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PubMed2003

Shoulder impact response and injury due to lateral and oblique loading.

Little is known about the response of the shoulder complex due to lateral and oblique loading. Increasing this knowledge of shoulder response due to these types of loading could aid in improving the biofidelity of the shoulder mechanisms of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs). The first objective of this study was to define force versus deflection corridors for the shoulder corresponding to both lateral and oblique loading. A second focus of the shoulder research was to study the differences in potential injury between oblique and lateral loading. These objectives were carried out by combining previously published lateral impact data from 24 tests along with 14 additional recently completed lateral and oblique tests. The newly completed tests utilized a pneumatic ram to impact the shoulder of approximately fiftieth percentile sized cadavers at the level of the glenohumeral joint with a constant speed of approximately 4.4 m/sec. Of the 14 tests, four of them were conducted lateral to the shoulder along the subject's y-axis, four of them were conducted 15 anterior to this axis, and six were conducted 30 anterior to the subject's y-axis. As in the previous testing, the first thoracic vertebrae and both shoulders of the subject were instrumented with tri-axial linear accelerometers on the sternum, clavicle, acromion process, and inferior angle of the scapula. The impacting mass was instrumented with an accelerometer and displacement transducer. In addition to this instrumentation, the tests were documented by high-speed digital imagery. Radiographs (x-rays), magnetic resonance images (MRIs), and autopsies were used to document injury to the subjects. The results from the tests revealed differences between the stiffness of the shoulder when loaded laterally to that when it is loaded obliquely. The shoulder was found to deflect twice as much medially when loaded obliquely then when it is loaded laterally. This can be attributed to the ability of the scapula to slide posteriorly around the thoracic cage. The ability of the shoulder to displace medially while simultaneously deflecting posteriorly in oblique impact is important to replicate in the ATDs because it results in the load being transmitted to the upper thoracic cage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Shoulder injury and response due to lateral glenohumeral joint impact: an analysis of combined data.

To date, several lateral impact studies (Bolte et al., 2000, 2003, Marth, 2002 and Compigne et al., 2004) have been performed on the shoulder to determine the response characteristics and injury threshold of the shoulder complex. Our understanding of the biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the shoulder would be improved if the results of these tests were combined. From a larger data base shoulder injury tolerance criteria can be developed as well as corridors for side impact dummies. Data from the study by Marth (2002, 12 tests) was combined with data from the previous studies. Twenty-two low speed tests (4.5 +/- 0.7 m/s) and 9 high speed tests (6.7 +/- 0.7 m/s) were selected from the combined data for developing corridors. Shoulder force, deflection and T1y acceleration corridors were developed using a minimization of cumulative variance technique. The reduction in impact speed and the addition of padding reduced the magnitude and increased the time to peak of shoulder forces and T1y accelerations. Logistic analyses were performed on the combined data sets to determine the best predictors of MAIS-2 shoulder injuries. Maximum normalized shoulder deflection and Cmax had p values of 0.0000 and were the best predictors of shoulder injuries. For the 50(th)-percentile male, a shoulder deflection of 40 mm and a Cmax of 20% corresponded to a 50 % risk of MAIS-2 shoulder injury. In linear regression analysis, maximum normalized medial scapula X acceleration and maximum normalized sternum X acceleration were best related with the shoulder deflection and confirmed the forward movement of the sternum and rearward movement of the scapula.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of war injuries of the shoulder with external fixators.

In this retrospective study, 18 patients with war injuries of the shoulder were reviewed to evaluate the technical problems associated with external fixation and to analyze the incidence of infection and late functional results. The average patient age was 28.5 years. All patients were male. Thirteen patients had explosive wounds, whereas five wounds were caused by gunshot missiles. All injuries were extensive in terms of bone and soft tissue defects. Six patients presented with complex injuries involving neurovascular structures. Sixteen patients were treated with external fixation. Application of the proximal pins of the external fixator through the humeral head was possible in eight patients, the scapula served as the site of proximal fixation in four patients, only the clavicle was available for placement of pins in two patients, and both the scapula and the clavicle had to be pinned to achieve proximal stabilization in two patients. In two patients, fixation was not possible and early amputation was performed. Infection was eventually eradicated in all patients, allowing for adequate soft tissue coverage of the wounds. Analysis of functional results at an average of 6 years after the injury showed a considerable degree of functional deficit in most patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Results of transfer of the pectoralis major tendon to treat paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle.

