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PubMed1987

Electrocardiographic changes during and after isoflurane-induced hypotension for neurovascular surgery.

We evaluated the effects of isoflurane anaesthesia and induced hypotension in 33 neurosurgical patients by electrocardiographic monitoring and serial cardiac enzyme measurements. An electrocardiogram (ECG) and serum enzymes were obtained preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively in the recovery room and for three consecutive days. ECG leads II, V1 and V5 were monitored continuously during anaesthesia. Patients who had had a subarachnoid haemorrhage and a high incidence of abnormal preoperative ECG (42 per cent). Ten patients developed ECG changes intraoperatively, but these changes were unrelated to isoflurane-induced hypotension. Fifty-three per cent of patients developed an abnormal postoperative ECG. These abnormalities consisted mostly of nonspecific ST segment or T wave changes. At no time was there an elevation in cardiac enzyme activity. We found that nonspecific ECG changes are relatively common in patients undergoing vascular neurosurgical procedures. There was no enzymatic evidence of myocardial infarction and we can only speculate that these ECG changes are related to intracranial surgical manipulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Patient-controlled analgesia following caesarean section under general anaesthesia: a comparison of fentanyl with morphine.

This prospective, randomised, double-blind study compared PCA fentanyl with PCA morphine for post-Caesarean section analgesia. Following a standardised general anaesthetic, 37 women were allocated to receive either fentanyl (n = 18) or morphine (n = 19). The PCA was commenced after the women had been made comfortable in the postanaesthetic recovery room with the appropriate opioid solution (mean dose required = fentanyl 375 micrograms or morphine 16 mg). Initial PCA settings were bolus 1 ml (fentanyl 25 micrograms or morphine 1 mg), lockout time ten minutes, and no background infusion. Both analgesic solutions provided effective analgesia for a mean of 37 hr with high levels of patient satisfaction, and there were no differences in VAS scores for pain and patient satisfaction, or for side effects (nausea, itch, and sleepiness) between fentanyl or morphine. However, more patients in the fentanyl group required supplementary boluses or alterations to the PCA settings (13/18 vs 4/19: P = 0.005), and one patient was removed from the study due to inadequate analgesia. We conclude that fentanyl is not recommended for routine PCA use following Caesarean section.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cyclosporine-pancuronium interaction in a patient with a renal allograft.

A case is described of a 54-year-old 55 kg patient who presented for clipping of a middle cerebral aneurysm two years after a successful renal allograft. Immunosuppression was maintained with azathioprine 100 mg daily, cyclosporine 300 mg daily and prednisone 10 mg daily. The patient had chronic hypertension controlled with nifedipine 40 mg daily and furosemide 20 mg daily. The cyclosporine level taken on the morning of surgery was 166 micrograms.L-1. Induction of anaesthesia consisted of fentanyl 350 micrograms, thiopentone 125 mg and pancuronium 5.5 mg. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide 70 per cent in oxygen and isoflurane 0.5-1.5 per cent. No additional doses of pancuronium were given during the four hour surgical procedure. At the end of surgery, four twitches were present with train-of-four stimulation, but evidence of residual muscle paralysis was present. Residual neuromuscular blockade was reversed with atropine 1.2 mg and neostigmine 2.5 mg. Residual paralysis was present in the Recovery Room and edrophonium 10 mg was given prior to extubation. Clinical testing demonstrated adequate reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Twenty minutes following extubation, increasing respiratory distress was noted. There was clinical evidence of muscle paralysis. The patient was re-intubated. It is proposed that cyclosporine potentiated the pancuronium blockade producing prolonged neuromuscular relaxation resulting in residual paralysis following surgery. The potential interactions of cyclosporine and muscle relaxants deserve further study.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1988

Naloxone infusion after prophylactic epidural morphine: effects on incidence of postoperative side-effects and quality of analgesia.

