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PubMed1996

[Effect of acute stress on plasma levels of catecholamines and cortisol in addition to metabolites in stress-susceptible growing swine].

The purpose of this study was to show the behaviour of the plasma level of catecholamines in stress-susceptible pigs during an acute stress and to gain new insights in the role of catecholamines in the initiation of malignant hyperthermia. Therefore, a halothane challenge test was performed in stress-susceptible growing pigs, and the changes of haematocrit, hormones and metabolites were monitored during the handling before the test, during halothane exposure and thereafter. Already in connection with the handling before the test, haematocrit values and plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucose, lactate and potassium increased significantly. However, the plasma concentration of cortisol and free glycerol increased gradually and the level of nonesterified fatty acids did not show any changes. While the levels of catecholamines and potassium decreased already during halothane exposure, haematocrit values and concentrations of glucose and lactate continued to increase. The present results indicate that the catecholamines are not involved in the initiation of malignant hyperthermia.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Stress and coping in early psychosis. Role of symptoms, self-efficacy, and social support in coping with stress.

BACKGROUND: Although coping with stress is important in early psychosis, little is known about how this population copes with the range of stressors they encounter in their daily life. This study aims to identify how people with early psychosis cope with a range of stressful situations and to identify what factors might influence their use of coping strategies. METHOD: Participants included a clinical group of 50 people with early psychosis and a non-clinical group of 22 people matched on age and gender. Data were obtained on symptomatology and social support for the clinical group, and stress and coping, and self-efficacy for all participants. RESULTS: The clinical group reported coping less well than the non-clinical group and they most commonly used emotion-focused coping. For the clinical group, effective coping correlated with less severe negative symptoms, greater perceived self-efficacy, social support and greater use of problem-focused coping. Self-efficacy and social support predicted increased frequency of the use of problem-focused coping. CONCLUSION: People with early psychosis who have greater feelings of self-efficacy and perceived social support, and the flexible use of problem-focused coping strategies, appear to be more likely to cope with day-to-day stressors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

[Characteristics of arterial blood pressure responses in the treadmill stress test in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder during the war in Sarajevo].

The health problems associated with PTSD include multiple physical symptoms and signs. It was observed that PTSD was often accompanied with cardiovascular problems. The aim of this study was to estimate the characteristics of arterial blood pressure response on stress exercise in PTSD patients who were forced to stay in a war zone of Sarajevo. This study was carried out in 1995, during the period of intensive war activities in Sarajevo. Exercise stress testing was performed on treadmill, under the Bruce protocol in age matched 9 male PTSD patients and 14 healthy young volunteers (age 18-23 years). Arterial blood pressure was obtained by the cuff method in rest, at the last minute of each exercise stage and four times in the recovery period (1, 3, 6 and 9 minutes). Our results did not confirm previous reports related to the resting values of arterial blood pressure in PTSD patients. In rest, there were no significant differences in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure between PTSD and control group. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased during exercise in both groups, especially at advanced exercise stages. Maximal mean SBP values were 222.00 +/- 24.80 mm Hg (control group), and 179.80 +/- mm Hg (PTSD). Exaggerated systolic blood pressure response (over 200 mm Hg) was observed only in the control group. This is probably due to physiological hyperreactive with enhanced sympathetic activity in response to stress caused by war. The luck of hyperreactive response in PTSD patients could be explained by diminished sympathetic influence on systolic blood pressure probably caused by psychoactive medication.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Acute stress disorder as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder in physical assault victims.

The authors' objective was to examine the ability of acute stress disorder (ASD) and other trauma-related factors in a group of physical assault victims in predicting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6 months later. Subjects included 214 victims of violence who completed a questionnaire 1 to 2 weeks after the assault, with 128 participating in the follow-up. Measures included the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, the Trauma Symptom Checklist, and the Crisis Support Scale. Twenty-two percent met the full PTSD diagnosis and 22% a subclinical PTSD diagnosis. Previous lifetime shock due to a traumatic event happening to someone close, threats during the assault, and dissociation explained 56% of PTSD variance. Inability to express feelings, hypervigilance, impairment, and hopelessness explained another 15% of PTSD variance. The dissociative, the reexperiencing, the avoidant, and the arousal criteria of the ASD diagnosis correctly classified 79% of the subsequent PTSD cases.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Acute stress reactions to everyday stressful life events among sexual abuse survivors with PTSD.