BACKGROUND: Paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle can be functionally disabling. As a result of the scapular winging associated with such paralysis, the scapula does not remain apposed to the thorax when the upper extremity is elevated forward at the shoulder. This produces functional disability associated with pain and loss of a stable base for movement of the upper extremity. METHODS: We reviewed the results of transfer of the pectoralis major tendon with the addition of a fascial graft in sixteen patients who had paralysis of the serratus anterior. The average age of the patients at the time of the operation was thirty-three years (range, twenty to fifty-five years). Electrodiagnostic studies confirmed the presence of an isolated injury of the long thoracic nerve. The index operation was performed sixteen months to eleven years after the onset of pain and weakness. The etiology of the paralysis was idiopathic in two patients, traumatic in seven, and secondary to operative intervention in seven. All patients had pain in the shoulder on the side of the paralysis. RESULTS: The result was excellent for eight patients, good for five, and fair for one at an average of four years and three months (range, two years and one month to nine years) postoperatively. There were two failures, both of which occurred after a traumatic event. Of the fourteen patients in whom the procedure did not fail, eight were asymptomatic and had normal function, five had intermittent mild discomfort, and one had frequent mild pain without any winging of the scapula. The average Constant and Murley score for the fourteen patients in whom the procedure did not fail increased from 36 points preoperatively to 92 points postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The index procedure successfully alleviated the functional disability caused by paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Radiodermatitis after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: 4 cases].

BACKGROUND: Radiodermatitis following invasive radiographic procedures has been reported recently in the literature, mainly after cardiac catheterization. Only two publications are related to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), a recently introduced angiographic technique for achieving portal decompression. CASE REPORTS: We report four cases of radiodermatitis following a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. A 63-year-old woman developed in 1997 a chronic radiodermatitis under the right scapula; a shunt was placed in 1992; from 1992 to 1997, she had a second transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and thereafter four dilatations. A 50-year-old man developed in 1994 a radio-induced ulceration in the same area, one week after a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; the same year the shunt was expanded. The patient had a second transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in 1995; at that time, the cutaneous lesions evolved into chronic radiodermatitis. In 1995 a 67-year-old man developed chronic radiodermatitis under the right scapula; a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt was placed in 1992; endoprosthesis was dilated four times from 1992 to 1995. A 82-year-old women developed in 1993 an ulcerated radiodermatitis, five days after a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. DISCUSSION: The major advantage of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is the ability to provide portosystemic decompression without major surgery. However, radiation exposure during the procedure is sometimes very high. Otherwise the prosthesis is readily blocked up; this side-effect requires repeated angiographic dilatations. The procedures were very long by all our patients. This explains the high absorbed radiation doses. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and cardiac catheterization are not the only procedures at risk. A lot of invasive radiographic techniques can result in high radiation exposure and hence radiodermatitis.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Thermographical investigation of decubitus ulcers.