There have been conflicting reports of the value of naloxone infusions to prevent the side-effects associated with epidural morphine. In our study, 29 patients undergoing thoracotomies for pulmonary surgery received epidural morphine (0.1 mg.kg-1) shortly after induction of anaesthesia. One hour after arrival in the Recovery Room, one of four naloxone bolus and infusion sequences was administered: saline bolus followed by saline infusion; 0.4 microgram.kg-1 naloxone bolus followed by 0.4 microgram.kg-1.hr-1 naloxone infusion; 2.0 micrograms.kg-1 naloxone bolus followed by 2.0 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1 naloxone infusion; and 4.0 micrograms.kg-1 naloxone bolus followed by 4.0 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1 naloxone infusion. Although with the number of patients studied, there were no statistically significant differences among groups, clinically, there was a trend toward decreased analgesia with all three naloxone infusion doses as determined by analgesic requirements, longest analgesic-free period and visual analogue pain scores. In addition, side-effects occurred in all groups. We conclude that prophylactic naloxone, used in this manner, is not an appropriate technique for the prevention of side-effects associated with epidural morphine used for the prevention of pain after thoracotomy.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of intrarectal solution of acetaminophen.

Acetaminophen is frequently administered orally to children for its analgesic properties, although its potency has never been clearly evaluated in this population. In certain situations (patients vomiting or unconscious), acetaminophen has to be given rectally. However, the rectal absorption of suppositories is frequently erratic. We undertook this study first, to measure the absorption of an aqueous solution of acetaminophen administered rectally. Secondly, we evaluated acetaminophen's postoperative analgesic effects in children aged 1 to 8 years old undergoing adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy and compared its efficacy to meperidine. Twenty children received 20 mg.kg-1 of acetaminophen at the time of induction of anaesthesia while 20 others received 1 mg.kg-1 of meperidine intramuscularly. Thirty-two patients required meperidine in the Recovery Room. There was no statistical difference between the patients who received acetaminophen (18), and those who received meperidine (14). The absorption of acetaminophen was incomplete (peak serum concentration: 70.8 mumol.L-1) and delayed. We conclude that the rectal administration of acetaminophen at the induction of anesthesia results in incomplete and delayed absorption and does not prevent the occurrence of immediate postoperative pain in children undergoing adeno-tonsillectomy.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1986

Nausea and vomiting after strabismus surgery in preschool children.

The incidence of nausea and vomiting after strabismus surgery was studied in 64 children aged one to six years. Incidence was determined in the post-anaesthesia recovery room (PARR), in the same day surgery (SDS) unit, and at home on days one and two after the operation. After induction of anaesthesia, the children received an intravenous injection of droperidol (50 micrograms . kg-1) or saline in a double-blind randomized fashion, and an intravenous injection of glycopyrrolate (7.5 micrograms . kg-1) or atropine (10 micrograms . kg-1) in an open randomized fashion. The incidence of emetic symptoms was highest in the SDS unit and at home on day one. Droperidol slightly but significantly delayed awakening and was not, at least in this particular age group, associated with any difference in postoperative sickness. Despite theoretical advantages, glycopyrrolate offered no significant benefit over atropine as far as postoperative emesis was concerned.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1995

Lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block compared with ankle block for analgesia following foot surgery.

The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative analgesia after foot surgery in patients anaesthetised either with popliteal sciatic nerve block or ankle block. In a prospective study, 40 patients scheduled for foot surgery involving osteotomies were allocated randomly into one of two groups. Following induction of general anaesthesia, Group PS (n = 21) received a lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block and Group AB (n = 19) received an ankle block. Both groups received 20 ml bupivacaine 0.5% plain. In group PS 43% required morphine analgesia in the Post Anaesthetic Recovery Room (PAR) compared with 16% in group AB. Postoperative analgesia was assessed using VAS and a pain scale in the PAR and a questionnaire by telephone follow-up on the day after surgery. The ankle block appeared to be more reliable, providing more consistent analgesia in the PAR. Postoperative analgesia in Group PS lasted a median of 18.0 hr and in Group AB lasted 11.5 hr (P < 0.05). Both techniques provided effective analgesia after discharge home and high levels of patient satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Post-tonsillectomy infiltration with bupivacaine reduces immediate postoperative pain in children.