This study examined symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), which is often thought of as a precursor to PTSD, among 54 women who already had PTSD for childhood sexual abuse for which they were seeking treatment. We examined the prevalence of ASD symptoms as well as their relationships to trauma symptoms measured by the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40. The ASD diagnosis requires the occurrence of a traumatic life event as well as meeting specific symptoms criteria. We found that fourty-four percent of participants met all symptom criteria for ASD, but only three of these 24 participants described a traumatic life event. Moreover, ASD symptoms were significantly related to trauma symptom scores. These findings suggest that a significant proportion of women with PTSD for childhood sexual abuse may be highly symptomatic for everyday stressful events that would not be experienced as traumatizing to others. Thus, these individuals need assistance in coping with everyday life stressors that do not involve a serious threat or injury in addition to needing help to alleviate their trauma symptoms.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Characterization of the osmotic-stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: osmotic stress and glucose repression regulate glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase independently.

Micro-organisms have developed systems to adapt to sudden changes in the environment. Here we describe the response of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to osmotic stress. A drop in the water activity (aw) of the medium following the addition of NaCl led to an immediate shrinkage of the cells. During the 2 h following the osmotic shock the cells partially restored their cell volume. This process depended on active protein synthesis. During the recovery period the cells accumulated glycerol intracellularly as a compatible solute and very little glycerol was leaking out of the cell. We have investigated in more detail the enzymes of glycerol metabolism and found that only the cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was strongly induced. The level of induction was dependent on the yeast strain used and the degree of osmotic stress. The synthesis of cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is also regulated by glucose repression. Using mutants defective in glucose repression (hxk2 delta), or derepression (snf1 delta), and with invertase as a marker enzyme, we show that glucose repression and the osmotic-stress response system regulate glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis independently. We infer that specific control mechanisms sense the osmotic situation of the cell and induce responses such as the production and retention of glycerol.

Enzyme Induction↗

PubMed1989

The importance of chronicity and controllability of stress in the context of stress-illness relationships.

The primary purpose of the present study was to increase our understanding of the roles of chronicity and controllability in the measurement of stress within the context of stress-illness relationships. Controllability and chronicity were assessed directly using a modified version of the Everyday Problems Scale. In addition to this scale, measures of depression, psychosomatic symptoms, and social support were administered to 128 women and 100 men. The results indicated that, for both men and women, the number of stressors was the best single predictor of symptoms. However, for women, chronicity and controllability of the stressors accounted for a significant amount of the variance in health outcomes over and above that accounted for by the number of stressors endorsed; for men, the addition of neither chronicity nor controllability consistently increased the strength of the association. While available social support was not found to influence the stress-illness relationships, greater willingness to utilize social support was associated with lower levels of depression.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Mechanism of stress ulcer. Influence of alpha-adrenergic blockade on stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy metabolism.

In previous reports from this laboratory, it has been proposed that stress ulceration results from a severe gastric mucosal energy deficit due to shock-induced mucosal ischemia. In the experiments described in this report, the hypothesis was further tested by studying stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy metabolism in rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic shock with or without the concomitant administration of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Our data show that stress ulceration and gastric mucosal energy deficits are significantly less severe when shock is combined with alpha-adrenergic blockade.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Induction of marine mollusc stress proteins by chemical or physical stress.

The cellular stress responses of most organisms in part involve the induction of a class of proteins called heat shock or stress proteins (HSPs) as a result of damage to existing proteins. Cellular proteins can be damaged by chemical exposures known to induce various HSPs. In these experiments, we examine the HSP responses of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and abalone (Haliotis rufescens) tissues to both thermal and chemical exposures. HSP70 isoforms, HSP60, and HSP90 all show varying induction capabilities. The results demonstrate that the extent of stress exposure as both a time- and dose-dependent phenomena can be ascertained by examining changes in mollusc HSP protein levels. We also examined the relationship between HSP induction and levels of a mussel cytochrome P450 (CYP4Y1) mRNA in dose-response experiments with the products of biologically degraded weathered crude oil. The increases in HSP70 isoforms and HSP90 were correlated with decreases in CYP4Y1 expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. HSP responses may therefore be a valuable part of a suite of biomarkers in biomonitoring for hydrocarbon exposures in nearshore environments.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Multiple-stress tolerance of ionizing radiation-resistant bacterial isolates obtained from various habitats: correlation between stresses.

Isolation of five ionizing radiation (IR)-resistant bacteria by screening of isolates from various habitats classified as common and stressed is reported. IR-resistant isolates exhibited varying degrees of resistance to gamma-radiation and were classified as highly and moderately radiation resistant. Resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation correlated well with gamma-radiation resistance, whereas a comparable desiccation resistance for all the highly and moderately radiation-resistant isolates was observed. However, salt tolerance failed to correlate with IR resistance, indicating a divergent evolution of the salt tolerance and radiation resistance. Characterization of isolates by the amplified rDNA restriction analysis profiling attested to the clustering of these isolates with their stress phenotype. 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of the isolates showed that the bacteria with similar-resistance physiologies clustered together and belonged to related genera. Hydrogen peroxide resistance and mitomycin survival patterns of the isolates indicated the roles of oxidative-stress tolerance in desiccation survival and recombination repair in higher radiation resistance, respectively.