1. Posterior body reference thermograms indicate that in general a similar thermal body pattern of humans does exist. 2. The buttocks, hips, and thighs of a nude subject are thermally cool regions, possibly indicating poor vascular circulation and/or large fat concentrations. 3. Thermograms of the same anatomical area on the same subject under controlled environmental conditions are thermally similar. 4. The scapular region is from 1 to 2 deg F hotter than the sacral region for subjects reclining on Mylar. 5. The 1 deg temperature differential thermograms and the reference thermogram while the subject is on Mylar, in many ways, denote the geometrical shape of the underlying bone structure, especially the bones of the scapulae and sacrum. 6. On the degree temperatue differential thermograms, the anatomical regions most accused of being decubitus ulcer prone are the regions of highest temperatures: the scapulae, sacrum, elbows, and calves. 7. During reactive hyperemia, the visible red flare over the sacrum and coccyx becomes very intense in the first few minutes and then gradually diminishes. The thermal flare persists longer than the visible flare. The extended duration of the thermal flare over the visible red flare is attributed to a continued local elevated metabolic tissue rate caused by the previous engorgement of blood. 8. The thermal mottling seen in the first minute after releasing the load is believed to have been caused by the rapid infusion of blood and the dilation of affected vessels responsible for making up the blood flow debt which occurred during the period of ischemia. 9. A posterior body heating effect noticed immediately after the subject left the Mylar film has been attributed to the insulative qualities of the film. The cooling effect is more difficult to explain, but it is thought that the higher than average room temperature caused an increased evaporative cooling rate response of the two subjects either before getting off the film or immediately after getting off and therefore reduced the temperature of the skin. 10. The maximum reactive hyperemic temperature difference, the difference between the initial standing reference thermogram and the maximum flare temperature observed during tissue hyperemia, may be as high as 12 deg F. 11. Males on the average have larger flare patterns than females, 5.7 in.2 and 4.7 in.2, respectively. The flare areas were computed from thermograms taken 2 to 3 minutes after off-loading of tissue. 12. With the average distance from the buttock's fold to the highest and lowest thermal flare indication being lower for females (3.2 and 5.9) than for males (3.8 and 6.4), a relationship between the site or decubitus ulcer formation and the pelvic bone structure of the sexes may well exist. 13. No two thermal flare patterns are similar either in size or in shape. Thermal flare patterns occur along the centerline of the body at the sacrum and coccyx level. 14...

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shoulder deformities in obstetric brachial plexus paralysis: a computed tomography study.

Obstetric brachial plexus palsy invariably involves the upper roots. If left untreated, characteristic deformities of the shoulder are common sequelae. The most objective way to investigate these shoulder deformities is computed tomographic (CT) scanning of bilateral upper limbs. In this study, specific measurements on CT scans of bilateral upper extremities were performed in a population of patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy before and after reconstruction (nerve repairs and secondary procedures). The measurements showed that the restoration of external rotation and the scapula stabilization procedure correct the inclination of the humeral head, improve the joint congruency significantly, and decrease the winging of the scapula, thus improving the kinetics of the shoulder. Periodic CT measurement is an objective method of measuring the changes at the shoulder joint that occur over time during the natural evolution of the obstetric brachial plexus palsy lesion and of documenting the benefits of microsurgical intervention.

Brachial Plexus↗
PubMed1989

Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene Diepoxide (CAS No. 106-87-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Dermal Studies).

