategies and issues for managing menopause-related symptoms in diverse populations: ethnic and racial diversity.

Menopause is a naturally occurring "equal opportunity" event that every woman who lives beyond the age of approximately 52 years will experience. During the next 20 years, approximately 3.5 million African American women, 2 million Latinas, and 1 million Asian American women will enter the menopause. How a woman approaches the menopausal transition depends on a number of factors, from educational level to socioeconomic status; health-related factors, including stress; and marital status. Increasingly, the roles of race and ethnicity, as they relate to menopausal symptoms, are being explored. Understanding similarities and differences among women of color in perceptions, attitudes, and expectations surrounding the menopause can help provide culturally appropriate care and promote lifestyles that may decrease symptoms and increase quality of life. For example, minority women are usually the gatekeepers for healthcare for themselves and their families and have a highly developed social support network, often including extended family, a church community, and involvement in sororal or social organizations. In the future, research on menopausal symptoms among women of different racial/ethnic groups should focus on exploring in greater detail the effect of dietary factors and body mass index, additional evaluation of pituitary sensitivity, and use of complementary and alternative medicines in symptom management, with a better understanding of the risks and benefits of such therapies.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed1986

The subjective experience of chronic disease: some implications for the management of ulcerative colitis.

The paper first describes the subjective experience of chronic ulcerative colitis. Using autobiographical data some of the intra- and inter-personal strategies for coping with the disease are outlined. Then, selective socio-medical issues arising from the data--the relationships between physical and social events, denial and normalisation of illness, doctor-patient communications, and lay knowledge and perceptions--are elaborated. Finally suggestions for the social management of patients with ulcerative colitis are drawn out. It is argued that the importance of the subjective experience, as well as the physical process of the disease must be confronted by the physician, that the counseling of colitics should aim, where possible, to encourage normal social development, that the possibilities of the life-threatening nature of the disease and the type of curative surgery should be addressed at an early stage by the patient and their family and that patients should be allowed to do "grief-work" to help them to come to terms with the disease and its likely outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

[The system of informal caregiving as inequality].

In our setting, it is families, not the health and social services, who play the greatest role in providing continuous care to persons in need of such services. Informal health care poses two key questions with regard to the issue of equity: differences in the burdens borne by men and women, which contribute to gender inequality and, depending on their educational and socio-economic level, inequities in their ability to choose and gain access to needed resources and support services, thus contributing to social class inequalities. Distributing the burden of caregiving between men and women, and between the family and the state, constitutes a crucial debate in public health. This study analyzes the concept and characteristics of informal care, provides data on its dimensions in our setting, and analyzes the profile of caregivers, as well as the work they do and the impact it has on their lives. Finally, it presents currently existing models and support strategies for informal caregivers. It is largely women who assume the principal role of providing informal care, undertaking the most difficult and demanding tasks and dedicating the largest share of their time to them. As a result, women bear an elevated cost in their lives in terms of health, quality of life, access to employment and professional development, social relations, availability of time for themselves, and economic repercussions. Unemployed, under-educated women from the least privileged social classes constitute the largest group of informal caregivers in our country. Any policies aimed at supporting those who provide such care should keep in mind the unequal point from which they start and be evaluated in terms of their impact on gender and social class inequality.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1997

The impact of asthma on the health status of adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a characteristic pattern of health and illness for adolescents with asthma, we compared the health status of teenagers with asthma to those without asthma using a recently developed generic health status instrument, the Child Health and Illness Profile, Adolescent Edition (CHIP-AE). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey using a school sample of 3109 teenagers. Participants completed the CHIP-AE during school in northern Baltimore City, rural western Maryland, and rural Arkansas. The health and functioning scores of teens without asthma ("well" group) were compared with those with asthma with and without recent wheezing. RESULTS: Of the 12% who reported that a physician had ever told them they had asthma, 50% had problems with wheezing in the past 28 days. Compared with well teenagers, those with asthma and recent wheezing had lower perceived well-being, more physical and emotional symptoms, greater limitations in activity, more comorbidities, and more negative behaviors that threaten social development. These findings held true in multivariable regression models that controlled for sociodemographics and sites of data collection. Teenagers with asthma without recent wheezing reported a greater number of comorbidities than well teens and showed similar trends in health status as those with recently symptomatic asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple aspects of adolescent health status are affected by asthma, particularly if it is recently symptomatic. These results argue for incorporating a generic health status instrument, such as the CHIP-AE, in studies that document the health needs or outcomes of medical care for populations of teenagers with asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Onset of functional psychoses in later middle age. Social-psychiatric considerations.