Pain management after tonsillectomy in children remains a dilemma for the anaesthetist. A previous study demonstrated that the administration of lidocaine 1% topical spray to the peritonsillar fossae before tracheal extubation provided considerable immediate postoperative pain relief in infants and children. However, the pain relief was of short duration. We were hopeful that the use of bupivacaine would offer more prolonged pain relief because of its pharmacological characteristics. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the effects of bupivacaine 0.5% with 1:200,000 epinephrine administered after tonsillectomy either as topical spray or submucosal infiltration on postoperative pain in children. Forty-three patients aged two to ten years were randomized into three groups after tonsillectomy was performed. Group (1) received 0.5 ml.kg-1 normal saline spray; (2) received 2 mg.kg-1 bupivacaine 0.5% with 1:200,000 epinephrine peritonsillar infiltration in a similar volume to Group 1 and; (3) received 2 mg.kg-1 bupivacaine 0.5% with 1:200,000 epinephrine spray to both tonsillar beds. The patients in each group were compared postoperatively with regard to the quality of pain control using the Objective Pain Score, and their analgesic requirements. Peritonsillar infiltration of bupivacaine provided superior immediate postoperative analgesia as reflected by lower recovery room pain scores (P < 0.05) and opioid requirements (P < 0.01). Ward pain scores and analgesic requirements were similar among groups. Peritonsillar infiltration of bupivacaine 0.5% with 1:200,000 epinephrine provides better post-tonsillectomy pain control in the immediate postoperative period than bupivacaine spray or placebo.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1996

Treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting: comparison of propofol, droperidol and metoclopramide.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of propofol in a subhypnotic dose (10 mg iv), droperidol (1.25 mg iv), or metoclopramide (10 mg iv) in the treatment of PONV in the post anaesthesia care unit (PACU). METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind protocol, over four months, all eligible inpatients and outpatients were asked to give their consent to be included in the study should they suffer PONV in the PACU. They received a standardized general anaesthetic without any prophylactic antiemetic drug. In the recovery room, patients complaining of persistent nausea (lasting more than ten minutes) and/or experiencing at least two episodes of retching or vomiting were given one of the three study drugs. Recurrence of retching or vomiting was recorded for 60 min after administration of the study drug and nausea severity was assessed on a visual analog scale. Patients still complaining of PONV 30 min after administration of the study drug received a rescue medication (dimenhydrinate). RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients received one of the study drugs. The recurrence of retching or vomiting was higher with propofol (58%) than with droperidol (4%) or metoclopramide (24%) (P < 0.001). More patients who received propofol needed the rescue medication (54%) than those who received droperidol (15%) or metoclopramide (28%) (P < 0.02). No difference was observed in nausea severity. CONCLUSION: A subhypnotic dose of propofol (10 mg iv) is less effective than the conventional antiemetic drugs droperidol and metoclopramide for the treatment of PONV in the PACU.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Pharmacodynamics of doxacurium during cardiac surgery with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

PURPOSE: To determine the characteristics of neuromuscular block produced by two and three times the 95% effective dose (ED95) of doxacurium in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: In a prospective non randomized study, ten patients received doxacurium 0.05 mg.kg-1 (Group 1) and ten others received 0.075 mg.kg-1 (Group 2) with midazolam and sufentanil. The mechanomyographic response of the adductor pollicis muscle after supramaximal train-of-four (TOF) stimulation of the ulnar nerve was recorded intraoperatively and postoperatively. Additional doxacurium (10% of the initial dose) was administered until sternal closure whenever the first twitch (T1) had recovered to 25% of control. RESULTS: The onset time (time to maximal T1 depression) of doxacurium was 390 +/- 148 sec in Group 1 and 370 +/- 74 sec in Group 2 (P = 0.71). The clinical duration of neuromuscular block (time to 25% T1 recovery) was 165 +/- 90 min in Group 1 and 258 +/- 86 in Group 2 (P = 0.03). On arrival to recovery room the mean T1 was 57 +/- 23% in Group 1 and 24 +/- 21% in Group 2 (P = 0.003); the mean T4/T1 ratio was 0.25 +/- 0.15 for five patients of Group 1 with four responses to TOF stimulation and 0.10 for the only patient of Group 2 with four twitches. CONCLUSION: In contrast with findings in patients without cardiac disease, this study shows comparable onset times of doxacurium with doses of two and three times ED95. The clinical duration of doxacurium is 60 to 100% longer than previously reported in noncardiac surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Alfentanil as an adjunct to thiopentone and nitrous oxide in short surgical procedures.