4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide is used a chemical intermediate and as a reactive diluent for diepoxides and epoxy resins. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide (97% pure) in acetone by dermal application to individually housed F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 14 days, 13 weeks, 15 months, and 2 years. Additional studies included evaluation of immune function after a 5-day dermal exposure and evaluation of the oral toxicity of 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide in 16-day and 13-week corn oil gavage studies. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Fourteen-Day Dermal Studies: In the 14-day studies, all rats that received 924 mg/kg or higher (equivalent to 139 mg/rat or higher for males and 112 mg/rat of higher for females) died before the end of the studies. Final mean body weights were lower than those of vehicle controls in males receiving 68 mg/rat and in females receiving 57 mg/rat. Excoriations on the skin at the application site were observed in the groups receiving 57 mg/rat or more. Males receiving 139 mg/rat and females receiving 112 mg/rat had congestion and/or hypoplasia of the bone marrow; most had acute nephrosis. Skin lesions, including epidermal necrosis and ulceration, epidermal hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis, were found in the 139 and 112 mg/rat group; similar lesions of lesser severity were seen in the two lowest dose groups of each sex. All mice that received 1,787 mg/kg (equivalent to 43/mouse for males and 37 mg/mouse for females) and 3/5 male mice and 5/5 female mice that received 889 mg/kg (equivalent to 19-21 mg/mouse) died before the end of the 14-day dermal studies. Final mean body weights of exposed and vehicle control mice were generally similar. Lesions of the skin at the site of application were seen in 4/5 males and 4/5 females receiving 5 mg/mouse and all mice receiving 10 and 21 (males) or 19 (females) mg/mouse and included epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and ulceration. Thirteen-Week Studies: In the 13-week dermal studies, all rats survived to the end of the studies (doses up to 60 mg/rat). The final mean body weights of the 60 mg/rat groups were 9%-14% lower than those of the vehicle controls. Compound-related clinical signs in the 60 mg/rat groups observed during the second half of the studies included redness, scabs, and ulceration at the application site and burrowing behavior after dermal application. Hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands and acanthosis (hyperplasia) and hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium were seen at the site of application. In mice, no compound-related deaths occurred after applications of up to 10 mg/mouse in 13-week dermal studies, and final mean body weights of exposed and vehicle control mice were similar. Relative liver and kidney weights increased with dose. Compound-related lesions of the skin included sebaceous gland hyperplasia and acanthosis (hyperplasia) and hyperkeratosis of the stratified squamous epithelium at the site of application; ovarian atrophy was also considered to be compound related. In the 13-week oral studies, the major target organ of toxicity in rats and mice was the forestomach, as indicated by hyperkeratosis and hyperplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium. In female mice, ovarian atrophy was seen in 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide-dosed groups. Two-year studies were conducted by administering 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide in acetone by dermal application, 5 days per week for 105 weeks to groups of 60 rats of each sex at 0, 15, or 30 mg/animal. Groups of 60 mice of each sex were administered 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/animal on the same schedule for 103 weeks. None of the doses selected had produced ulceration of skin in 13-week studies. Ten animals from each group were killed and examined during month 15 for toxicologic evaluation. Immune Function Studies: The immunotoxic effects of 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide were studied in male B6C3F1 mice in male B6C3F1 mice after a 5-day dermal exposure at doses ranging from 2.5 to 10 mg/mouse per day. 