DNA, Bacterial↗

PubMed2004

A stress-inducible plasma membrane protein 3 (AcPMP3) in a monocotyledonous halophyte, Aneurolepidium chinense, regulates cellular Na(+) and K(+) accumulation under salt stress.

Regulation of ion homeostasis is fundamental to physiological activities in plants. Here, we report on the functional characterization of AcPMP3 [Aneurolepidium chinense (a monocotyledonous halophyte) plasma membrane protein 3] under salt stress. Expression of AcPMP3-1 and AcPMP3-2 genes was highly induced by various abiotic stresses, such as salt, cold and drought. Furthermore, abscisic acid, H(2)O(2) and salicylic acid also triggered expression of AcPMP3 genes. In the Deltanha1 Deltapmr2 Deltapmp3 yeast mutant, which lacks the major Na(+) efflux systems (Na(+)/H(+) antiporter and Na(+)-ATPase), its salt-sensitive phenotype was restored by expressing the AcPMP3-1 gene, and the transformants accumulated lesser amounts of Na(+) and K(+) than mutant cells under 50 mM NaCl and 500 mM KCl conditions, respectively. These results suggested that AcPMP3-1 plays a role as a regulator of both Na(+) and K(+) accumulation in the cells. In situ hybridization showed that the AcPMP3-1 transcript was localized in cells of the root cap and root epidermis, which strongly suggested that AcPMP3-1 is essential for regulating Na(+)/K(+) transportation between plant roots and the outer environment under salt stress.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Stress-induced expression of cyclophilins in proembryonic masses of Digitalis lanata does not protect against freezing/thawing stress.

Using proembryonic masses (PEMs) of Digitalis lanata Erh., it was demonstrated that cold, hormonal or osmotic stress, which increased freezing tolerance during cryopreservation, induced an increasing level of two peptidyl-prolyl-cis/transisomerases (PPIases). The difference in pI (9.2 +/- 0.2 and 9.5 +/- 0.2, +/- SD; n = 3) allowed the separation of the two enzymes by free-flow isoelectrophoresis. Both were inhibited by cyclosporin A and thus belong to the cyclophilin family of PPIases. The enzymes differed slightly in their substrate specificity and their relative molecular masses of 18038 +/- 4 Da (D. lanataCyp18.0) and 18132 +/- 3 Da (D. lanataCyp18.1). Both cyclophilins were blocked N-terminally. Partial internal amino acid sequences from the two cyclophilins, with a length of 34 amino acids, displayed 82% sequence identity to each other. Pretreatment of PEMs with abscisic acid, sorbitol or a combination of both substances led to a 270 +/- 30% elevation of the total cytosolic cyclophilin concentration determined with a cyclophylin affinity sensor. During the first 4 d of pretreatment, the total PPIase activity was enhanced up to 230 +/- SD% compared with the control culture. The lag phase between maximal PPIase concentration after 4 d of pretreatment and maximal effect of freezing tolerance after 10 d of pretreatment indicated that increasing levels of cytosolic PPIases may be necessary to overcome the stress induced by hormones and osmotica during pretreatment but not to protect against freezing/thawing stress.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

Multiple biomarker comparison in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Greece coast: "lysosomal membrane stability, neutral red retention, micronucleus frequency and stress on stress".

The lysosomal membrane stability test applied on the digestive cells (LMS) and the neutral red lysosomal retention assay (NRR) performed on hemocytes have been evaluated on mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from Thermaikos and Strymonikos gulfs (Nothern Greece) in June and December 2000. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a strong positive relationship between the above mentioned biomarkers in both sampling seasons, supporting the validity of their application in water quality assessment. The evaluation of micronucleus frequency (MN) has been also performed in hemocytes of the same mussels and, according to the results, it requires additional validation before using it as a stress index. The results obtained in parallel by the stress on stress (SOS) technique do not support the application of this biomarker in biomonitoring, showing, however, negative correlation with LMS and NRR in one sampling season. Finally, morphological observations were performed on cryosections stained for the enzyme N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase, revealing differences in the epithelial cell-layer thickness, as well as changes in the digestive lysosomal system of mussels, obtained from different sampling sites in the two sampling seasons.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Estimation of heat stress in Tanzania by using ISO heat stress indices.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the ISO heat stress standards in estimating the heat stress and strain in workplaces in Tanzania. Another aim was to select and to develop simplified methods for measuring physiological parameters in developing countries. The methods were tested in four hot factories and at a construction site. It seems that in tropical working environments the climatic conditions for which the ISO 7933 standard is applicable are too narrow. For instance, the mean skin temperature was incorrectly estimated by ISO 7933. An approximate analysis of the working situation can nevertheless be carried out by assuming the mean skin temperature to be 34.5 degrees C. During the study, heat stress and strain were not as high as expected; deep body temperatures were usually lower than 38 degrees C, sweat rates lower than 400 g/h and heart rates below 100 beats/min for about 72% of the measuring time. This is due to the job rotation of the workers and the long rest periods, because the number of workers is large in the factories, and the weather was not at its hottest during the survey.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Nicotinamide, a missing link in the early stress response in eukaryotic cells: a hypothesis with special reference to oxidative stress in plants.