The onset of functional psychosis occurring in later middle age (45-64 years) was studied by comparing the life situation and personal history of 74 Turku patients admitted to the mental hospital for the first time with the corresponding information obtained for randomly selected controls of the same age and of the same sex. The annual first admission rate of functional psychoses was 81 per 100,000; there was no difference between men and women. The rate was highest in unmarried individuals and lowest in married individuals (167 vs. 56 per 100,000). Measured by many different indicators, the patients' prepsychotic social development had been clearly poorer than that of the controls during the corresponding period. Almost all patients had had a precipitating life change during the last 5 years preceding the onset of psychosis. Objective losses had occurred more often in the group of affective psychoses than in the other diagnostic groups. In the case of childhood losses, on the other hand, there were no difference between patients and controls or between the diagnostic groups.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mother-child mutually responsive orientation and conscience development: from toddler to early school age.

We examined whether positive implications of mother-child mutually responsive orientation, demonstrated earlier at toddler and preschool age, extend longitudinally into early school age. The focus of the present study was on the long-term consequences of mutually responsive orientation for the development of conscience. Mutually responsive orientation encompassed shared cooperation and shared positive affect between mother and child. It was measured as a composite of those qualities observed in dyadic naturalistic interactions and reported by mothers, at toddler and preschool age. Children's conscience was assessed at early school age (N = 83) using multiple measures, including observations of moral behavior, alone and in the peer context, and moral cognition. Mother-child mutually responsive orientation at toddler and preschool ages predicted children's future conscience, even after controlling for the developmental continuity of conscience. Model-fitting analyses revealed that mutually responsive orientation at toddler age had a direct effect on future conscience, not mediated by such orientation at preschool age. The findings extend those of earlier work that revealed the importance of mother-child mutually responsive orientation for socialization, and they confirm the value of the relationship approach to social development, including long-term outcomes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Including children with autism in general education classrooms. A review of effective strategies.

Children with autism can benefit from participation in inclusive classroom environments, and many experts assert that inclusion is a civil right and is responsible for nurturing appropriate social development. However, most children with autism require specialized supports to experience success in these educational contexts. This article provides a review of the empirical research that has addressed procedures for promoting successful inclusion of students with autism. Strategies reviewed include antecedent manipulations, delayed contingencies, self-management, peer-mediated interventions, and other approaches that have been demonstrated in the literature to be useful. The article concludes with a discussion of future research needs.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a social work case management guideline and model.

This article describes the process that a team of Department of Veterans Affairs social work service department heads went through as they developed national guidelines for social work case management. Many of the concepts and findings of this team apply to case managers in any profession.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Gender and aesthetic norms in popular hygienic culture in Germany from 1900 to 1914.

The paper concerns the construction of gender norms in popular hygienic literature at the turn of the century. It argues that the formulation of aesthetic gender norms for women's and men's bodies was a response to social developments which were perceived as a threat to the middle-class ideology of separate spheres for the sexes. Concerns about the blurring of gender distinctions were expressed in the aesthetic idiom of the educated middle class. Aesthetic norms for each sex were established and contrasted with the degenerate body forms of contemporaries. The spectre of masculinized women and feminized men was raised, reflecting a deep-seated uneasiness about changing gender roles and identities. The increasing assertiveness of women as expressed in feminist activism was interpreted by anti-feminist authors as a sign of degeneracy. For these authors any articulation of self-interest by women was suspect. Strong sexual desires of women which could serve as the basis for the independent articulation of female sexual interests were denied or declared as abnormal. Feminist critics argued that it was the lack of economic and social independence of women which was the reason for the declining health and beauty of the female sex.

Esthetics↗
PubMed1997

Harry F. Harlow and animal research: reflection on the ethical paradox.

With respect to the ethical debate about the treatment of animals in biomedical and behavioral research, Harry F. Harlow represents a paradox. On the one hand, his work on monkey cognition and social development fostered a view of the animals as having rich subjective lives filled with intention and emotion. On the other, he has been criticized for the conduct of research that seemed to ignore the ethical implications of his own discoveries. The basis of this contradiction is discussed and propositions for current research practice are presented.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed2001

The adolescent with simple or corrected congenital heart disease.

An ever-increasing number of congenital heart disease patients are surviving into and beyond adolescence. Despite the encouraging cardiac results, with the vast majority asymptomatic and requiring no medication and having few, if any, limitations, there are many challenges for this patient population. They are likely to find obstacles to attaining education, social development, health and life insurance, and employment. Most of these obstacles are attributable to the stresses upon children with congenital heart disease and their families, and the prejudices of a society that knows little about congenital heart disease. Practitioners caring for these young people must be familiar with these issues and knowledgeable about the facts of individual cases, so that they may anticipate needs and offer support to their patients in their progress toward adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

An evaluation of recent trends in preschool programming for hearing-impaired children.

A longitudinal study was conducted of 139 children with severe and profound hearing losses. The children were between 3 and 5 years of age at the commencement of the 4-year study. The relationship of several background and educational variables with the linguistic, academic, and social development of the children was investigated. Age, hearing loss, and intelligence were related to most of the dependent measures. Relationships involving communication mode (auditory/oral vs. total communication) varied with the measure being considered. The variable of program type (individual vs. group) interacted with the degree of hearing loss and with communication mode. Although early intervention was related to certain dependent measures, no relationships were found that involved direct instruction by parents or integration.

Achievement↗