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide was immunosuppressive at 10 mg/mouse and, to a lesser extent, at 5 mg/mouse, as indicated by a decrease in peripheral lymphocytes and the in vitro lymphoproliferative response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A in the high dose group and suppression of the antibody plaque-forming-cell response in the 5 and 10 mg/mouse groups. Fifteen-Month Evaluation: Two of 10 male rats that received 30 mg had a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin at or adjacent to the site of application. Acanthosis was seen in exposed rats (mild severity at 30 mg/rat and minimal severity at 15 mg/rat); hyperkeratosis was observed for rats in the 30 mg/rat groups. Compound-related nonneoplastic skin lesions in mice included acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and sebaceous gland hyperplasia/hypertrophy. Squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas were seen in mice that received 5 or 10 mg/mouse; none was seen in vehicle control or low dose groups (papillomas--male: mid dose, 1/10; high dose, 2/10; female: 1/10; 1/10; carcinomas-- male: 2/10; 8/10; female: 2/10; 5/10). One vehicle control and all exposed female mice had atrophy of the ovary. Hyperplasia of the ovarian surface epithelium was seen in 8/10 females receiving 5 mg/mouse and 9/9 females receiving 10 mg/mouse. Two of nine females receiving 10 mg/mouse had granulosa cell tumors of the ovary, and 1/9 females receiving 10 mg/mouse had an ovarian papillary cystadenoma. Body Weights and Survival in the Two-Year Studies: In general, the body weights and survival were lower in mid and high dose groups than in vehicle controls. The survival was lower in exposed groups, primarily because of neoplasms (survival at week 105--male rats: vehicle control, 7/50; low dose, 8/50; high dose, 4/50; female rats: 27/50; 23/50; 15/50; male mice: vehicle control, 38/50; low dose, 35/50; mid dose, 4/50; high dose, 0/50; female mice: 30/50; 31/50; 15/50; 0/50). All high dose male mice died by week 83; the 10 surviving high dose female mice were killed during week 85. Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the Two-Year Studies: Acanthosis and sebaceous gland hypertrophy of skin from the scapula or back were observed at substantially increased incidences in exposed male and female rats. Squamous cell papillomas in male rats and squamous cell carcinomas in male and female rats were observed only in exposed rats (squamous cell carcinomas--male: vehicle control, 0/50; low dose, 33/50; high dose, 36/50; female: 0/50; 16/50; 34/50). The incidences of basal cell adenomas or carcinomas (combined) were increased (male: 0/50; 1/50; 6/50; female: 0/50; 3/50; 4/50). For exposed mice, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and necrotizing inflammation of the skin were observed over the scapula or back. Squamous cell carcinomas were found only in exposed mice (male: vehicle control, 0/50; low dose, 14/50; mid dose, 39/50; high dose, 42/50; female: 0/50; 6/50; 37/50; 41/50). Follicular atrophy and tubular hyperplasia of the ovary in female mice were increased (atrophy: 12/50; 43/49; 47/50; tubular hyperplasia: 5/50; 35/49; 38/49; 34/50). Mid and high dose females had benign or malignant granulosa cell tumors (0/50; 0/49; 7/49; 12/50) and benign mixed tumors (0/50; 0/49; 11/49; 6/50). The combined incidences of luteomas, granulosa cell tumors, benign mixed tumors, or malignant granulosa cell tumors in mid and high dose female mice were increased (1/50; 0/49; 17/49; 18/50). The incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas (combined) in exposed female mice were marginally increased (4/50; 9/50; 11/50; 7/50). Genetic Toxicology: 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide was mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, and TA1535 with and without exogenous metabolic activation; the compound was equivocally mutagenic in strain TA1537 without S9 but gave a positive response in the presence of activation. 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide induced resistance to trifluorothymidine in mouse L5178Y/TK cells without exogenous metabolic activation; it was not tested with activation. 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide induced sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells in the presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide for male and female F344/N rats, as shown by squamous cell and basal cell neoplasms of the skin. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide for male and female B6C3F1 mice, as shown by squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in males and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and ovarian neoplasms in females; increased incidences of lung neoplasms in females may also have been related to chemical application. Synonyms: 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide; 4-vinyl-1,2-cyclohexene diepoxide; 1-vinyl-3-cyclohexene diepoxide; 4-vinylcyclohexene dioxide; 1,2-epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl) cyclohexane; 1-epoxyethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Experimental structural scoliosis in rabbits.

