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PubMed1989

Morphometric analysis of the development of sexual dimorphism of the mouse pelvis.

Sex differences in the innominate bone of C57BL/Tw mice were studied morphometrically from the day of birth to 120 days of age. In neonatal male and female mice, a small cartilaginous spine was found on the basal part of ischium. This process disappeared in males within 24 hours after birth, whereas in females it remained until at least 30 days. Other sexual differences in the pubis and the ischium appeared at 30 and 120 days, respectively. The pubis in female mice was longer and thinner than that in the males, and the ischium in male mice was shorter and thicker than that in the females. Thirty-day-old female mice treated neonatally with testosterone or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone possessed pubic bones shorter and thicker than those of the age-matched untreated females. Pubes in male mice castrated at the day of birth were thinner than those in intact males. These findings suggest that the shape of the innominate bone is transformed to the male type under the influence of early postnatal androgen.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

The development of sexual behavior in the rat: role of preadult nutrition and environmental conditions.

Rats were subjected to pre- and postnatal undernutrition by restricting the food intake of their mothers (U); another group of rats was normally fed (N). Each nutrition group was divided into 3 subgroups by varying the degree of environmental stimulation: animals in the Max group were stimulated by handling and enriched rearing conditions; the Min group rats were subjected to social isolation; rats in the control condition (C) were raised under ordinary laboratory conditions. The onset of sexual activity was not affected in the U-C male rats, but was delayed in both U-Min and N-Min rats. Although no difference existed in the age of puberty between the N-Max and N-C animals, the U-Max rats displayed an advancement of puberty by 7 days in comparison to the U-C rats. Undernutrition did not affect female sexual maturation; however the Max condition delayed this process in both nutrition groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Fluoxymesterone and the development of sexual behavior in the golden hamster.

Male hamsters castrated at birth and female hamsters were treated on postnatal Days 2-4 with 100 microgram of testosterone. 100 microgram of fluoxymesterone, or the hormone vehicle. As adults, mounting behavior and lordosis were measured following exogenous hormone treatment. Although the degree of penile or clitoral virilization did not appear to differ between testosterone- and fluoxymesterone-treated animals, behavioral differences occurred. Neonatal treatment with fluoxymesterone failed to "masculinize" or defeminize" behavior; neonatal testosterone treatment induced mounting in males and females and intromission in males. These results, along with those of others, indicate that fluoxymesterone has little or no central neural effect on sexual behavior in the hamster.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Development of sexual maturity in the ciliate Euplotes crassus: sources of variation in the timing of maturity.

The life styles of ciliated protists are particularly suitable for experimental analyses of certain aspects of developmental and genetic biology. The progression from sexual immaturity to maturity to senescence represents one of the most intriguing aspects of developmental programs. The extent to which progeny clones, their subclones, and testers used in the assay result in different lengths of immaturity has been investigated in Euplotes crassus. Six subclones from each of 12 progeny clones from a cross between stocks EC1 and EC2 were tested for maturity with stocks EC3, EC4, and EC5 on every transfer. Analysis of variance was used to partition the total variation in fissions to maturity into parts due to clones, subclones, and testers and the interactions between these levels. The error, interaction of subclones and testers, corresponds to a standard deviation of only 4.1 fissions, while the within clone within tester means range from 15.2 to 46.7 fissions; all levels except testers contribute significantly to the total variation. Most of the variability is attributable to clones (66%), the next most to error (16%), the next most to interaction of clones by testers (13%), and the least to subclones (5%). An a posteriori analysis examined whether the differences among clones were due to the cytoplasm of the clone ancestor (exconjugant), its mat (mating-type) locus genotype, or the mated pair it came from. None of these characteristics was able to interpret simply the large variability among clones. These results provide evidence that the transition from immaturity to maturity is quantitative and complex rather than a jump from one well-defined state to another.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

The course of life of survivors of childhood cancer.

The developmental consequences in adulthood of growing up with childhood cancer are not well understood. The Course of life questionnaire was developed to assess the attainment of developmental milestones retrospectively and socio-demographic outcomes in young adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess the course of life and socio-demographic outcomes in young adult survivors of childhood cancer. Knowledge about possible gaps in the course of life could enable health care providers to aim for the most favourable course of life. A total of 353 Dutch survivors and a comparison group of 508 peers without a history of cancer, all aged between 18 and 30, filled in the Course of life questionnaire. The course of life of the survivors was found to be hampered. The young adult survivors of childhood cancer in the Netherlands turned out to have achieved fewer milestones than their peers with respect to autonomy development, social development, and psycho-sexual development, or to have achieved the milestones when they were older than their peers. In addition, survivors displayed less risk behaviour than the comparison group. The survivors and the comparison group also differed on some socio-demographic issues. A considerably lower percentage of survivors than peers in the comparison group were married or living together, and/or employed. Their educational level, on the other hand, was as high as that of their peers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Twins raised from separated blastomeres develop into sexually mature Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

