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PubMed1992

Mechanically evoked perioral reflexes in infants.

Mechanically evoked activity in the superior and inferior segments of the orbicularis oris muscle was sampled in several young infants using a specially designed position-servo linear motor and a pacifier instrumented with eight miniature EMG electrodes. Unilateral stimulation of lip vermilion resulted in short latency, bilateral activation of the upper and lower lip recording sites. The ontogenesis of facial reflex sensitivity to mechanical inputs is discussed in relation to the acquisition of motor skills, including speech and smiling.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Transitional properties of the mechanically evoked perioral reflex from infancy through adulthood.

The organization of motor responses in the orbicularis oris muscle following the delivery of punctate mechanical inputs to vermilion skin of the lips was studied in a group of young infants, school-age children, and adults during periods of voluntary lip muscle activation. A specially designed multi-point array skin contactor, coupled to a position-servo controlled linear motor, was highly effective in driving the early component of the perioral reflex (R1). Overall, the evoked R1 response obtained from the infant was of variable amplitude relative to the children and adults, lacked response specificity, and occurred at a longer latency. This brainstem mediated sensorimotor action appears to take on several characteristics of the adult form by the age of 12. The emergence and maturation of mechanically evoked perioral reflexes is discussed in relation to the acquisition of motor skills, including speech and smiling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Accidental reinnervation as a complication of latissimus dorsi free flap to the face and scalp.

Although direct nerve neurotization is well known, accidental full reinnervation of a major muscle following microvascular transfer has not previously been reported. Our patient, who presented with total scalp loss, was initially treated with simple skin grafts. Repeated breakdowns over the years necessitated the use of more durable cover. A free latissimus dorsi muscle flap achieved this objective. Two years post-transfer it became evident that the whole of the latissimus dorsi had become innervated, producing facial and scalp distortion when the patient smiled. Formal exploration and section of both neural trunks to the latissimus dorsi was necessary to abolish this bizarre grimace.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Orthodontic therapy for the restorative patient. Part II: The esthetic aspects.

By incorporating orthodontics and other specialty disciplines into the restorative and prosthodontic treatments for the adult patient presenting for improvement or enhancement of esthetics, the dentist can correct reverse over-lapped (cross-bite) relationships, retrieve and reposition unerupted (impacted) anterior teeth, and improve irregular smile lines in three dimensions. The correction or improvement of incisal guidance, incisal planes, root proximity, and embrasure spaces will enhance long-term stability and successful prognoses. This article discusses several of the daily challenges encountered by the restorative dentist regarding malposed teeth in the anterior portion of the oral cavity. By using established principles of orthodontic therapy, composite resin bonding of brackets, improved wire technology, polymer plastic force modules, and additional advances in the methods of repositioning the malposed teeth, the necessary corrections can be made.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

An assessment of chronic pain behavior in a structured interview.

The current study evaluated the effects of several situational contexts on the behavior of 25 chronic pain patients. Subjects participated in a 20-minute interview in which questions relevant to both pain and non-pain related experiences were asked. Another part of the interview involved a behavioral task in which the patient was asked to walk, bend and pick up a small object. Target behaviors were measured throughout the interview and included gestures of pain, grimacing, touching, smiles, laughter, changing the topic of conversation, ratings of affect, fluency and loudness, and the duration of eye contact and speech. The results showed a clear differentiation between the frequency of gestures, touching and grimacing between the pain and non-pain events. Behavior during the motor task was similar to the pain situations. Ratings of affect, fluency and loudness did not significantly differ across the situations. Slightly more eye contact and longer speech was observed during pain questions.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Emotional facial paresis with striatocapsular infarction.

Emotional facial paresis (EFP) refers to hemifacial paresis of emotionally evoked or spontaneous smiling or weeping with preserved volitional movements of the face. The anatomical location for this phenomenon has been controversial. We report a 15-year-old boy with EFP. Follow-up MRI demonstrated infarction limited to the head of the caudate, putamen and anterior limb of the internal capsule on the contralateral side. This case lends support for selective damage at a striatal or capsular site in the production of EFP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Hemispheric specialization and the perception of emotion: evidence from right-handers and from inverted and non-inverted left-handers.

Right-handers and inverted and non-inverted left-handers viewed emotional expressions in one hemifield and, simultaneously, a neutral expression of the same poser in the other hemifield. Subjects were required to identify the side containing the affective face. Happy faces with open (i.e. salient) and closed mouth smiles and sad faces were used as stimuli. For right-handers and inverters reaction time was faster to right hemifield presentations for happy faces and to left hemifield presentations for sad faces. Non-inverters showed the reverse pattern. The saliency of the happy expressions had no effect on the magnitude and direction of asymmetry for any group. The data support the hypothesis of differential hemispheric specialization for positive and negative emotion and demonstrate opposite patterns of asymmetry in affect perception for inverted and non-inverted left-handers.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Right-sided facial asymmetry in infant emotional expression.