Structural scoliosis was produced by purely posterolateral mechanical tethering of the spine with ligation of the scapula to the opposite pelvic bone in rabbits during the growing period. It is a simple and easy method without direct trauma to the spine. When the tethering force occurred discontinuously or only in the coronal plane by drawing of the scapula to the ipsilateral pelvic bone in 17 rabbits, spinal deformity could not be produced. The model provided evidence of biplanar deformity as one of the initial factors for the development of structural scoliosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of reflex-segmental massage on central hemodynamics in healthy people].

Bioimpedance tetrapolar rheopolygraphy was made in 18-22-year-old athletes in lying position and active orthostasis using computer technology Kentavr PRS (Microlux). The study group of 40 men received a 10-day course of massage including classic massage of the spine and neck, reflex-segmental massage of the left scapula, region between the left scapula and the vertebral column, left great chest muscle and sites of left attachment of the ribs to the chest. The examinations were made before the massage and after it. The results demonstrate an optimizing effect of reflex-segmental massage technologies on central hemodynamics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Diagnosis and treatment of deltoid contracture in children].

OBJECTIVE: To reinforce the recognization of deltoid contracture in children and probe its causes, pathomechanism, diagnosis and treatments. METHODS: The Clinical data were summarized and analysed, including etiological factors, clinical situations, examinations and treatments from 9 child patients with deltoid contracture from 1992 to 2004. The 9 child patients were followed up to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS: Nine child patients with deltoid contracture included 4 boys and 5 girls, who aged from 5 to 14 years. The main clinical features were presented as abductive deformity, limitation of adduction of the shoulder, winging of the scapula, and dimpling of the skin with a palpable fibrous hard band in deltoid muscle. Four cases had a history of intramuscular injections in deltoid and 1 case was accompanied with bilateral gluteul contracture. Among the 9 patients, 8 cases were misdiagnosed before correct diagnosis and treatment. The misdiagnosis rate was up to 90%. All the cases received the operative treatments to release fibrous bands and were followed up for 8 months to 12 years. Abductive deformity disappeared and functions of the shoulders recovered in all patients, except 1 patient who had a lightly winged scapula. CONCLUSION: Deltoid contracture may be caused by multiple factors, but its clinical features are conductive to correct diagnosis and excellent therapeutic efficacy can be acquired by operation early.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Posterior shoulder dislocation. An often overlooked injury].

Posterior dislocation of the shoulder is rare. Only 2% of dislocated shoulders are displaced posteriorly, and these are chiefly of the subacromial type. Over 60% of the cases are not diagnosed initially because the arm is held in the normal position of adduction and internal rotation. The most consistent findings on physical examination are: the fixed internal rotation of the arm and the characteristic movement of the scapula with abduction of the upper extremity. It is essential that appropriate radiographs are obtained to correctly diagnose the dislocation. While the routine anteroposterior shoulder film is often enough to diagnose various anterior dislocations, it is not sufficient to diagnose the subacromial type of posterior dislocation. We recommend an anteroposterior view and an axillary lateral or tangential scapula view.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Secretory immune responses in mouse vaginal fluid after pelvic, parenteral or vaginal immunization.

Intravaginal immunization causes IgA responses in vaginal fluid, but so far lymphoid nodules in mouse vaginal mucosa have not been detected. The present study was therefore designed to test the hypothesis that IgA responses in the female reproductive tract may be generated in the regional iliac lymph nodes. Two, non-mucosal sites were identified in the female mouse pelvis, the subserous and presacral spaces, from which lymph drains mainly to the iliac nodes. Immunization at these pelvic sites with horse ferritin adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide (AH) caused much higher IgA and IgG titres in vaginal fluid than intravaginal immunization; moreover, the pelvic immunizations caused significantly higher and better sustained IgA titres in vaginal fluid than subcutaneous immunization near the scapulae or in the perineum, while IgG titres in vaginal fluid were similar in these groups. Additional mice were immunized with ferritin subcutaneously near the scapulae or in the presacral pelvic space using dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), AH plus muramyl dipeptide, or the Ribi adjuvant system as adjuvants. Pelvic immunization caused higher IgA titres in vaginal fluid than subcutaneous immunization in each case. The IgA response stimulated by DDA was similar to that produced by AH but higher than the responses caused by the other two adjuvants, while IgG titres were similar with all four adjuvants in both sites. The results suggest that non-mucosal, pelvic immunization is particularly effective in stimulating IgA responses in the female reproductive tract. The observation is consistent with the possibility that the iliac lymph nodes may play a role in the development of IgA responses in the reproductive tract.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1977

An animal model for human osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcomas formed in antilymphocyte serum (ALS)-treated hamsters when 2x10(6) TE-85 human osteosarcoma cells (maintained in tissue culture) infected with M-MSV (RD-114) virus were injected adjacent to the femur or the scapula; undifferentiated sarcomas formed when 1 x 10(6) cells were injected subcutaneously. Tumors were palpable 10 to 14 days after the cells were injected and grew progressively until the animals died (mean survival time was 30 days). All animals had pulmonary metastases. Neither the subcutaneous sarcomas nor the metastases contained bone or osteoid; however, the osteosarcomas adjacent ot the femur and scapula contained collagen, osteoid and calcified bone when observed by light and electron microscopy. These results indicate that the TE-85-M-MSV cell-ALS hamster system is an animal model for the study of osteosarcomas of human cell origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Activity levels during isometric test contractions of neck and shoulder muscles.