The first two blastomeres of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos were separated and the resulting twins raised in pairs through larval life and to sexual maturity. We derive two conclusions from this study: changes in the pattern of specification of embryonic cell fates following blastomere separation result in the creation of two sets of fully functional coelomic pouches and imaginal rudiments, and sex determination in sea urchins is chromosomal, since the pairs of twins were always of the same sex.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during early development and sexual differentiation in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Profiles of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, androstenedione, and estradiol were determined by RIA, and immunocytochemical techniques were employed to identify gonadotropin (GTH) I and II and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in monosex and mixed sex populations of rainbow trout from 1 to 126 days postfertilization (dpf). Steroid levels were relatively high at 1 dpf and declined until 25 dpf. At 30 and 48 dpf (hatching) steroid levels increased slightly before they fell by 78 dpf and remained relatively constant thereafter. Trends toward differences in steroid content between males and females became evident around the time gonadal differentiation was histologically discernible (78 and 90 dpf). GTH I was present in the proximal pars distalis at all dates (48-126 dpf), whereas GTH II was not detectable. GnRH was found at all dates (48-126 dpf) and was distributed in several areas of the brain including the nucleus preopticus periventricularis, nucleus lateralis tuberis, and the pituitary in the region where GTH I was found. No differences were seen between males and females in the timing of appearance, localization, or intensity of staining of these peptide hormones. Given that the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis seems to be intact during the process of sexual differentiation and the fluctuations of steroid levels during this process, sex steroids may play the driving role for sexual differentiation of rainbow trout.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1999

Sexually dimorphic development and binding characteristics of NMDA receptors in the brain of the platyfish.

This study investigated age- and gender-specific variations in properties of the glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in a freshwater teleost, the platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus). Prior localization of the immunoreactive (ir)-R1 subunit of the NMDAR protein (R1) in cells of the nucleus olfactoretinalis (NOR), a primary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-containing brain nucleus in the platyfish, suggests that NMDAR, as in mammals, is involved in modulation of the platyfish brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. The current study shows that the number of cells in the NOR displaying ir-R1 is significantly increased in pubescent and mature female platyfish when compared to immature and senescent animals. In males, there is no significant change in ir-R1 expression in the NOR at any time in their lifespan. The affinity of the noncompetitive antagonist ((3)H)MK-801 for the NMDAR is significantly increased in pubescent females while maximum binding of ((3)H)MK-801 to the receptor reaches a significant maximum in mature females. In males, both MK-801 affinity and maximum binding remain unchanged throughout development. This is the first report of gender differences in the association of NMDA receptors with neuroendocrine brain areas during development. It is also the first report to suggest NMDA receptor involvement in the development of the BPG axis in a nonmammalian vertebrate.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Brain protein changes during development and sexual differentiation in the rat.

Subcellular fractions were prepared from the hypothalamus-preoptic area and the 'remainder of the brain' of intact male and female rats at 0, 8, 25 and 72 days of age. Proteins associated with each fraction were subjected to SDS-PAGE chromatography and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Developmental changes were found to occur in proteins associated with the soluble (14,600, 15,000, 29,900, 38,900 and 49,000 mol. wt), nuclear (40,000-50,000 and 13,800-16,000 mol. wt.), mitochondrial-lysosomal (49,000-52,000 mol. wt.) and microsomal (14,400, 20,000, 50,100, 56,900 and 130,000 mol. wt.) fractions. In addition, soluble proteins were greater in males than in females at days 0 (53,000-56,000 mol. wt.; probably tubulin) and 25 (14,600 and 15,000 mol. wt.). These changes in brain proteins probably reflect important structural and functional changes that occur during maturation and sexual differentiation of the brain.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

A cell-specific nuclear receptor is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation.

Studies in adrenocortical cells have implicated the orphan nuclear receptor SF-1 in the gene regulation of the steroid hydroxylases. We used targeted disruption of the Ftz-F1 gene, which encodes SF-1, to examine its role in intact mice. Despite normal survival in utero, all Ftz-F1 null animals died by postnatal day 8; these animals lacked adrenal glands and gonads and were severely deficient in corticosterone, supporting adrenocortical insufficiency as the probable cause of death. Male and female Ftz-F1 null mice had female internal genitalia, despite complete gonadal agenesis. These studies establish that the Ftz-F1 gene is essential for sexual differentiation and formation of the primary steroidogenic tissues.

Adrenal Glands↗