In normal adults, emotional expressions tend to be more intense on the left side of the face, while in preschool-age children, no significant bias in facial asymmetry has been found. We examined facial asymmetries during smiling and distress in 59 infants studied longitudinally at 6.5, 10 and 13.5 months of age. In these infants, asymmetric expressions showed a bias toward greater intensity on the right side of the face. The study of infant facial expression may provide clues to the maturation of the cortical control of emotional responses.

Child Development↗
PubMed1992

EEG and EMG responses to emotion-evoking stimuli processed without conscious awareness.

Dichotic stimulus pairs were constructed with one word that was emotionally neutral and another that evoked either negative or positive feelings. Temporal and spectral overlap between the members of each pair was so great that the two words fused into a single auditory percept. Subjects were consciously aware of hearing only one word from most pairs; sometimes the emotion-evoking word was heard consciously, other times the neutral word was heard consciously. Subjects were instructed to let their thoughts wander in response to the word they heard, during which time EEG alpha activity over left and right frontal regions, and muscle activity (EMG) in the corrugator ("frowning") and zygomatic ("smiling") regions were recorded. Both EEG and EMG provided evidence of emotion-specific responses to stimuli that were processed without conscious awareness. Moreover both suggested relatively greater right hemisphere activity with unconscious rather than conscious processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Equivalent perceptual asymmetries for free viewing of positive and negative emotional expressions in chimeric faces.

Research employing chimeric stimuli (in which smiling and neutral half-faces are paired) has demonstrated greater influence of the left half-face in determining perceived intensity of expression. To date, no studies have examined how emotional expressions other than happiness are perceived in this format. Right-handed subjects viewed chimeric faces depicting both positive (happiness, pleasant surprise) and negative (sadness, anger) emotions in a free vision task. Results indicated a left half-face bias for all four emotions, supporting the hypothesis of a greater right hemisphere role in emotional perception. The lack of differences in strength of left half-face bias as a function of the specific emotion depicted suggests that results obtained with typical chimeric half-face paradigms can be generalized to emotions other than happiness.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Laterality in facial expressions and its effect on attributions of emotion and personality: a reconsideration.

Are there consistent differences between the emotions attributed to the right and left hemiface? Six studies investigated this old question, using a new technique of computerized image reconstruction that eliminates several confounding factors common in previous studies. Findings suggest that there are no consistent differences between the emotions and personality attributed to the right and the left hemiface. Nevertheless, when the two hemifaces were simultaneously compared on intensity, the left hemiface showed greater intensity in posed smiles. As a whole, the present study suggests the possibility of a slight inference of brain laterality in posed expressions, but not in resting faces.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Can task specific perceptual bias be distinguished from unilateral neglect?

The present study examined visuoperceptual bias in 12 right hemisphere damaged patients, eight of whom showed left unilateral neglect on standard clinical tests, and in 30 normal controls. In the chimeric faces task, subjects were required to judge which of a pair of faces appeared happier. Stimuli comprising each pair were mirror images, with the smiling half on the left of one face and on the right of the other. In the grey scales task, subjects were required to indicate which of two shaded rectangles appeared to be darker overall. Again, stimuli were mirror images, with the darker end appearing either on the left or on the right. Patients exhibited a significant rightward bias on both experimental tasks, in contrast to the significant leftward bias exhibited by controls. There was no significant correlation between patients' performances on standard clinical tests and the extent of bias on the two experimental tasks, suggesting that such patients exhibit distinct impairments of spatial cognition which are differentially indexed by the two types of task. Moreover, for both patients and controls, scores obtained on the two perceptual bias tasks were unrelated, suggesting that they may engage stimulus-specific processes which have different underlying patterns of asymmetrical processing. These data provide further support for models which propose that the heterogeneity of disorders of spatial cognition arise from disruption of distinct neural mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effect of hemispherectomy in infantile hemiplegics.

Four patients with infantile hemiplegia who had undergone hemispherectomy were examined. both left (LH) and right (RH) hemidecorticates obtained borderline defective scores on IQ tests. Patients with isolated right hemispheres were found not to be aphasic or apraxic. Visuospatial and constructional capacities were compromised in all patients. Individuals with an isolated right hemisphere smiled and gestured more than did those with an isolated right hemisphere. EEG and CT scan data showed that the remaining hemisphere was not normal in these patients. Therefore, inferences regarding the functional plasticity of the remaining hemisphere must be made with caution.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Empathic responsiveness and affective reactivity to infant stimuli in high- and low-risk for physical child abuse mothers.