Alfentanil, a new narcotic analgesic with a rapid onset and short duration of action was used as an adjunct to thiopentone and nitrous oxide anaesthesia in 109 patients undergoing dilatation and curettage (D&C) or therapeutic abortion (TA). The mean alfentanil dose was 19.7 +/- 9.6 microgram X kg-1 (D&C Group) and 23.3 +/- 6.6 micrograms X kg-1 (TA Group), with a mean duration of anaesthesia of about 30 minutes. The anaesthetic effect was judged excellent in virtually all patients (94.7 per cent in the TA group and 96.7 per cent in the D&C group). There were no significant changes in haemodynamic parameters intraoperatively. Apnea or hypoventilation was observed in four patients and was easily reversed by naloxone. Most patients (95.4 per cent) demonstrated complete recovery of consciousness, motor activity, respiratory and circulatory function and skin colour within 60 minutes of arrival in recovery room. The only consistent side effect was minor chest wall rigidity which was eliminated by pretreatment with d-tubocurarine. One patient experienced a serious adverse reaction which was reversed with naloxone. We have found alfentanil to be well suited as an adjunct to nitrous oxide and thiopentone in short surgical procedures.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMed1996

Epidural morphine vs hydromorphone in post-caesarean section patients.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this randomized controlled double blind study was to compare the efficacy of pain relief and the side effects of epidural hydromorphone and morphine in post-Caesarean patients. METHODS: In all patients, epidural anaesthesia was induced using carbonated lidocaine 2% with 1:200,000 epinephrine and 50 micrograms fentanyl, given in incremental doses. Patients in Group 1 (n = 24) received 0.6 mg hydromorphone and patients in Group 2 (n = 22) received 3 mg morphine after delivery of the infant. Pain, pruritus and nausea were measured using a visual analog scale (at times: baseline, on admission to the recovery room, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hr postoperatively), by the number of requests for additional medications and by an overall satisfaction score. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups in pain relief of in the incidence and severity of side effects. Pruritus was more pronounced within the first six hours in Group 1 and at 18 hr in Group 2. CONCLUSION: Hydromorphone provides no clinical benefit over epidural morphine for post operative analgesia following Caesarean section.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The management of temperature during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: II--Effect of prolonged hypothermia.

In animals mild hypothermia (32-35 degrees C) reduces ischaemic brain injury, but this has not been investigated in humans. During hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) patients are made hypothermic (usually to 30-32 degrees C) but are then rewarmed at a time when they are still at risk of ischaemic brain injury. We investigated the feasibility and safety of maintaining mild hypothermia throughout the CPB period. Thirty adult cardiac surgical patients were randomized to either rewarming to 36-37 degrees C or to maintaining temperature at 34 degrees C without rewarming. On arrival in the recovery room, patients in the hypothermic group had a mean bladder temperature of 33.8 +/- 0.45 degrees C compared with 35.4 +/- 0.58 degrees C (mean +/- SD, P < 0.05) in the rewarmed patients. There were no differences between groups in intra- or postoperative blood loss or blood use, inotrope use, dysrhythmias, or myocardial infarction. The hypothermic group received more muscle relaxant for the treatment of shivering postoperatively. Our results suggest that mild hypothermia following CPB did not increase morbidity although larger studies are needed for confirmation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Intravenous dolasetron mesilate ameliorates postoperative nausea and vomiting.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of dolasetron mesilate with placebo for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). METHODS: In a randomized, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study 337 adult patients undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia received one of four single, doses of dolasetron mesilate iv (12.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg) or placebo. Study medication was administered postoperatively when the patient reported nausea lasting 10 min or when one emetic episode occurred within two hours of the patient's arrival in the recovery room. Efficacy was assessed by the investigators over the 24-hr study period by recording the number and timing of emetic episodes, the severity of nausea, the timing of administration of escape antiemetic medications, and patients' and investigators' satisfaction with antiemetic therapy. RESULTS: The study sample was predominately women, and the surgical procedures were primarily gynaecological. All dolasetron mesilate doses produced higher complete response rates than placebo (P < 0.05). Only approximately one-third of dolasetron patients required escape antiemetic medication compared with more than 50% of patients in the placebo group. Both patient and physician satisfaction with dolasetron treatment was high. The most common adverse event was mild or moderate headache for both placebo-treated patients and dolasetron-treated patients. Clinical laboratory results were unremarkable. CONCLUSION: Single doses of dolasetron mesilate iv, given after the first episode of PONV, were both effective and safe in this adult patient population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Paravertebral block for breast cancer surgery.