In order to analyse isometric muscle test contractions in the neck and shoulder region, an electromyographic (EMG) study of ten healthy females was undertaken. A series of 13 standardized isometric contractions with manual resistance was performed in the sitting position. Rectified time-averaged EMG was recorded, using surface electrodes. All tests activated all muscles studied to some extent and at various levels, but four different patterns of activation could be identified. Maximum level of activity was obtained: 1) in the cervical erector spinae muscles during neck extension, 2) in the splenius and levator scapulae muscles during lateral flexion of the cervical spine, 3) in the trapezius, pars descendens muscle during abduction of the arm in the plane of the scapula, 4) in the thoracic erector spinae/rhomboids muscles during shoulder elevation or scapular retraction/elevation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Surgical treatment for bone and soft tissue sarcomas of the shoulder part].

Since 1977 we have treated 18 bone sarcomas and 16 soft tissue sarcomas of the shoulder part. For 10 bone sarcomas of the proximal humerus, four fore-quarter amputations, two curative wide resections, and four wide excisions were performed as radical operations. The reconstructive procedures after the six resections were two spacer insertions, one total shoulder replacement, and three arthrodeses with autografts. Considering the functional result, the arthrodesis is the most-recommended method. For eight bone sarcomas of the scapula, three total resections and four partial resections of the scapula, and one debulking operation were performed. For 16 soft tissue sarcomas, we performed two ablative operations, three curative wide resections, five wide excisions, and six conservative operations after adjunctive chemo-and/or radiotherapy. Among all 34 bone and soft tissue sarcomas, the success rate for limb salvage was 74%, while the recurrence rate was 18%. The functional result of the limb salvage operations was far better than that of ablative operations of the shoulder part. In fact the rate of satisfactory ADL (excellent and good) was 81% among the limb salvage cases, while for ablative operations, the ADL ratings were all poor.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

Supine interface pressure in children.

The effectiveness of using 2-inch and 4-inch convoluted foam overlays to protect children from developing pressure sores was investigated in 13 healthy children ranging in age from ten weeks to 13.5 years. Interface pressures were measured under the occipital, sacral, and scapular areas of children as they lay on a standard mattress, then on 2-inch and 4-inch foam overlays. The differences in pressures between the occiput and scapula, occiput and sacrum, and scapula and sacrum were significant (p less than .001), with the highest pressures recorded under the occipital area. Occipital pressures decreased from 45.7mmHg on the standard mattress to 22.3mmHg on the 4-inch overlay in ages 0 to 2, 54.3mmHg to 30.5mmHg in ages 2 to 10, and 78.0mmHg to 42.4mmHg in ages 10 to 14. Sacral pressures were highest in older and larger children, increasing from 17mm Hg in ages 0 to 2 to 34mmHg in ages 10 to 14, and when body surface area was greater than 1m2. These results indicate that the site of greatest pressure changes with increasing age from the occipital area to the sacral area. Therefore, different pressure relief considerations are necessary in treating pediatric patients than in managing pressure under adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Anatomic and radiologic observations of the clavicle of adult dogs.

In an anatomic and radiologic study of the clavicle of 50 adult dogs of 10 breeds, the clavicle had ossified in 96% of the dogs. The clavicles studied had various shapes, and each clavicle was attached to the caudomedial part of the clavicular intersection of the brachiocephalic muscle, to the mastoid part of the cleidocephalic muscle, and to 4 radiating bands of connective tissue fasciculi. One band was attached to the caudal border of the scapula and fascia deep to the latissimus dorsi muscle, 1 was attached to the manubrium of the sternum, and 1 each was attached to the epimysia of the superficial pectoral and sternocephalic muscles. We concluded that, during movements of the thoracic limb, the clavicle and the 4 fasciculated connective tissue bands associated with it stabilize the position of the brachiocephalic muscle with relation to the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus. Also, the fasciculated band attached to the caudal border of the scapula provides protection for nerves from the brachial plexus and axillary blood vessels that supply the thoracic limb.

Animals↗