Empathic responsiveness and affective reactivity to infant stimuli were examined in matched groups of high- and low-risk for physical child abuse mothers. Hypotheses were generated based on models of aggression and the child abuse literature. Although no between-group differences were found in empathy, within-group differences were observed. Compared to baseline, high-risk mothers reported no change (p > .05) in empathy across infant conditions (baseline, smiling, quiet, and crying), while low-risk mothers reported an increase (p < .0005) in empathy following presentation of the crying infant. Although there was no change in empathy, high-risk mothers reported more sadness, distress, hostility, unhappiness, and less quietness following presentation of the crying infant. Low-risk mothers reported no changes in sadness, distress, and hostility. The data for high-risk mothers are congruent with reports that physical child abusers are less empathic and more hostile in response to a crying child. The findings support aggression models which suggest the lack of empathy and the presence of negative affectivity precede abusive behavior. Post-hoc analyses also provide support for an emotional contagion perspective, where high-risk parents, compared to low-risk parents, are thought to more frequently reflect the emotional state of the infant.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Computer assisted size measurement on a digitising tablet of nucleic acid and protein molecules from gels.

A method is presented for the rapid and convenient determination of molecular weight or chain length of macromolecules from their electrophoretic mobility on gels, using a computer-controlled digitising tablet. A novel feature is accurate compensation for 'smile' or 'frown' profiles as well as for the possible splay or curvature of lanes. A family of monotonic, asymptotic, generalised quadratics is calculated to fit locally the known values in a marker track, and a weighting function is then applied to these enveloping curves so that the prediction algorithm simulates the interpolation of unknown values from a smooth graph drawn through the known bands. Results for double stranded DNA, single and double stranded RNA, and protein molecules are given. The average error of the predicted values against the known molecular sizes was 0.2% for dsDNA, 1.7% for dsRNA, 0.7% for ssRNA and 3.6% for protein molecules.

Computers↗
PubMed1992

Structural maturation of synapses in the rat superior cervical ganglion continues beyond four weeks of age.

We have examined the morphology of preganglionic synapses in the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) at 10 days, 4 weeks and 1 year. Between 10 days and 4 weeks the mean thickness of the postsynaptic density (PSD) increased from 45.9 +/- 0.1 nm to 52.1 +/- 1.7 nm (P = 0.017), the mean length of the PSD (0.41 +/- 0.02 microns) did not change, and the distribution of synapses on the neuronal surface changed with a decrease in the proportion of somatic and an increase in the proportion of dendritic spine synapses. Since both synapse elimination and synapse formation are occurring during this period several mechanisms may contribute to these changes. However, between 4 weeks and 1 year, when there is no net change in the number of synapses, the mean length of the PSD increased to 0.53 +/- 0.02 microns (P = 0.001), there was no change in either the mean thickness of the PSD or the distribution of the synapses but the proportion of concave ('smile') synapses increased. A comparison with previous developmental studies of synapses in cerebral cortex of rat and chicken indicate that both the nature and the rate of synapse maturation can vary between different populations of synapses.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

Mother-infant interaction; effects of sex of infant on feeding behaviour.

Mother--child interaction was studied on the 2nd and 4th days after delivery. Mothers with girls showed more distal contact behaviour such as talking, smiling, and 'en face' responses. They also displayed more skin-to-skin contact behaviour (patting, rubbing, kissing, and touching) toward girl babies. Mothers with boys, on the other hand, showed more types of behaviours directed to clothed parts of the infant such as patting and adjusting clothes. These findings were statistically significant only on the 2nd day after delivery. On day 4 differences between male and female infants both in the frequency and in the pattern of sucking were observed.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1985

Mother-infant interactions at 2 and 3 months in preterm, small-for-gestational-age, and full-term infants; their relationship with cognitive development at 4 months.

Two- and 3-month interactions were observed and 4-month Bayley MDI assessments carried out with 10 full-term, 14 preterm, and 9 small-for-gestational age (SGA) mother-infant dyads, to examine effects of neonatal status on interaction styles and the relationships between interaction variables and MDI scores. Two-month interaction patterns were most closely related to 4-month MDI scores in the full-term group, with state variables showing negative relationships and dyadic synchrony being positively related. For the preterm group, state-related variables were important to MDI scores. Preterm maternal interactive levels dropped from two to three months whereas preterm infant interactive levels rose from 2 to 3 months. SGA infant smile and maternal affection were related to MDI scores. SGA dyads differed from full-term dyads on state and synchrony variables. Findings are discussed with respect to the importance of state variables for development.

Adult↗