A hypothesis is presented suggesting that nicotinamide (NIC) is an initial signal substance in the response of eukaryotic cells to conditions which cause DNA-strand breakage, especially in connection with oxidative stress. In the stressed cell, NIC is released as a result of the activity of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PADPRP). PADPRP is known to be activated by DNA-strand breakage, caused by e.g. oxidative stress or mutagens. NIC and its metabolite trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) can induce defensive metabolism at the gene level. Connections between NIC and DNA-methylation are also considered. This hypothesis is discussed in the light of own observations and literature reports.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed1988

The effects of Sarcocystis miescheriana infections on blood enzymes and weight gain of stress-sensitive and stress-insensitive pigs.

The effects of mild Sarcocystis miescheriana infection on blood enzymes and body weight were compared in stress-sensitive (halothane positive) and in stress-insensitive (halothane negative) pigs. Ten halothane-positive pigs (Group A) and ten halothane-negative pigs (Group C) with a mean body weight of 36 kg were each inoculated orally with 50,000 sporocysts of S. miescheriana. Twelve halothane-positive pigs (Group B) and ten halothane-negative pigs (Group D) served as non-infected controls. Five days before infection (a.i.) and 58 days post infection (p.i.) all pigs were myostress challenged (creatine kinase test). During the whole period of the experiment (3 weeks a.i. to 13 weeks p.i.) body weights were determined and blood samples taken at weekly intervals. Creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and Sarcocystis antibody titres were determined. The infection induced slightly elevated temperatures (max. 42.8 degrees C) and transient reduced food intake during the 2nd and 3rd week p.i. The CK values of the infected pigs in Groups A and C increased from Day 28 p.i. onwards, and were significantly higher than those of the pigs of the non-infected controls (Days 35-77 p.i.). The ASAT values of the infected groups (A and C) increased from Day 21 p.i. onwards, and were significantly higher than those of the non-infected controls from Days 28-77 p.i. The myostress injection at 5 days a.i. (1st CK test) resulted in significantly higher CK and ASAT values in stress-sensitive pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2005

O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase activity in Phragmites and Typha plants under cadmium and NaCl stress conditions and the involvement of ABA in the stress response.

The roles of O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OASTL, EC 4.2.99.8) and abscisic (ABA) acid in stress responses to NaCl and cadmium treatments were investigated in Typha latifolia L. and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel plants. OASTL activity increased under stress (25-300 microM Cd, 100mM NaCl, 1 microM ABA) in both Typha and Phragmites mainly in roots, contributing substantially to satisfy the higher demand of cysteine for adaptation and protection. The earliest significant responses in intact roots were recorded after 12-24 h of Cd treatments, but different levels of stimulation were also observed after 3 and 7 days of exposure. The OASTL activity responses of Phragmites to salinity (100mM NaCl) were higher than those of Typha. Cysteine synthesis in Typha is much higher than in Phragmites, which supports the efficiency of the thiol-metabolism-based protection shown in Typha. Exogenous ABA increased OASTL activity in both species. Cd treatments led to increased ABA levels in roots. Phragmites showed higher ABA levels compared to Typha. The increase of ABA content indicates the involvement of this phytohormone in early stress responses, while the stimulation of OASTL following the ABA application suggests that ABA has a role in an OASTL activation pathway.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2006

The stress-activated Hog1 kinase is a selective transcriptional elongation factor for genes responding to osmotic stress.

Regulation of gene expression by stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) is essential for cell adaptation to extracellular stimuli. Exposure of yeast to high osmolarity results in activation of the SAPK Hog1, which associates with transcription factors bound at target promoters and stimulates transcriptional initiation. Unexpectedly, activated Hog1 also associates with elongating Pol II and components of the elongation complex. Hog1 is selectively recruited to the entire coding region of osmotic stress genes, but not to constitutively expressed genes. Selective association of Hog1 with the transcribed region of osmoresponsive genes is determined by the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR). Lastly, Hog1 is important for the amount of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) elongation complex and of mRNA produced from genes containing osmoresponsive coding regions. Thus, in addition to its various functions during transcriptional initiation, Hog1 behaves as a transcriptional elongation factor that is selective for genes induced upon osmotic stress.

3' Untranslated Regions↗