PURPOSE: Major breast cancer surgery is associated with a high incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting and pain. Regional anaesthesia, with intraoperative sedation, would seem an ideal alternative to general anaesthesia for this type of surgery. We report our initial experience using paravertebral blocks (PVB) to provide anaesthesia for major breast surgery. METHODS: Twenty-five patients agreeing to have surgery performed under paravertebral blocks were studied. Procedures performed varied from simple lumpectomy with axillary dissection to modified radical mastectomy with axillary dissection. During monitored sedation, blocks opposite spinous processes of C7-T6 were performed using bupivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine, 3-4 ml per segment. Patients were evaluated for 72 hr and were requested to document: (i) when sensation returned (ii) incidence and frequency of nausea or vomiting (iii) degree of discomfort and medication taken. RESULTS: Twenty patients had blocks that required no supplementation. Five patients had blocks that were incomplete. No complications were attributed to the blocks. Post-operatively, patients with successful blocks had minimal nausea, vomiting and pain. No patients found the procedure unsatisfactory. Patients with successful blocks were all very satisfied. CONCLUSION: Our initial results show that PVB for breast cancer surgery can be successfully performed in a majority of patients with few side effects. All patients with successful blocks were returned to the ambulatory care unit, bypassing the recovery room. That breast cancer surgery under regional anaesthesia can be safely performed as an ambulatory procedure has the potential for accomplishing major cost-saving.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Comparative assessment of the anaesthetic and analgesic effects of intramuscular and epidural clonidine in humans.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to assess and compare in analogous controlled experimental conditions, the anaesthetic sparing and analgesic effects of the same dose of clonidine administered by the intramuscular (im) and epidural (ep) routes. METHODS: We used a randomized, double blind and placebo controlled protocol. Sixty patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy were distributed into three groups who, 30 min before surgical incision, received: 300 micrograms ep clonidine plus im saline; ep saline plus 300 micrograms im clonidine; or ep and im saline (ss). General anaesthesia was maintained with 60% N2O in O2, and isoflurane administered at concentrations to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) within 20% of basal values. Isoflurane requirements (mass spectrometry), cardiovascular variables (MAP, HR), and plasma concentrations of glucose, cortisol and prolactin were evaluated at critical time points. In the recovery room (RR), sedation (Ramsay) and pain intensity (VAS) were estimated at the time of analgesia request (TAR). RESULTS: Intramuscular and ep clonidine decreased isoflurane requirements similarly by about 85% (P < 0.001). Patients in the ep group had lower MAP (P < 0.03) and HR (P < 0.001) than in the im group, but im and ep clonidine similarly blunted the plasma prolactin increase induced by intubation. In RR, ep but not im clonidine (P < 0.01) induced postoperative analgesia demonstrated by a prolonged TAR 80.8 +/- 7.3 (ep) 35.9 +/- 3.2 (im) and 44.5 +/- 5.1 (ss) min and a lower VAS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Epidural and intramuscular clonidine decreased isoflurane requirements similarly, but only the epidural route provided postoperative analgesia, suggesting a spinal site for the analgesic action.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Experience with parents' presence during anaesthesia induction in children.

Parents of 50 unpremedicated children were invited to be present during induction of anaesthesia in their children. The presence of the parents resulted in a significant decrease in the number of very upset or turbulent children during the pre-induction and induction periods, when compared to a control group that was induced without the parents' participation. There was no difference in the children's behaviour in the recovery room or at home following surgery. Most parents were calm and supportive during induction, and there were no complications related to their presence. It is concluded that for some preschool children, allowing the parents to support an anxious child during anaesthesia induction can be very effective in relieving anxiety, and minimizes the need for premedication.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of nalbuphine and meperidine in treatment of postoperative pain.

The analgesic efficacy and side effect profile of nalbuphine 20 mg IV and of nalbuphine 40 mg IV were compared to those of meperidine 75 mg IM in the immediate postoperative period. Pain intensity, pain relief, additional analgesic requirements and the overall acceptability of the treatment were recorded for 150 patients. No significant differences were found between the groups for any of the efficacy variables. Peak analgesic effects occurred at 15 minutes in both nalbuphine groups and at 30 minutes in the meperidine group. The mean time to additional analgesic medication was approximately 207 minutes in each group. The incidence of nausea and vomiting with meperidine was 22 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 10 to 34 per cent) and with nalbuphine 20 mg the incidence was two per cent (95%CI -2 to 6 per cent). This difference was significant (p less than 0.01). The difference between nalbuphine 40 mg (10 per cent, 95%CI 1 to 19 per cent) and meperidine, was not considered statistically significant (p = 0.17). The analgesic efficacy of nalbuphine 20 mg was indistinguishable from that of nalbuphine 40 mg and from that of meperidine 75 mg. The significantly lower incidence of nausea and vomiting with nalbuphine is a major advantage for a recovery room analgesic.

Abdomen↗