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At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

[Utilization of a computer using programless language for radiation protection management].

Utilization of the computer for radiation control is planned and performed in many radioisotope laboratories. But each laboratory has their own situation which makes the planning difficult with respect to the hardware and particularly to the software. What is the most important is that the practice of radiation management is different for each laboratory both in point of view and in the form of recording. Therefore, the computer program for the radiation management, especially for the management of radioisotopes is required to meet many amendments. In this standpoint, we have developed a "programless language" or "programless software" and have used in our work for several years. As the result of our experience, we have found that the programless language is quite satisfactory for the management of radioisotopes and that it has an advantage in some aspects over conventional programs. It is thought that this "programless language" is effective not only for our own works, but also applicable to other radioisotope laboratories.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational radiation exposure to the surgeon.

Increased use of intraoperative fluoroscopy exposes the surgeon to significant amounts of radiation. The average yearly exposure of the public to ionizing radiation is 360 millirems (mrem), of which 300 mrem is from background radiation and 60 mrem from diagnostic radiographs. A chest radiograph exposes the patient to approximately 25 mrem and a hip radiograph to 500 mrem. A regular C-arm exposes the patient to approximately 1,200 to 4,000 mrem/min. The surgeon may receive exposure to the hands from the primary beam and to the rest of the body from scatter. Recommended yearly limits of radiation are 5,000 mrem to the torso and 50,000 mrem to the hands. Exposure to the hands may be higher than previously estimated, even from the mini C-arm. Potential decreases in radiation exposure can be accomplished by reduced exposure time; increased distance from the beam; increased shielding with gown, thyroid gland cover, gloves, and glasses; beam collimation; using the low-dose option; inverting the C-arm; and surgeon control of the C-arm.

Female↗
PubMed2006

[Survey and analysis of radiation safety management systems at medical institutions--second report: radiation measurement, calibration of radiation survey meters, and periodic check of installations, equipment, and protection instruments].

We carried out a questionnaire survey to determine the actual situation of radiation safety management measures in all medical institutions in Japan that had nuclear medicine facilities. The questionnaire consisted of questions concerning the evaluation of shielding capacity; radiation measurement; periodic checks of installations, equipment, and protection instruments; and the calibration of radiation survey meters. The analysis was undertaken according to region, type of establishment, and number of beds. The overall response rate was 60 percent. For the evaluation of shielding capacity, the outsourcing rate was 53 percent of the total. For the radiation measurements of "leakage radiation dose and radioactive contamination" and "contamination of radioactive substances in the air," the outsourcing rates were 28 percent and 35 percent of the total, respectively (p<0.001, according to region and establishment). For the periodic check of radiation protection instruments, the implementation rate was 98 percent, and the outsourcing rate was 32 percent for radiation survey meters and 47 percent for lead aprons. The non-implemented rate for calibration of radiation survey meters was 25 percent of the total (p<0.001, according to region and establishment). The outsourcing rate for calibration of radiation survey meters accounted for 87 percent of the total, and of these medical institutions, 72 percent undertook annual calibration. The implementation rate for patient exposure measurement was 20 percent of the total (p<0.001, according to number of beds), and of these medical institutions 46 percent recorded measurement outcome.

Calibration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ionising radiation: promoting safety for patients, visitors and staff.

Diagnostic radiology and sealed and unsealed sources of radiotherapy are valuable in the treatment of cancer. However, unwanted consequences can result from excessive exposure to ionising radiation. Therefore, its administration requires great care not only to protect the patient but also the nurses involved in patient care. Nurses should be aware of the safety issues in the diagnostic and therapeutic use of ionising radiation so that they can work safely and confidently.

Health Promotion↗
PubMed2004

[Cellular biology and public health].

Within the framework of the National Research and Development Program No. 1/016 /2001 the authors determined the population levels of ionizing and nonionizing radiations, elaborated the system of assays for detection of biological effects including dose-effect relationships, studied the roles of protective and sensitizing factors in the effect modification. The radium content of building materials were determined as well as the indoor radon activity concentrations and the magnetic induction fields around household equipment operating with 50 Hz. Biological dosimetry techniques were categorized according to the indication time. In addition, radiation sensitivity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes and the antioxidant capacity of blood sera were measured.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1978

[Present state of the wide-field megavoltage radiotherapy of Hodgkin's disease. Fundamentals, performance, side effects (author's transl)].

Therapeutic results of Hodgkin's disease could be significantly improved by the introduction of megavoltage radiotherapy equipment and more profound knowledge about this disease. By this way, five year survival rates of 70% can be achieved for all stages and up to 100% for the early stages. The wide field technique enables the coverage of all lymph nodes with protection of non involved organs. Simultaneously, these improved technical conditions make optimal radiation planning necessary which demands numerous technical auxiliaries. Radiation type and radiation energy are important preconditions for the therapy; production and usage of shilding blocks are necessary for individual performance. The principle for optimal radiation dose distribution are measurements and calculations on the phantom which are now included in computer programs. Nevertheless, radiation of large volumes represent a high stress for the patient. Despite the improvement of the therapeutic results there are except the acute radiation side effects, also irreversible alterations. These can be analysed only after long time observations and has to be balanced with the therapeutic results. The knowledge of these side effects is very important for the radiologist. Beside that, the risk of induction of a second tumor has to be considered. The present possibilities of absolute control of this disease enables the overtreatment of lesions in the early stages. Therefore it has to be postulated to regard the present therapy concepts with attention and to consider the possible side effects.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Medical use of byproduct material: issues and request for public input--NRC. Request for public input on rule development.

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has developed a program for revising the regulations governing the medical use of byproduct material. The decision to revise this regulation resulted from the NRC Strategic Assessment and Rebaselining Initiative (SA), a process involving identification of the direction-setting issues and associated options for the future of NRC activities. This notice describes the NRC's program for revising the medical use regulation; notifies the public of the availability of documents associated with this action on the NRC Technical Conference Forum and through the NRC Public Document Room; and solicits informal public input on development of proposed rule language and associated documents. The Commission plans to formally propose specific rulemaking text for public comment during summer of 1998.

Government Agencies↗